Viscoelastic swirling flow with free surface in cylindrical chambers

The flow of a viscoelastic liquid driven by the steadily rotating bottom cover of a cylindrical cup is investigated. The flow field and the shape of the free surface are determined at the lowest significant orders of the regular domain perturbation in terms of the angular velocity of the bottom cap. The meridional field superposed on a primary azimuthal field shows a structure of multiple cells. The velocity field and the shape of the free surface are strongly effected by the cylinder aspect ratio and the elasticity of the liquid. The use of this flow configuration as a free surface rheometer to determine the first two Rivlin-Ericksen constants is shown to be promising.Nomenclature R, ,Z Coordinates in the physical domain D - , , Coordinates in the rest stateD ₀ - r, ,z Dimensionless coordinates in the rest stateD ₀ - Angular velocity - Zero shear viscosity - Surface tension coefficient - Density - Dimensionless surface tension parameter - ₁, ₂ The first two Rivlin-Ericksen constants - Stream function - Dimensionless second order meridional stream function - ^* Dimensionless second normal stress function - 2 Dimensionless sum of the first and second normal stress functions - N ₁,N ₂ The first and second normal stress functions - n Unit normal vector - D Stretching tensor - A _n nth order Rivlin-Ericksen tensor - S Extra-stress - u Velocity field - U Dimensionless second order meridional velocity field - V Dimensionless first order azimuthal velocity field - p Pressure - Modified pressure field - P Dimensionless second order pressure field - J Mean curvature - a Cylinder radius - d Liquid depth at rest - D Dimensionless liquid depth at rest - h Free surface height - H Dimensionless free surface height at the second order     

On the localness of the spectral energy transfer in turbulence

By utilizing available experimental data for net energy transfer spectra for homogeneous turbulence, contributions P(, ) to the energy transfer at a wavenumber from various other wavenumbers are calculated. This is done by fitting a truncated power-exponential series in and to the experimental data for the net energy transfer T(), and using known properties of P(, ). Although the contributions P(, ) obtained by using this procedure are not unique, the results obtained by using various assumptions do not differ significantly. It seems clear from the results that for a region where the energy entering a wavenumber band dominates that leaving, much of the energy entering the band comes from wavenumbers which are about an order of magnitude smaller. That is, the energy transfer is rather nonlocal. This result is not significantly dependent on Reynolds number (for turbulence Reynolds numbers based on microscale from 3 to 800). For lower wavenumbers, where more energy leaves than enters a wavenumber band, the energy transfer into the band is more local, but much of the energy then leaves at distant wavenumbers.     

The dynamic and steady shear properties of synovial fluid and of the components making up synovial fluid

Steady-shear and dynamic properties of a pooled sample of cattle synovial fluid have been measured using techniques developed for low viscosity fluids. The rheological properties of synovial fluid were found to exhibit typical viscoelastic behaviour and can be described by the Carreau type A rheological model. Typical model parameters for the fluid are given; these may be useful for the analysis of the complex flow problems of joint lubrication.The two major constituents, hyaluronic acid and proteins, have been successfully separated from the pooled sample of synovial fluid. The rheological properties of the hyaluronic acid and the recombined hyaluronic acid-protein solutions of both equal and half the concentration of the constituents found in the original synovial fluid have been measured. These properties, when compared to those of the original synovial fluid, show an undeniable contribution of proteins to the flow behaviour of synovial fluid in joints. The effect of protein was found to be more prominent in hyaluronic acid of half the normal concentration found in synovial fluid, thus providing a possible explanation for the differences in flow behaviour observed between synovial fluid from certain diseased joints compared to normal joint fluid.Nomenclature A Ratio of angular amplitude of torsion head to oscillation input signal - G Storage modulus - G Loss modulus - I Moment of inertia of upper platen — torsion head assembly - K Restoring constant of torsion bar - N ₁ First normal-stress difference - R Platen radius - S ⁽ⁱ⁾ Geometric factor in the dynamic property analysis - t ₁ Characteristic time parameter of the Carreau model - X, Y Carreau model parameters - Z () Reimann Zeta function of - Carreau model parameter - Shear rate - Apparent steady-shear viscosity - ^* Complex dynamic viscosity - Dynamic viscosity - Imaginary part of the complex dynamic viscosity - ₀ Zero-shear viscosity - ₀ Cone angle - Carreau model characteristic time - Density of fluid - Shear stress - Phase difference between torsion head and oscillation input signals - ₀ Zero-shear rate first normal-stress coefficient - Oscillatory frequency     

