Tree Adoption and Nursery and Propagation Practices in Smallholder Upland Farms in Inopacan and Isabel, Leyte, the Philippines

This paper examines seedling nursery and propagation practices in smallholder farms in two upland areas in Leyte in the Philippines. The case study areas are relatively remote, little forestry extension has been carried out, and traditional practices can be observed. These practices were examined through a survey of smallholders and observation of forestry activities. It was found that in spite of various constraints and notably the lack of planting materials, farmers are interested in forestry and are adopting some naturally growing trees and producing their own seedlings. To make way to their crops, farmers have removed some naturally growing trees of some particular species on their farms. For the purpose of introducing trees to farms, wildlings are widely used as planting material. Some farmers also collect seeds and treat them in preparation for planting, using methods which differ from those recommended elsewhere by extension agencies, but which are nevertheless highly effective.     

Tree Seedling Production Systems in Northern Mindanao, Philippines

This paper examines seedling production systems for small-scale forestry in northern Mindanao, particularly the constraints and opportunities to sustain the operation of smallholder nurseries. Various types of nurseries were identified to examine issues and concerns operators face, and data collected through a survey of nursery operators, discussion with government and NGO personnel, and literature review. Many smallholders in northern Mindanao have been engaged in seedling production, for farm needs and sale in local markets. The interest of smallholder to sustain seedling production depends on market demand and incentives, which translates to financial benefit on sound nursery practices and of reliable access to profitable markets. Activities that will assist smallholder nurseries to achieve full potential have been identified as: available nursery technologies to produce high quality planting materials in sufficient quantity; building farmer groups to facilitate seedling production and enhance the scale of product marketing; building partnerships with various service providers and other stakeholders to address technical, institutional, marketing and policy issues that may hamper the operation of smallholder nurseries; access to markets and market information; and provision of incentives and policy support. Associated benefits from small-scale seedling production accrue to the government, wood processors and to the public in general.     

Adoption of On-Farm Tree Planting in Kibaale District,Western Uganda

Using logistic and multiple regression analyses, this article examines the socioeconomic factors that influence farmers’ decisions to adopt on-farm tree planting, one of the agroforestry techniques promoted by government agencies and research institutions for use in the farming systems of Uganda. A household survey involving 200 farmers was carried out in the Subcounties of Kabamba, Mugarama, Kagadi, and Kiryanga in Kibaale District, western Uganda. From the analyses, we found out that a farmer's decision to adopt on-farm tree planting is influenced by household and field characteristics. Gender, tree tenure security, availability of seed and supply, guidance by extension and research Institutions, size of landholding per household, fuelwood scarcity, and main source of family income were the factors that significantly influenced the decision to adopt on-farm tree planting. We recommended that in order to promote increased adoption of on-farm tree planting, appropriate socioeconomic characterization should be explored in order to target areas with better adoption potential for optimal realization of the intended objectives by government agencies and research institutions.     

Fluctuating Fortunes of a Collective Enterprise: The Case of the Agroforestry Tree Seeds Association of Lantapan (ATSAL) in the Philippines

The Agroforestry Tree Seeds Association of Lantapan (ATSAL) in Bukidnon province of Mindanao, Philippines, was organized in 1998, facilitated by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Farmers were trained on germplasm collection, processing and marketing of agroforestry tree seeds and seedlings. ATSAL has been marketing various tree seeds and seedlings with apparent success, and has provided training on seed collection and nursery management to farmers, government technicians, and workers from non-government organizations. This paper reports initial results of a continuing study to assess the effectiveness of ATSAL’s marketing strategy, including group dynamics, and the issues and challenges the group faces. It was found that during the first 2 years, ATSAL’s market share of highly demanded timber tree species grew rapidly, thus helping to disseminate widely these important species among farmers. ICRAF’s technical back-up was an advantage, increasing the Association’s market credibility. Subsequently, ATSAL extended its market to the central Philippines, but failed to meet the demand for seeds due to organizational limitations. Market competition exists, where a non-member was able to take a larger market share than was the group. Nonetheless, ATSAL has established its name as a viable community-based seed and seedling producer, maintaining a stronghold in local and regional markets. Collective action is important for smallholders to gain market access, but is unlikely to sustain sales. Facilitating smallholder collective action is essentially an arduous task, requiring the supporting agency to hold a firm grasp of market realities, to invest in the maintenance of collective action, to provide continuous technical back-up, and to ascertain the conditions that make collective action succeed.     

