LiNi0.8-xCo0.2AlxO2的合成及性能研究

以硝酸盐为原料,用溶胶-凝胶法合成锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.8-xCo0.2AlxO2(x=0.01,0.03,0.05,0.07),采用XRD、SEM和电化学测试等方法对材料的物理化学性质以及电化学性能进行表征。结果表明,经过Al掺杂后,材料具有较高的初始放电比容量和容量保持率。在750℃下合成的LiNi0.77Co0.2Al0.03O2在3.0～4.2V,以0.2C恒电流充放电测试,其首次放电容量为164.9mAh/g,经过50次充放电循环后放电容量为149.5mAh/g,可逆容量的保持率为90.66%。     

氟掺杂磷酸锰锂正极材料的性能研究

采用高温固相法合成了碳包覆的氟掺杂磷酸锰锂正极材料,通过X射线衍射光谱法(XRD)、透射电子显微镜法(TEM)和电化学测试对材料进行了表征。所制备的材料平均粒径约为70 nm,碳在材料表面包覆完整,包覆厚度约为2~4 nm。制备的LiMn(PO4)0.985F0.045正极材料具有最佳的电化学性能,在0.2 C电流充放电条件下首次放电比容量112.7 mAh/g,经过20周的循环后容量基本没有下降,在2.0 C恒流放电时,放电比容量仍然保持在65 mAh/g左右,具有较好的倍率性能。     

石墨烯包覆LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_2正极材料的性能

以共沉淀法制备LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_2为基体,通过机械球磨制备石墨烯包覆的LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_2正极材料。用SEM、XRD和电化学性能测试研究材料的形貌、晶体结构和电化学性能。制备的石墨烯包覆LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_2正极材料具有较好的倍率特性和循环性能:200℃热处理的1.0%石墨烯包覆样品,在3.0~4.3 V充放电,4.0 C放电比容量达到144.3 mAh/g,比基体材料提高16.1%;以1.0 C循环100次的放电比容量达到151.2 mAh/g,循环性能良好。     

正极材料Li_3V_(2-x)Cr_x(PO_4)_3/C的制备及性能

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了锂离子电池正极材料Li3V2-xCrx(PO4)3/C(x=0,0.05、0.10和0.20).用XRD、SEM、充放电、循环伏安和电导率测试等方法,研究了Cr掺杂对样品的影响.样品均为单相,尽管在低倍率(0.2 C)下的初始比容量随着x的增加而下降,但适量的Cr掺杂可改善循环及倍率性能.Li3V1.90Cr0.10(PO4)3/C以0.2 C和4.0 C充放电的首次放电比容量分别为171.4 mAh/g和130.2 mAh/g,第100次循环时的容量保持率分别为78.6%和88.9%.     

LiNi0.75Co0.2Al0.05-xMgxO2的合成及性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.75Co02Ab0.05-xMgxO2(x=0,0.01,0.025),通过充放电实验、慢扫描循环伏安法和交流阻抗技术进行了电化学性能测试.结果表明:对LiNi1-xCoxO2实施共掺杂Mg2 、Al3 ,可改善其层状结构稳定性和充放电循环特性.将所得LiNi075Co0.2Al0.025Mg0.025O2作为锂离子二次电池正极材料,电池首次放电比容量达170 mAh/g,经100次循环充放电后仍能保持初始容量的78.3%.     

Mg~(2+)掺杂对sol-gel法合成锂离子电池材料Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3的影响

在磷酸钒锂材料中掺杂Mg2+,Mg2+取代锂位,其化学式可以写为(Li1-xMgx/2)3V2(PO4)3,Mg(OH)2作为镁源,按化学反应方程式中化学计量比称取LiOH.H2O,NH4H2PO4,V2O5,Mg(OH)2(x=0.01、0.05、0.1)和柠檬酸,其中柠檬酸用量为n(V)∶n(柠檬酸)=2∶2,煅烧温度为700℃,煅烧时间为8 h,合成了(Li1-xMgx/2)3V2(PO4)3正极材料。研究了Mg2+掺杂量对材料性能的影响,考察了x=0、0.01、0.05、0.1四种情况。结果显示,x=0.05时材料具有较好的充放电性能。在2.7～4.5 V电压范围内进行充放电循环测试,0.05 C充放电倍率下,其首次放电比容量为145 mAh/g,库仑效率高达90%以上,0.1 C循环20次后,放电比容量仍为131 mAh/g;0.2 C循环时,首次放电比容量为140 mAh/g左右,20次循环后仍为130 mAh/g以上;0.5 C循环20次后,放电比容量为104 mAh/g。     