Flow in porous media I: A theoretical derivation of Darcy's law

Stokes flow through a rigid porous medium is analyzed in terms of the method of volume averaging. The traditional averaging procedure leads to an equation of motion and a continuity equation expressed in terms of the volume-averaged pressure and velocity. The equation of motion contains integrals involving spatial deviations of the pressure and velocity, the Brinkman correction, and other lower-order terms. The analysis clearly indicates why the Brinkman correction should not be used to accommodate ano slip condition at an interface between a porous medium and a bounding solid surface.The presence of spatial deviations of the pressure and velocity in the volume-averaged equations of motion gives rise to aclosure problem, and representations for the spatial deviations are derived that lead to Darcy's law. The theoretical development is not restricted to either homogeneous or spatially periodic porous media; however, the problem ofabrupt changes in the structure of a porous medium is not considered.Roman Letters A interfacial area of the - interface contained within the macroscopic system, m² - A _e area of entrances and exits for the -phase contained within the macroscopic system, m² - A interfacial area of the - interface contained within the averaging volume, m² - A ^* interfacial area of the - interface contained within a unit cell, m² - Ae area of entrances and exits for the -phase contained within a unit cell, m² - B second order tensor used to represent the velocity deviation (see Equation (3.30)) - b vector used to represent the pressure deviation (see Equation (3.31)), m^–1 - d distance between two points at which the pressure is measured, m - g gravity vector, m/s² - K Darcy's law permeability tensor, m² - L characteristic length scale for volume averaged quantities, m - characteristic length scale for the -phase (see Figure 2), m - characteristic length scale for the -phase (see Figure 2), m - n unit normal vector pointing from the -phase toward the -phase (n =–n ) - n _e unit normal vector for the entrances and exits of the -phase contained within a unit cell - p pressure in the -phase, N/m² - p intrinsic phase average pressure for the -phase, N/m² - p –p , spatial deviation of the pressure in the -phase, N/m² - r ₀ radius of the averaging volume and radius of a capillary tube, m - v velocity vector for the -phase, m/s - v phase average velocity vector for the -phase, m/s - v intrinsic phase average velocity vector for the -phase, m/s - v –v , spatial deviation of the velocity vector for the -phase, m/s - V averaging volume, m³ - V volume of the -phase contained within the averaging volume, m³ Greek Letters V/V, volume fraction of the -phase - mass density of the -phase, kg/m³ - viscosity of the -phase, Nt/m² - arbitrary function used in the representation of the velocity deviation (see Equations (3.11) and (B1)), m/s - arbitrary function used in the representation of the pressure deviation (see Equations (3.12) and (B2)), s^–1     

Impacts of local dispersion and first-order decay on solute transport in randomly heterogeneous porous media