Enhancing Tree Seedling Supply to Smallholders in Leyte Province, Philippines: An Evaluation of the Production System of Government Nursery Sector and Support to Smallholder Tree Farmers

A decentralized seedling production is regarded as the most effective means of providing smallholders with planting materials. However, the sustainability of smallholder nursery operation is constrained by several factors, including the limited availability of germplasm, lack of technical skills and low seedling demand low viability of seedling market. The government nursery sector could complement the weaknesses of the smallholder nursery group but government nurseries are not operating effectively to enhance the availability of high quality seedlings of a wide species base for smallholder forestry. Seedling production in government nurseries is quantity-orientated with low emphasis on the production of high quality planting materials. Germplasm used in seedling production is mostly collected from unselected sources and seedlings produced are mostly of low physical quality. The species selection in government nurseries is heavily based on the availability of germplasm which resulted in the production of a few species which are commonly raised on private nurseries. The duplication of species of most seedlings raised in government nurseries with those produced in private nurseries and the far distance of government nurseries from the villages has resulted in low uptake of seedlings by smallholder tree farmers. For the government nursery sector to become more effective in providing support in the present paradigm of decentralized seeding production, a change from its production system and a broadening of the role it plays is needed. The social mobilization on seedling production as a scheme of implementing the Green Philippines Program has led the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to acknowledge the seedling production activity of private individual and communal nursery groups. This can be an opportunity for organizing the private and government nursery sectors to promote the operational effectiveness of the overall forest nursery industry.     

风景区群众性树木认种认养活动形式的探讨—以广州白云山风景区为例

在风景名胜区或城市公园开展市民群众认种认养树木活动不但有利于引导大众参与风景区和城市公园的绿化建设和维护事业,而且深受广大游客的喜爱。然而随着活动的逐年开展,在土地资源有限的情况下,如何使这项活动持续有效地开展下去,成为亟需解决的新问题。文章就白云山风景区树木认种认养活动的持续开展形式进行了初探,并提出了几点建议。     

石漠化山地造林初期生态效益评价

以贵州省修文县石漠化造林项目为例,对石漠化山地幼林期生态效益评价方法进行探讨,从项目实施后森林资源总量、植被覆盖度、林木生长量、群落生物量、持水量,评价林分涵养水源效益;以表土侵蚀和泥沙含量变化、土壤有机质、N、P、K含量为评价指标,评价林分固土效益。对石漠化山地造林项目生态效益的评价进行了探讨,旨在为石漠化山地生态恢复提供参考。     

林木种子引发机制分析

从植物种子性状变异入手,系统介绍了种子引发概念、方法、效应及其水势假说;利用生物变异概念,在分析林木种子发芽出苗特点基础上,提出种子自然引发概念,进而定性分析了种子自然引发机制;最后,提出林木种子低温基质引发技术新设想。     

Adoption of agroforestry innovations in the tropics: A review

Agroforestry Systems - The period since the early 1990s has witnessed an explosion of research on the adoption of agroforestry innovations in the tropics. Much of this work was motivated by a...     

Analysis and evaluation of agroforestry as an alternative environmental design in the Philippines

Tabora, Panfilo C. Analysis and evaluation of agroforestry as an alternative environmental design in the Philippines.Agroforestry as a land-use concept and an environmental design was analyzed and evaluated from the Philippines setting. A historical perspective of agroforestry was presented and the study explores the direction that agroforestry has taken in recent years as a socio-economic tool, a conservation strategy and a political expediency.The concepts of agroforestry were analyzed and used as the bases for evaluation. Five general socially-oriented concepts were examined: social relevance (appropriateness); profitability; balance (equilibrium); versatility and creativity; and longevity and reliability. These were related to five agroecosystem principles: ecological integrity; productivity; stability; flexibility and resiliency; and sustainability and conservation. All these were interrelated to many attributes under a unified Agroecosystem Analysis Framework.Seven current programs in the Philippines which promote agroforestry were also examined and evaluated based on the Agroecosystem Analysis Framework. A closer look at the impacts of the programs was done and ratings were given for each program. The Multiple Cropping Program and the Integrated Social Forestry Program came out with the most positive results.For a closer focus, a site was selected and five cases from the site were evaluated based on a reconstruction of the events and experience in the area over 14 years. The Mixed-Crops Agroforestry (representing the ideal agroforestry) came out with a rating equivalent to the Coconut and Abaca-based Agroforestry. The Industrial Tree Plantation came out with the lowest rating.The study concludes that agroforestry has a role as an environmental design, but that its usefulness has limitations due to some physical constraints and social and economic values that have to be overcome. Recommendations are provided for policy-making for agroforestry.Portion of a study submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science & Forestry, May, 1986.Presently Leader of the Diversification Program of the Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research.     