尖晶石型Li0.9Mg0.05Mn1.95O4的合成及其性能

为了提高尖晶石型LiMn2O4材料的循环性能,采用掺杂金属的高温固相合成法合成了尖晶石型Li0.9Mg0.05Mn1.95O4材料,并以该材料作正极材料,中间相炭微球(MCMB)为负极材料,组装成562247型方型锂离子蓄电池。测试结果表明,750 ℃下烧结的尖晶石型Li0.9Mg0.05Mn1.95O4循环性能最好。在室温下,1 C充放电时电池比能量为83 Wh/kg和195 Wh/L,实际电池中所制材料比容量可达85 mAh/g,循环300次后电池的可逆容量变化很小。另外,还对电池的储存性能、倍率充放电性能及高低温性能进行了研究。     

LiCo0.025M0.025Mn1.95O4的合成及性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了尖晶石型LiMn2O4及其掺杂改性的LiCo0.025M0.025Mn1.95O4(M=Mg,Cr,Ni)正极材料。通过X射线衍射对材料的晶体结构进行了分析,通过恒电流充放电、循环伏安和电化学阻抗测试技术对材料的电化学性能进行了测试。实验结果表明,所制备的材料LiMn2O4和LiCo0.025M0.025Mn1.95O4(M=Mg,Cr,Ni)均具有良好的尖晶石结构,其中材料LiCo0.025Ni0.025Mn1.95O4的电化学性能最佳。以0.2C倍率循环充放电,首次放电比容量可达119.94mAh/g,50次循环后放电比容量仍保持在117.78mAh/g以上,容量保持率为98.20%。     

Ti^4＋和Zn^2＋离子复合掺杂对LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2性能的影响

以Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3（OH）2和Li2CO3为原料,TiO2和ZnO为掺杂剂,制备出不同含量钛锌离子复合掺杂的锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2。用XRD、SEM、恒电流充放电、交流阻抗法和循环伏安方法分别研究了不同掺杂量对LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2的结构、形貌和其电化学性能的影响。结果表明3%（摩尔分数）的Ti、Zn离子复合掺杂能有效提高LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2的倍率放电能力和循环性能。在1C和2C的充放电倍率下,首次放电容量分别为170.4mAh/g和164.8mAh/g,经过50次充放电循环后容量保持率分别为96.3%和94.7%,具有优良的电化学性能。     

铝集流体对锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)O_2性能的影响

用化学蚀刻法制备了微孔铝集流体,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、剥离强度测试、充放电测试和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试等方法研究了铝箔表面形貌及其作为正极集流体对锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)O_2电化学性能的影响。结果表明:蚀刻后铝集流体表面为蜂窝状结构,孔径在5~20 mm,其作为正极集流体制备的样品剥离强度显著提高,0.2 C首次充放电比容量分别为198.70和176.80 mAh/g,首次充放电效率为88.98%。8.0 C循环5次后的放电比容量为134.04m Ah/g,容量保持率仍有75.81%,1.0 C循环50次后放电比容量为161.15 mAh/g,容量保持率为95.62%,倍率和循环性能优良。     