Stochastic subsurface transport theories either disregard local dispersion or take it to be constant. We offer an alternative Eulerian-Lagrangian formalism to account for both local dispersion and first-order mass removal (due to radioactive decay or biodegradation). It rests on a decomposition of the velocityv into a field-scale componentv , which is defined on the scale of measurement support, and a zero mean sub-field-scale componentv _s , which fluctuates randomly on scales smaller than. Without loss of generality, we work formally with unconditional statistics ofv _s and conditional statistics ofv . We then require that, within this (or other selected) working framework,v _s andv be mutually uncorrelated. This holds whenever the correlation scale ofv is large in comparison to that ofv _s . The formalism leads to an integro-differential equation for the conditional mean total concentration c which includes two dispersion terms, one field-scale and one sub-field-scale. It also leads to explicit expressions for conditional second moments of concentration cc. We solve the former, and evaluate the latter, for mildly fluctuatingv by means of an analytical-numerical method developed earlier by Zhang and Neuman. We present results in two-dimensional flow fields of unconditional (prior) mean uniformv . These show that the relative effect of local dispersion on first and second moments of concentration dies out locally as the corresponding dispersion tensor tends to zero. The effect also diminishes with time and source size. Our results thus do not support claims in the literature that local dispersion must always be accounted for, no matter how small it is. First-order decay reduces dispersion. This effect increases with time. However, these concentration moments c and cc of total concentrationc, which are associated with the scale below, cannot be used to estimate the field-scale concentrationc directly. To do so, a spatial average over the field measurement scale is needed. Nevertheless, our numerical results show that differences between the ensemble moments ofc and those ofc are negligible, especially for nonpoint sources, because the ensemble moments ofc are already smooth enough.     

The problems of nonlinear bending for orthotropic rectangular plate with four clamped edges

（黄家寅）（秦圣立）ＴＨＥＰＲＯＢＬＥＭＳＯＦＮＯＮＬＩＮＥＡＲＢＥＮＤＩＮＧＦＯＲＯＲＴＨＯＴＲＯＰＩＣＲＥＣＴＡＮＧＵＬＡＲＰＬＡＴＥＷＩＴＨＦＯＵＲＣＬＡＭＰＥＤＥＤＧＥＳ￥ＨｕａｎｇＪｉａｙｉｎ;ＱｉｎＳｈｅｎｇｌｉ（ＱｕｆｕＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎ...     

Der Spannungs- und Verschiebungszustand drehsymmetrischer Membrane mit beliebig gekrümmter Meridiankurve

Zusammenfassung Die Einführung von Zylinderkoordinaten (x, r, ) in die Gleichgewichtsbedingungen der Schnittkräfte bzw. in die Beziehungen zwischen Verzerrung und Verschiebungen am differentialen Schalenabschnitt ermöglicht die Berechnung des Spannungs- und Verschiebungszustandes von drehsymmetrischen Membranen mit beliebig gekrümmter Meridiankurve auf die Integration einer einfachen, linearen partiellen Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung für eine charakteristische FunktionF bzw. zurückzuführen. Eine geschlossene Lösung und damit eine Darstellung der Schnittkräfte und Verschiebungen durch explizite Formeln ist bei harmonischer Belastung cosn für zwei Funktionsgruppen=x ² und=x ^–3 möglich. Im Sonderfall der drehsymmetrischen und der antimetrischen Belastung mitn=0 undn=1 gelten die Gleichungen der Schnitt- und Verschiebungsgrößen für eine beliebige Meridianfunktion=(). Die Betrachtungen der Randbedingungen offener Schalen bei harmonischer Belastung geben über die infinitesimalen Deformationen einer drehsymmetrischen Membran mit überall negativer Krümmung Aufschluß.     

Transient non-Darcy free convection between parallel vertical plates in a fluid saturated porous medium

Transient non-Darcy free convection between two parallel vertical plates in a fluid saturated porous medium is investigated using the generalized momentum equation proposed by Vafai and Tien. The effects of porous inertia and solid boundary are considered in addition to the Darcy flow resistance. Exact solutions are found for the asymptotic states at small and large times. The large time solutions reveal that the velocity profiles are rather sensitive to the Darcy number Da when Da<1. It has also been found that boundary friction alters the velocity distribution near the wall, considerably. Finite difference calculations have also been carried out to investigate the transient behaviour at the intermediate times in which no similarity solutions are possible. This analytical and numerical study reveals that the transient free convection between the parallel plates may well be described by matching the two distinct asymptotic solutions obtained at small and large times.Nomenclature C empirical constant for the Forchheimer term - f velocity function for the small time solution - F velocity function for the large time solution - g acceleration due to gravity - Gr* micro-scale Grashof number - H a half distance between two infinite plates - K permeability - Nu Nusselt number - Pr Prandtl number - t time - T temperature - u, v Darcian velocity components - x, y Cartesian coordinates - effective thermal diffusivity - coefficient of thermal expansion - porosity - dimensionless time - similarity variable - dimensionless temperature - viscosity - kinematic viscosity - density - the ratio of heat capacities     

