砂质碎屑流概念及其在鄂尔多斯盆地延长组深水沉积研究中的应用

砂质碎屑流是近年来日益受到重视的一种新的砂体成因类型,其相关理论是对"鲍玛序列"和"浊积扇"等深水沉积理论的部分否定和完善.阐述了砂质碎屑流概念精华与存在问题,指出只有进一步结合我国陆相盆地沉积不断完善该理论,才能提高勘探成功率,从而促进我国石油工业的发展.同时运用砂质碎屑概念,将鄂尔多斯盆地湖盆中心深水区延长组长6段...     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部旬邑地区延长组长7段深水牵引流的发现及其意义

鄂尔多斯盆地南部地区延长组长7段主要发育以浊流及砂质碎屑流为主的深水重力流沉积。通过对盆地南部旬邑地区延长组长7段野外剖面露头进行详细考察时发现,该组砂岩中发育大量类似浅水环境的沉积构造,如交错层理、波状层理、平行层理、透镜状层理及波痕等。在综合研究区古构造、沉积背景的基础上,通过对野外露头进行详细的描述与刻画,认为盆地南部旬邑地区延长组长7段发育以等深流、内波、内潮汐为主要类型的深水牵引流沉积,上述类似浅水环境中的沉积构造为深水牵引流对先期形成的重力流沉积再作用的结果。总体上,研究区主要发育5种类型的深水牵引流岩相:(1)具双向交错层理粉细砂岩;(2)具单向交错层理粉砂岩;(3)具波状层理泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩;(4)具平行层理细砂岩;(5)具大型交错层理中细砂岩。在此基础上探讨了研究区深水牵引流沉积模式。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部三叠系延长组深水重力流沉积特征及其石油地质意义

通过大量岩心观察、钻测井资料分析及野外露头观察,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长6—长7深水重力流沉积特征、触发机制、沉积过程、沉积模式及石油地质意义进行了系统分析。研究结果表明:研究区共存在滑动岩体、滑塌沉积、砂质碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积及泥质碎屑流沉积5种类型的重力流沉积物,各类型的沉积物特征明显。不同类型重力流沉积物垂向组合可分为5类,研究区重力流的形成过程可分为5个阶段:三角洲前缘沉积阶段、滑动阶段、滑塌变形阶段、砂质碎屑流及泥质碎屑流形成阶段以及浊流形成阶段。滑动、滑塌砂体多呈孤立透镜体状,砂质碎屑流砂体多以扇沟道的形式展现出来,浊流砂体多分布在扇沟道的前端或侧翼,呈席状砂展布。深水重力流砂体垂向叠置厚度大,可形成规模大的油藏,大大扩展了深湖的勘探范围。研究区长6、长7油层组砂质碎屑流砂体储集层物性较好,含油性好,是重点勘探层位。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部地区延长组深水沉积构造特征及地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地南部地区上三叠统延长组长7段发育有典型的重力流沉积。对野外露头剖面进行大量调查研究,发现研究区重力流沉积发育丰富的沉积构造,底层面构造、软沉积变形构造是主要的两种类型。这种深水沉积构造组合能够很好地揭示研究区广泛发育的一定坡度背景下深水重力流沉积体系。滑移-滑塌沉积、砂质碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积是研究区发育最为广泛的深水重力流沉积类型,滑移-滑塌及软沉积变形构造为触发机制沉积响应,底层面构造为砂质碎屑流沉积及浊流沉积响应。综合分析研究区地层发育的大量凝灰岩夹层、深水泥岩中发育的植物碎屑、深水砂岩中发育的大量浅黄色泥砾等沉积特征,认为地震、火山喷发及季节性洪水为研究区深水重力流沉积最有利的触发因素。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部三叠系延长组深水重力流沉积特征及其石油地质意义*

通过大量岩心观察、钻测井资料分析及野外露头观察,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长6—长7深水重力流沉积特征、触发机制、沉积过程、沉积模式及石油地质意义进行了系统分析。研究结果表明:研究区共存在滑动岩体、滑塌沉积、砂质碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积及泥质碎屑流沉积5种类型的重力流沉积物,各类型的沉积物特征明显。不同类型重力流沉积物垂向组合可分为5类,研究区重力流的形成过程可分为5个阶段:三角洲前缘沉积阶段、滑动阶段、滑塌变形阶段、砂质碎屑流及泥质碎屑流形成阶段以及浊流形成阶段。滑动、滑塌砂体多呈孤立透镜体状,砂质碎屑流砂体多以扇沟道的形式展现出来,浊流砂体多分布在扇沟道的前端或侧翼,呈席状砂展布。深水重力流砂体垂向叠置厚度大,可形成规模大的油藏,大大扩展了深湖的勘探范围。研究区长6、长7油层组砂质碎屑流砂体储集层物性较好,含油性好,是重点勘探层位。     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区上三叠统延长组砂质碎屑流沉积特征及其油气勘探意义