氢氧等离子体合成过氧化氢过程的能效研究

为提高氢氧等离子体合成H2O2技术的能量效率,通过分析放电过程的反应器能效及电源能量注入效率,确定了影响合成总能效的主要因素。考察了反应器电极间距、电源放电频率及注入功率对反应器能效和电源能量注入效率的影响。发现减小电极间距、提高放电频率和注入功率有利于提高反应器能效,但不利于提高电源能量注入效率。本研究中可以得到150 gH2O2/kWh的反应器能效,但由于较低的电源能量注入效率,致使合成H2O2的总能效不超过9 gH2O2/kWh。因此,提高等离子体法合成H2O2过程的总能效,不仅需要设计高能效的等离子体反应器,还需为反应器负载开发适配的电源,而后者是提升该技术能量效率的关键。     

Electron-Ion Transport in ZrO2-Y2O3-CeO2 Ceramics

Simultaneous conduction of oxide ions and electrons in solid ceramic systems provides the capability for oxygen transport under a concentration gradient without the need for an externally applied electric field. In the present study, ionic transference numbers have been measured in the ZrO₂-5.8%Y₂O₃-10%CeO₂ system by open circuit Emf measurements involving different metal/metal oxide electrodes. In order to correlate the ionic transference number with grain size, high-density ceramic discs of different grain sizes (50 nm–5 m) were prepared by sintering pressed powders at various temperatures and times. Hydrothermal synthesis was used to prepare nanocrystalline powders of the above material with uniform crystallite size (10 nm) and chemistry. Emf measurements on the samples suggested both ionic and electronic transport, the ionic transference number decreasing with increase in the grain size. This observation was attributed to an increase in the amount of continuous crystalline grain boundary phase in the ceramics as the grain size increased. The presence of crystalline silicate and zirconate phases in the grain boundary region was confirmed by electron microscopic imaging combined with microanalysis. In the large grain (5 m) ceramics, the ionic transference number decreased linearly with temperature. As the grain size decreased, a maximum occurred in the ionic transference number vs. temperature curve. This maximum became more pronounced at smaller grain sizes. Better grain-grain contact and the doping effect of trivalent Ce in the grain boundary core are proposed to explain this observation.     

RuO_2-IrO_2-TiO_2析氧催化剂的制备工艺

以Ti N、RuCl3和H2IrCl6为原料,用真空浸渍-热分解法制备了RuO2-IrO2-Ti O2,研究了煅烧温度和n(Ru+Ir)∶n(Ti)对产物的影响。XRD分析表明:Ti N在高温煅烧时氧化生成金红石型Ti O2,RuO2、IrO2和Ti O2以固溶体的形式存在。CV、阳极极化曲线和EIS测试表明:RuO2-IrO2-Ti O2的最佳煅烧温度为400℃,随着n(Ru+Ir)∶n(Ti)的提高,催化剂的活性增强;在相同电位下,RuO2-IrO2-Ti O2的电流密度大于IrO2,可用作固体聚合物电解质(SPE)水电解催化剂。     

富氧火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铅钙锡合金中的锡

采用富氧火焰 (Air—C2 H2 —O2 )原子吸收光谱法直接测定铅钙锡合金中 0 1%以上的锡。对仪器工作条件、测定体系酸度、共存离子干扰等作了研究。方法准确度高 ,结果重现性好     

Thermoelectricity of p-Fe2O3-SO3-SiO2-others and n-Fe2O3-SiO2-CuO-others

Thermoelectric minerals have been found at Loei Province, in the northeastern part of Thailand. Local mineral specimens were prepared in the powders and bulk solids form by crushing, calcination and annealing, pressure and sintering, cutting and polishing. Mineral samples were used to analyze the composition and phase, determine the thermoelectric property and efficiency, design and construct a thermoelectric generator. Chemical composition and phase identification of powder samples were analyzed by the x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. XRF and XRD results indicated that the mineral samples comprised the SO₃-CaO-SiO₂-others, Fe₂O₃-SO₃-SiO₂-others, Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-others and Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-CuO-others. From the thermoelectric property and efficiency determinations, the p-SO₃-CaO-SiO₂-others, p-Fe₂O₃-SO₃-SiO₂-others, n-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-others and n-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-CuO-others bulks were found to exhibit the thermoelectric figure of merit in orders of 10^?14, 10^?11, 10^?14 and 10^?13 K^?1, respectively. A fabricated thermoelectric generator made from ten pairs of p-Fe₂O₃-SO₃-SiO₂-others and n-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-CuO-others legs that can be provided the open circuit voltage and short circuit current up to 48.30 mV and 0.14 μA for a temperature difference of 39.80 K at room temperature, respectively. While the internal resistance decreased and reached a value of 665 kΩ.     