Transport in ordered and disordered porous media III: Closure and comparison between theory and experiment

In this paper we examine the closure problem associated with the volume averaged form of the Stokes equations presented in Part II. For both ordered and disordered porous media, we make use of a spatially periodic model of a porous medium. Under these circumstances the closure problem, in terms of theclosure variables, is independent of the weighting functions used in the spatial smoothing process. Comparison between theory and experiment suggests that the geometrical characteristics of the unit cell dominate the calculated value of the Darcy's law permeability tensor, whereas the periodic conditions required for thelocal form of the closure problem play only a minor role.Roman Letters A interfacial area of the- interface contained within the macroscopic region, m² - A _e area of entrances and exits for the-phase contained within the macroscopic system, m² - A interfacial area of the- interface associated with the local closure problem, m² - A _p surface area of a particle, m² - b vector used to represent the pressure deviation, m^–1 - B ⁰ B+I, a second order tensor that maps v _m ontov - B second-order tensor used to represent the velocity deviation - d _p 6V _p/A_p, effective particle diameter, m - d a vector related to the pressure, m - D a second-order tensor related to the velocity, m² - g gravity vector, m/s² - I unit tensor - K traditional Darcy's law permeability tensor calculated on the basis of a spatially periodic model, m² - K _m permeability tensor for the weighted average form of Darcy's law, m² - L general characteristic length for volume averaged quantities, m - L _p characteristic length for the volume averaged pressure, m - L characteristic length for the porosity, m - L _v characteristic length for the volume averaged velocity, m - characteristic length (pore scale) for the-phase - _i i=1, 2, 3 lattice vectors, m - weighting function - m(-y) , convolution product weighting function - m _v special convolution product weighting function associated with the traditional averaging volume - m _g general convolution product weighting function - m _V unit cell convolution product weighting function - m _C special convolution product weighting function for ordered media which produces the cellular average - n unit normal vector pointing from the-phase toward the -phase - p pressure in the-phase, N/m² - p _m superficial weighted average pressure, N/m² - p _m intrinsic weighted average pressure, N/m² - p traditional intrinsic volume averaged pressure, N/m² - p – p _m , spatial deviation pressure, N/m² - r ₀ radius of a spherical averaging volume, m - r _m support of the convolution product weighting function - r position vector, m - r position vector locating points in the-phase, m. - V averaging volume, m³ - B volume of the-phase contained in the averaging volume, m³ - V _cell volume of a unit cell, m³ - v velocity vector in the-phase, m/s - v _m superficial weighted average velocity, m/s - v _m intrinsic weighted average velocity, m/s - v traditional superficial volume averaged velocity, m/s - v – v _m , spatial deviation velocity, m/s - x position vector locating the centroid of the averaging volume or the convolution product weighting function, m - y position vector relative to the centroid, m - y position vector locating points in the -phase relative to the centroid, m Greek Letters indicator function for the-phase - Dirac distribution associated with the- interface - V /V, volume average porosity - _m m * , weighted average porosity - mass density of the-phase, kg/m³ - viscosity of the-phase, Ns/m²     

Response of a viscous annular liquid layer in zero-gravity to different axial excitations of the rigid boundary plates

A cylindrical annular liquid layer between two plates and around a rigid center-core consisting of incompressible and viscous liquid is subjected to different axial excitations, such as one-sided, counter-directional and double-sided unequal excitations. The response of the free liquid surface, the velocity- and pressure-distribution has been determined.