通过岩芯观测、地震解释和测井分析,结合薄片观察、粒度分析以及各种资料的综合分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部富县地区上三叠统延长组沉积相类型及特征进行深入研究,提出长9-长6油层组存在砂质碎屑流沉积。结合盆地沉积背景及其演化规律,探讨了砂质碎屑流沉积的成因机制, 详细论述了砂质碎屑流沉积的沉积特征,建立了砂质碎屑流的沉积模式。研究表明砂质碎屑流砂体主要由块状粉细砂岩和含泥砾粉细砂岩两种成因相构成,其成因是三角洲前缘砂体在外界触发力作用下,滑动崩塌而形成。分析了砂质碎屑流沉积与油气的分布关系,实践表明砂质碎屑流沉积体是下生上储或下储上生的油藏类型,属于典型的岩性油气藏,构成了该区深水区域的良好岩性圈闭储集体。     

鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区延长组长6段砂体结构特征及成因分析

通过岩芯及露头观察对鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区延长组长6段砂体沉积类型的识别、依据沉积组合对砂体结构进行分类、并结合测井响应特征刻画了砂体结构平面分布,综合分析了砂体结构平面差异的成因。结果显示,合水地区长6段主要为深水重力流沉积,可识别出砂质碎屑流和浊流两种不同的重力流沉积类型。两种重力流沉积砂体在纵向上复合叠置形成广泛分布的厚砂体,因组合关系及含油性不同,可分为3种砂体结构类型:多期砂质碎屑流叠加型、砂质碎屑流与浊流复合叠加型及多期浊流叠加型。砂体结构平面分布差异受湖盆底形、物源及供屑量和流体重复改造等因素影响,不同结构砂体平面上具有垂直物源轴线呈带状展布特征,在合水地区东北部和中部形成较为有利的砂体结构类型。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组重力流沉积特征及其模式

利用岩心、测井资料和重力流沉积理论,系统研究了鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组重力流沉积特征及其沉积模式。该区重力流沉积物可分为浊积岩、砂质碎屑流沉积物、泥质碎屑流沉积物和滑塌岩。其中,浊积岩发育正粒序;砂质碎屑流沉积物以冻结块状沉积为特征;泥质碎屑流沉积物以泥质为主,内部含少量砂质颗粒和砂质团块;滑塌岩发育包卷层理等液化构造。不同重力流沉积物发育程度差异明显,浊积岩和砂质碎屑流沉积物的钻遇井数最多,泥质碎屑流沉积物最少。在重力流单期沉积厚度方面,砂质碎屑流沉积物单期沉积厚度平均为0.986m,明显高于其他类型;浊流沉积厚度最低,平均厚度为0.414m。本区重力流是由三角洲前缘沉积物失稳滑塌所致,砂质碎屑流沉积物和浊积岩是主要的重力流沉积类型,其次为滑塌岩和泥质碎屑流沉积物。砂质碎屑流沉积物主要发育于北东向曲流河三角洲前缘前方的深水区;浊积岩主要发育于西部、西南部和南部物源形成的辫状河三角洲前缘前方的深水区域;泥质碎屑流沉积物和富含泥砾砂质碎屑流沉积物在平面分布极少,且规律不明显。     

鄂尔多斯盆地旬邑地区延长组砂质碎屑流沉积特征及其风暴成因探讨

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长8-长6油层组沉积相为曲流河三角洲-半深湖、深湖,重力流沉积发育。以前认为这些重力流沉积物是浊流沉积。本文通过对旬邑地区延长组岩心、测井资料的研究,认为研究区长8-长6油层组发育砂质碎屑流沉积。岩心中常见大段块状砂岩、面状碎屑组构、顶底突变接触、漂砾、底部剪切带及滑塌变形构造等,相应测井曲线特征以箱型为主。砂质碎屑流为风暴诱因,可见丰富的风暴沉积特征,如侵蚀构造、底模、浪成沙纹层理、波痕、生物逃逸迹等。研究区理想的风暴沉积单元由下向上可概括为:块状层理段(A);滞留沉积段(B);平行层理段(C);丘状交错层理或浪成沙纹层理段(D);泥页岩段(E)。根据岩心风暴沉积特征总结出风暴岩的3个垂向沉积序列组合。砂质碎屑流及风暴作用的研究对于研究区油气勘探及古地理、古气候研究具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部延长组6段重力流沉积特征及其油气地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长6油层组中发现大量块状无层理砂岩,属陡坡带处堆积的三角洲前缘沉积物沿斜坡滑塌形成的重力流沉积。综合岩芯、露头、测井及分析化验资料,认为延长组发育滑塌岩、液化沉积物流、砂质碎屑流和经典浊流等多种类型的重力流,不同类型重力流沉积特征差异明显;其中地形坡度、物源供给和一定的触发机制是形成长6重力流沉积的基本条件;在流动过程中由于水的混入和沉积物卸载,重力流沉积物发生浓度变化和流态转换,形成滑塌岩-砂质碎屑流、砂质碎屑流-浊流、浊流等不同组合类型;重力流砂岩延伸至半深湖-深湖相泥岩中,与长7烃源岩侧向连通,形成有利的成藏组合,是研究区延长组重要的勘探目标区。     