Mixed Hydroxide Precursors for La2Ti2O7 and Nd2Ti2O7 by Homogeneous Precipitation

Feasibility of formation of stoichiometric precursors of either M₂ (TiO)₂(C₂O₄)₅ 4H₂O (M = La and Nd) or coprecipitated hydroxides of M(OH)₃+TiO(OH)₂ was investigated by two solution routes at different pH values. Composition of precipitates obtained at pH = 7.0 by coprecipitation method starting from La or Nd nitrates and potassium titanyl oxalate corresponded to a physical mixture of La or Nd(C₂O₄)₃ 9.5H₂O and TiO(OH)₂7·H₂O which on thermal decomposition did not yield phase pure M₂Ti₂O₇. However, precipitation from La or Nd nitrates and titanium tertrachloride by urea hydrolysis yielded homogeneous mixture of hydroxides of La or Nd and Ti, which on pyrolysis at 950°C yielded phase pure La₂Ti₂O₇ and Nd₂Ti₂O₇. Use of potassium titanyl oxalate as precursor for Ti, led to selective precipitation of La or Nd oxalate even at pH as low as 0.1 leading to sequential precipitation of La or Nd oxalate followed by Ti hydroxide at pH = 3.0. The resultant precipitate on pyrolysis underwent typical solid-state reaction.     

pH-MnO_2电极电位与MnO_2活性

本文对用于电池的MnO_2进行电化学评价,测定不同产地锰矿的pH—电极电位关系,每个样品的模拟制作,锌—锰干电池并测定共放电容量,通过比较放电容量和MnO_2的电极电位,从而对MnO_2进行活性评价。     

Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of Nonstoichiometric SrBi2Ta2O9 and SrBi2Nb2O9 Ceramics

Nonstoichiometric SrBi₂Ta₂O₉ (SBT) and SrBi₂Nb₂O₉ (SBN) ceramics were prepared by a solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that single-phase of Bi-layered perovskite was obtained. With different Sr/Bi content ratios of SBT and SBN, Curie temperature (T_C), electromechanical factor (K_p) and mechanical quality factor (Q_m) were measured. T_C of SBN (SBT) rose from 414C (314C) to 494C (426C) when Sr/Bi content ratio was increased from 0.55/2.3 to 1.2/1.8. In the most Sr-deficient/Bi-excess ratio of 0.55/2.3, the maximum values of Q_m were obtained approximately 1013 and 3325 for SBT and SBN, respectively.     

Large motors for zone 2 and division 2

The safety of people working in either in division 2 or zone 2 hazardous (classified) locations and the protection of the facility is a prime concern. Worldwide, local authorities having jurisdiction mandate the codes and/or standards necessary to assure safety and protection. Two parallel approaches, North American NEC/CEC and international IEC systems, address the requirements of equipment installed in these locations. While essentially equal, the two systems are not interchangeable, and it is the obligation of the purchaser to advice which code is appropriate for the installation. It is also the responsibility of the purchaser or user to satisfy requirements of the LAHJ. A quick summary is provided in the "Summary of NEC, CEC, and IEC Requirements." NEC/CEC codes allow the manufacturer design leeway in the safe construction of motors and generators. These machines have a documented history of successful, incident free, operation for over 100 years.The machines made to the IEC EX "n" standard have the same consideration for the occurrence of arcing or sparking and include supplementary requirements for design, construction, and validation testing. The machines designed for division 2 hazardous area meeting the North American requirements of NEC/CEC may not be sufficient to comply with the mandates of IEC-regulated zone 2 hazardous area use. The machines designed and authenticated per IEC 60079-15 are suited to meet all the requirements of NEC, CEC, and IEC for zone 2 use.