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Zusammenfassung Eine zylindrische Flüssigkeitsschicht bestehend aus inkompressibler und viskoser Flüssigkeit wurde verschiedenen harmonischen Anregungsformen ausgesetzt. Dabei wurden die Fälle einseitiger, doppelseitiger entgegengesetzter und ungleicher doppelseitiger Anregung mit Phase behandelt. Die Vergrößerungsfunktionen für die freie Flüssigkeitsoberfläche, für die Geschwindigkeits- und Druckverteilung wurden bestimmt.

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List of symbols a radius of liquid layer - b radius of inner cylindrical core - (a–b) thickness of layer - e _r , e , k unit vectors in the radial, angular and axial direction resp. - h length of layer - I _m , K _m modified Bessel functions of first and second kind and order m - diameter ratio - p pressure - q 2na/h - q* na/h - r, , z cylindrical coordinates - complex frequency - S sa ²/ - t time - u, w velocity components in the radial- and axial direction - ₀ excitation amplitude - abbreviation - surface tension parameter - surface tension - dynamic viscosity - kinematic viscosity - density of liquid - free liquid surface elevation - dimensionless time - _rz shear stress - reduced forcing frequency - forcing frequency - stream function - _mn natural frequency of non-viscous liquid     

Thermal effects in the capillary rheometer

Summary The effect of viscous heating in a capillary rheometer is analysed for a power-law fluid by means of a perturbation expansion based upon a boundary-layer-core structure. This expansion is found to complement the eigenfunction series solution obtained by earlier investigators. A similar analysis is presented for the work-of-expansion effect. These two thermal effects are superimposed together with a third perturbation effect due to the pressure dependence of viscosity.On the basis of the present theory, earlier work in this area is discussed and, in some cases, apparent inaccuracies or inconsistencies are pointed out. A means is indicated for correcting data on the basis of the present theory.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird der Effekt der Erwärmung einer Potenzflüssigkeit infolge viskoser Reibung in einem Kapillar-Rheometer mittels einer Störungsrechnung untersucht, die auf der Unterteilung der Strömung in eine Grenzschicht und einen Kern basiert. Diese Störungsentwicklung ergänzt eine früher von anderen Autoren gefundene Reihenentwicklung mit Hilfe von Eigenfunktionen. Eine ähnliche Untersuchung wird für die thermische Ausdehnungsarbeit durchgeführt. Diese beiden thermischen Effekte sind zusammen einem dritten Störeffekt superponiert, der von der Druckabhängigkeit der Viskosität herrührt.Aufgrund der vorgelegten Theorie werden verschiedene auf diesem Gebiet früher durchgeführte Arbeiten diskutiert, und es werden in einigen Fällen offensichtliche Ungenauigkeiten und Folgewidrigkeiten aufgedeckt. Schließlich wird eine Methode zur Korrektur von Meßdaten mit Hilfe der vorliegenden Theorie angegeben.

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Nomenclature a tube radius - b ; evaluated atT ₀ andp = 0 when used in perturbation expansion - C _p specific heat - f - f ^* - h defined by eq. [15] - k thermal conductivity - L tube length - m defined by eq. [8] - m ₀ m(T₀, 0) - n power-law index - p pressure - Pe C _p W a/k Peclet number - Pr C _pa/k Prandtl number - Q volumetric flow rate - Q ₀ unperturbed value ofQ in specified-p formulation - r radial coordinate - Re W a/ _a Reynolds number - T temperature - T ₀ inlet temperature - u radial velocity component - u ₀ 0 unperturbed radial velocity - w axial velocity component - w ₀ /W(1 – ) unperturbed axial velocity - W Q/(a ²) average axial velocity - W ₀ Q ₀/(a ²) - z axial coordinate - (3n + 1)/n - ^* ; evaluated atT ₀ andp = 0 when used in perturbation expansion - 4^1-n - ^* - (n + 1)/n - ... shear rate - 4W/a apparent shear rate - p total pressure drop - T _a W ²/k characteristic temperature difference - T _b total bulk-temperature rise - ^* T - r/a - shear viscosity - _a m₀ - (1 –)/ ^1/3 - —p/z - ₀ ... unperturbed value of - z-averaged value of - µ ^{n + 1}/n - z/(a Pe) - _L L/(a Pe) - mass density - _w shear stress at wall - streamfunction - ^*T₀ (absolute temperature scale) - ( )₁ leading-order effect due to viscous heating - ( ) ₁ ^* leading-order effect due to work-of-expansion Note: in specified-p formulation,W gets replaced byW ₀ in definition of Pe, Re, and. With 7 figures and 7 tables     