The Impact of Large Herbivores on the Conservation of Semi-natural Woods in the British Uplands

This review considers the history of woodland grazing and thegrazing ecology of large herbivores in the context of the conservationof semi-natural woods in the British uplands. The impact thatgrazing has on natural regeneration is frequently highlightedbut its effects on other vegetation, particularly the balancebetween bryophytes and higher plants are equally important.Grazing also influences both invertebrate and vertebrate populationsthrough its effect on vegetation structure. A low level of grazingby large herbivores in woodland provides a greater diversityin vegetation structure and species composition than eitherthe current prevalence of overgrazing or the absence of grazingin fenced woods. Low levels of grazing may also create conditionsfor the highest diversity of both plants and animals. The practicalproblems of managing woodland grazing are addressed in relationto conservation objectives for upland woods. Rotational grazing,seasonal grazing and reducing the overall levels of grazingin a wood are identified as possible management options. Furtherwork on these is however needed and topics for future researchare identified.     

大树移植成活技术

针对广东省茂名市几年来在市政园林绿化大树移植工程施工过程中遇到的实际问题,分别从移植前的准备工作、种植时的技术措施及栽植后的养护管理这三个环节总结了大树移植成活技术。     

山东省历年引进树种组成来源分析

山东省自19世纪末开始引进刺槐,截至目前共引进树种79科、198属、457种,对丰富山东树种种质资源,提升绿化美化效果,改善生态环境质量,扩大地方宣传力度,促进经济社会和谐健康稳定快速发展意义重大。本文从引进树种分类、形态、区系分布等方面加以分析。     

Adoption of intercropping in rubber smallholdings in Kerala, India: a tobit analysis

Natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is one of the major plantation crops of the state of Kerala in India and intercropping is practised during the initial gestation period of the crop. In this paper a to bit model was used to study the decision making behaviour of farmers in adoption and extent of adoption of intercropping in three regions of Kerala. The availability of family labour and the type of intercrops were found significant in explaining the adoption behaviour in all three regions. The perception of profitability of intercropping was also found to influence decision on adoption. The probability of adoption of intercropping was highest for three intercrops, banana (Musa spp.), cassava (Manihot esculenta) and pineapple (Ananas comosus). Targeting extension efforts to groups of farmers with available family labour and popularising selected intercrops may result in higher rates of adoption of intercropping in all three regions of the state.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

林木生长模型适用性的分析

生长模型是根据林木生长理论建立的理论性的模型,在各个地区实际操作时都会有些误差,分析各个地区差异情况,可以得出这种生长模型的适用范围,以Botkin等人建立的林木生长模型为例研究林木生长模型适用范围。     

太子山几种阔叶树种测树因子相关性分析

以太子山常见的阔叶树种枫香树、麻栎及红果冬青为研究对象,采用SPSS分析胸径(D)与基部直径(Di)、树高(H)与胸径(D)、冠径(Cw)与胸径(D)等之间相关关系,结果表明:测树因子间存在极显著相关关系,各树种距离地面不同高处基径与胸径均呈线性相关,其中以D-D_0.50模型拟合效果最好;树高与胸径、冠径与胸径也均为线性相关。     

国有林场树种结构调整及稳定性分析--以湖南省国有武冈林场为例

运用目标规划模型对湖南省国有武冈林场的森林树种结构进行优化,得到其理想的树种结构,然后计算出理想树种结构的信息熵和信息熵相对值,用于评价该场的树种结构稳定性.评价结果表明:该场1990～1999年的树种结构信息熵变化不大,稍有增势,比理想的树种结构信息熵偏小,这说明该场现有的树种结构处于过于有序状态,即,人工干扰过大,会损失某些利用功能.该评价结果可为其森林经营结构的调整提拱科学的参考依据.     

莆田城市行道树特征分析

用统计学的方法,对莆田市建成区行道路进行全面的调查分析,结果表明:九里香等5种灌木占较大优势,观花灌木较少;与灌木相比,乔木树种占有明显优势,观花、观叶、观果树种较为多样;人行道多为乔木单层结构,树体多为10 m以下低矮乔木;近郊树种分布单一。针对分析结果提出设想和建议。