Some problems concerning nonstationary currents in dense plasma systems confined by walls

Nonstationary currents are examined in a dense magnetized plasma with 1, in which energy release and heat loss by thermal conduction and radiation are possible. Solutions are found in two limiting cases: ¦f¦ ¦ div (T)¦ and ¦f¦ ¦ div(T)¦ (f is the radiation intensity, is the coefficient of heat conduction, and T is the temperature). In the first case a solution was obtained of some problems of the cooling and heating of a plasma illustrated in part by the evolution in time of the temperature profile in the boundary layer. In the second case an isomorphic solution was found for an arbitrary dependence of the coefficient of heat conduction on the temperature, pressure, and magnetic field.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 3–8, January–February, 1972.The author is grateful to G. I. Budker for formulating the problem.     

Transport in ordered and disordered porous media I: The cellular average and the use of weighting functions

In this work we consider transport in ordered and disordered porous media using singlephase flow in rigid porous mediaas an example. We defineorder anddisorder in terms of geometrical integrals that arise naturally in the method of volume averaging, and we show that dependent variables for ordered media must generally be defined in terms of thecellular average. The cellular average can be constructed by means of a weighting function, thus transport processes in both ordered and disordered media can be treated with a single theory based on weighted averages. Part I provides some basic ideas associated with ordered and disordered media, weighted averages, and the theory of distributions. In Part II a generalized averaging procedure is presented and in Part III the closure problem is developed and the theory is compared with experiment. Parts IV and V provide some geometrical results for computer generated porous media.Roman Letters A interfacial area of the- interface contained within the macroscopic region, m² - A_e area of entrances and exits for the-phase contained within the macroscopic system, m² - g gravity vector, m/s² - I unit tensor - K traditional Darcy's law permeability tensor, m² - L general characteristic length for volume averaged quantities, m - characteristic length (pore scale) for the-phase - (y) weighting function - m(–y) (y), convolution product weighting function - _v special weighting function associated with the traditional averaging volume - N unit normal vector pointing from the-phase toward the-phase - p pressure in the-phase, N/m² - p0 reference pressure in the-phase, N/m² - p traditional intrinsic volume averaged pressure, N/m² - r0 radius of a spherical averaging volume, m - r position vector, m - r position vector locating points in the-phase, m - averaging volume, m³ - V volume of the-phase contained in the averaging volume, m³ - V _cell volume of a unit cell, m³ - v velocity vector in the-phase, m/s - v traditional superficial volume averaged velocity, m/s - x position vector locating the centroid of the averaging volume or the convolution product weighting function, m - y position vector relative to the centroid, m - y position vector locating points in the-phase relative to the centroid, m Greek Letters indicator function for the-phase - Dirac distribution associated with the- interface - V/V, volume average porosity - mass density of the-phase, kg/m³ - viscosity of the-phase, Ns/m²     

Critique of the computational Preston tube method

The general validity of the Computational Preston Tube Method (CPM) proposed by Nitsche et al. is disputed. The method involves the determination of both the skin-friction coefficient c _f and the von Karman constant from fitting two near-wall mean velocity measurements to a generalized van Driest family of velocity profiles. It is demonstrated by a detailed examination of measured mean velocity profiles that for at least one flow situation for which success with the CPM has been claimed, the laminar-turbulent transition of a flat-plate boundary layer, the method must either fail completely or lead to non-unique results. It is concluded that the applicability of the CPM is restricted to flows for which the normal law-of-the-wall is valid.     

Second order gravitational field theories with hilbert gauge

Summary We consider, in the field-theoretical approach, a class of gravitational theories deducible by a variational principle in the unrenormalized pseudo-Euclidean space-time. At first order in the coupling constant f we require the theories to coincide with the Einstein one. Moreover we assume the Hilbert gauge which assure the exclusion of the vector component of the gravitational potential . To get the higher order consistency we substitute the most general energy-momentum tensor for the particle tensorT ^(p) in the field equations. Requiring the latter to be deducible by a variational principle varying the potentials , we get a Lagrangian which, varying the particle coordinates, gives the equations of motion. So we get a class of theories depending on 5 arbitrary parameters. To have observable quantities we have to renormalize. So we realize that, to satisfy the equivalence principle, we have to put one of the arbitrary parameters equal to zero. With this choice the class of theories coincides at second order with general relativity.

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Sommario Si vuole ottenere una classe di teorie gravitazionali deducibili da un principio variazionale, nell'ambito della teoria dei campi e nello spazio-tempo pseudoeuclideo non-rinormalizzato. Si richiede che tali teorie coincidano, al primo ordine nella costante di accoppiamento f, con la teoria di Einstein. Si assume inoltre la gauge di Hilbert al fine di escludere la presenza della componente vettoriale del potenziale . Per ottenere la consistenza al secondo ordine delle equazioni di campo, si sostituisce, in queste ultime, al tensore della particellaT ^(p) il più generale tensore energia-quantità-di-moto . Imponendo alle equazioni di campo di essere deducibili mediante un principio variazionale ove si varino i potenziali , si ottiene una lagrangiana che, ove si varino le coordinate della particella di prova, dà le equazioni di moto. In tal modo si ottiene una classe di teorie dipendenti da 5 parametri arbitrari. Per un confronto con i dati sperimentali è necessario rinormalizzare, onde esprimere quantità osservabili. Si dimostra così che per soddisfare il principio di equivalenza al secondo ordine è necessario porre uno dei 5 parametri uguale a zero e che, con tale scelta, l'intera classe di teorie coincide, al secondo ordine, con la relatività generale.

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Research sponsored by the CNR, Gruppi di ricerca Matematica     

Solution of regular beam equations in arbitrary emission conditions on a curvilinear surface

The regular beam equations are solved analytically for the case of emission from an arbitrary surface in conditions of total space charge (-mode) and in a given external magnetic field H (§2) for temperature-limited emission (T-mode), in an external magnetic field H (§3); and for emission with nonzero initial velocity (§4). The emitter is taken as the coordinate surface x¹=0 in an orthogonal system x¹ (i = =1,2,3), while the current density J and field on it are given functions j(x², x³), (x², x³. The solution is written as series in (x¹) with coefficients dependent on x², x³, determined from recurrence relations. For emission in the -mode and H 0, =1/3; for temperature-limited emission, =1/2; with nonzero initial velocity, =1. The results are extended to the case of a beam in the presence of a moving background of uniform density (5).     

Optical co-ordinates in general relativity 2 — the problem of distance

Summary Let denote the congruence of null geodesics associated with a given optical observer inV ₄. We prove that determines a unique collection of vector fieldsM₍₎ ( =1, 2, 3) and ₍₀₎ overV ₄, satisfying a weak version of Killing's conditions.This allows a natural interpretation of these fields as the infinitesimal generators of spatial rotations and temporal translation relative to the given observer. We prove also that the definition of the fieldsM₍₎ and ₍₀₎ is mathematically equivalent to the choice of a distinguished affine parameter f along the curves of, playing the role of a retarded distance from the observer.The relation between f and other possible definitions of distance is discussed.

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Sommario Sia la congruenza di geodetiche nulle associata ad un osservatore ottico assegnato nello spazio-tempoV ₄. Dimostriamo che determina un'unica collezione di campi vettorialiM₍₎ ( =1, 2, 3) e ₍₀₎ inV ₄ che soddisfano una versione in forma debole delle equazioni di Killing. Ciò suggerisce una naturale interpretazione di questi campi come generatori infinitesimi di rotazioni spaziali e traslazioni temporali relative all'osservatore assegnato. Dimostriamo anche che la definizione dei campiM₍₎, ₍₀₎ è matematicamente equivalente alla scelta di un parametro affine privilegiato f lungo le curve di, che gioca il ruolo di distanza ritardata dall'osservatore. Successivamente si esaminano i legami tra f ed altre possibili definizioni di distanza in grande.

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Work performed in the sphere of activity of: Gruppo Nazionale per la Fisica Matematica del CNR.     

Rotationsviskosimetrie mit kugelförmigen Spindeln

Zusammenfassung Die Rheodynamik der stationären viskometrischen Drehströmung um eine rotierende Kugel wird mit Methoden der Variationsrechnung untersucht. Neben iterativen numerischen Lösungsmethoden, die zu exakten Resultaten führen, wird auch eine approximative Ein-Gradienten-Lösung konstruiert, die durch Quadraturen dargestellt wird. Ausgehend von dieser analytischen Approximation werden einfache Methoden zur Auswertung von Experimentaldaten vorgeschlagen, die mit Hilfe von Eintauch-Rotationsviskosimetern mit kugelförmigen Meßspindeln gewonnen wurden.

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Summary The rotational viscometric flow around a rotating sphere has been studied by variational methods. The exact numerical, as well as an approximate analytical solutions are given. Employing the analytical approximation, a simple method of evaluating viscometric data from immersional (portable) viscometers with a rotating sphere is proposed.

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A Achsenschnitt durch den Bereich der Strömung - B - b, c anpaßbare empirische Konstanten - C Kalibrierungsoperator - D Schergeschwindigkeit der viskosimetrischen Strömung - D _ij Komponenten des Deformationsgeschwindigkeitstensors - D _I, _I Stoffkonstanten der VF des Ellis-Modells - g metrischer Koeffizient - H() Funktional der Ein-Gradienten-Approximation, Gl. [27] - J[] energetisches Potential - J _a[] Ein-Gradienten-Approximation fürJ - K Konsistenzkoeffizient, Parameter der VF des Potenzmodells - m Parameter des Ellis-Modells - M Drehmoment - n Parameter des Potenzmodells - n, n Differentialindices der VF, Gl. [20c, d] - n*,n** Differentialindices der RC, Gl. [9], [13] - r, , z polare Zylinderkoordinaten - R Spindelhalbmesser - rheometrischer Operator - S Spindeloberfläche - U(D) energetische Funktion nachBird, Gl. [20e] - v _i physikalische Komponenten der Geschwindigkeit - Z() transformierte VF, Gl. [20f] - (n) durch Gl. [35] definierte Funktion - k Verhältnis der Radien von Spindel und Wand - ( durch Gl. [43] definierte Funktion - natürliche (Radial-)Koordinate - Schubspannung der viskosimetrischen Strömung - _ij Komponenten des Spannungstensors - _S() Spannungsprofil an der Spindeloberfläche - _M Maximalspannung an der Spindeloberfläche - mittlere Spannung an der Spindeloberfläche, Gln. [3], [22] - natürliche (Meridional-) Koordinate - Winkelgeschwindigkeit in der Flüssigkeit - Winkelgeschwindigkeit der Spindelrotation - ( rheometrische Charakteristik Mit 4 Abbildungen und 3 Tabellen     

Extended Korn's inequalities and the associated best possible constants

We are concerned with the coerciveness of the strain energy E(u) (in linear elasticity) associated with a displacement vector u on the Sobolev space H¹ () or its subspaces, a domain in ⁿ representing an isotropic elastic body—certain specific cases are called Korn's inequalities. Sufficient (and necessary) conditions on the Lamé moduli for E(·) to be coercive (or uniformly positive) on such spaces are given, and the associated best possible constants are obtained for some cases.     

LDA measurements in low Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer

LDA measurements of the mean velocity in a low Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer allow a direct estimate of the friction velocity U from the value of /y at the wall. The trend of the Reynolds number dependence of / is similar to the direct numerical simulations of Spalart (1988).