Origin and evolution processes of hybrid event beds in the Lower Cretaceous of the Lingshan Island,Eastern China

On the basis of detailed sedimentological investigation, three types of hybrid event beds (HEBs) together with debrites and turbidites were distinguished in the Lower Cretaceous sedimentary sequence on the Lingshan Island in the Yellow Sea, China. HEB 1, with a total thickness of 63–80 cm and internal bipartite structures, is characterised by a basal massive sandstone sharply overlain by a muddy sandstone interval. It is interpreted to have been formed by particle rearrangement at the base of cohesive debris flows. HEB 2, with a total thickness of 10–71 cm and an internal tripartite structure, is characterised by a normal grading sandstone base, followed by muddy siltstone middle unit and capped with siltstones; the top unit of HEB 2 may in places be partly or completely eroded. The boundary between the lowest unit and the middle unit is gradual, whereas that between the middle unit and the top unit is sharp. HEB 2 may be developed by up-dip muddy substrate erosion. HEB 3, with a total thickness up to 10 cm and an internal bipartite structure, is characterised by a basal massive sandstone sharply overlain by a muddy siltstone interval. The upper unit was probably deposited by cohesive debris flow with some plant fragments and rare mud clasts. HEB 3 may be formed by the deceleration of low-density turbidity currents. The distribution of HEBs together with debrites and turbidites implies a continuous evolution process of sediment gravity flows: debris flow → hybrid flow caused by particle rearrangement → high-density turbidity current → hybrid flow caused by muddy substrate erosion → low-density turbidity current → hybrid flow caused by deceleration.     

Sustained turbidity currents and their interaction with debrite-related topography; Labuan Island, offshore NW Borneo, Malaysia

The Temburong Fm (Early Miocene), Labuan Island, offshore NW Borneo, was deposited in a lower-slope to proximal basin-floor setting, and provides an opportunity to study the deposits of sustained turbidity currents and their interaction with debrite-related topography. Two main gravity-flow facies are identified; (i) slump-derived debris-flow deposits (debrites) — characterised by ungraded silty mudstones in beds 1.5 to > 60 m thick which are rich in large (> 5 m) lithic clasts; and (ii) turbidity current deposits (turbidites) — characterised by medium-grained sandstone in beds up to 2 m thick, which contain structureless (T_a) intervals alternating with planar-parallel (T_b) and current-ripple (T_c) laminated intervals. Laterally discontinuous, cobble-mantled scours are also locally developed within turbidite beds. Based on these characteristics, these sandstones are interpreted to have been deposited by sustained turbidity currents. The cobble-mantled scours indicate either periods of intense turbidity current waxing or individual flow events. The sustained turbidity currents are interpreted to have been derived from retrogressive collapse of sand-rich mouth bars (breaching) or directly from river effluent (hyperpycnal flow). Analysis of the stratal architecture of the two facies indicates that routing of the turbidity currents was influenced by topographic relief developed at the top of the underlying debrite. In addition, turbidite beds are locally eroded at the base of an overlying debrite, possibly due to clast-related substrate ‘ploughing’ during the latter flow event. This study highlights the difficulty in constraining the origin of sustained turbidity currents in ancient sedimentary sequences. In addition, this study documents the importance large debrites may have in generating topography on submarine slopes and influencing routing of subsequent turbidity currents and the geometry of their associated deposits.     

湖相重力流沉积特征及沉积模式

应用深水沉积学和地震沉积学的相关理论,通过岩心观察描述、钻测井资料分析及平面沉积相编图,对下刚果盆地A区块白垩系Pointe Indienne组深水重力流的类型、沉积特征、垂向沉积组合及沉积模式进行了探讨分析,指出该地区发育砂质碎屑流、泥质碎屑流、浊流及与重力流形成过程相关的滑动—滑塌沉积,并总结了该深水重力流的沉积模式。结果表明:砂质碎屑流沉积以块状层理细砂岩为主,含大型漂浮泥砾和泥岩撕裂屑;泥质碎屑流沉积以泥级碎屑为主,含有少量的暗色泥岩碎屑和砂质团块,见“泥包砾”结构;浊流沉积以发育完整或不完整的鲍马序列为特征;滑动—滑塌沉积具有明显的剪切滑移面,可见旋转火焰构造、砂岩扭曲杂乱分布及褶皱变形层;纵向上可识别出4种类型的重力流沉积垂向组合,以多期砂质碎屑流沉积叠置和砂质碎屑流沉积与浊流沉积叠置最为常见;研究区深水重力流沉积可分为上部扇、中部扇和外部扇3部分,上部扇以主水道沉积为主;中部扇以辫状水道和溢岸沉积为主,砂体厚度较大;外部扇以朵叶体沉积和薄层浊积岩为主,砂体厚度相对较薄。     

湖相深水块状砂岩特征、成因及发育模式——以南堡凹陷东营组为例

块状砂岩因其厚度大、储层物性较好而成为深水沉积油气勘探开发中最重要的目标。沉积构造相对简单,但变化迅速且组构特征多变。为了探索不同块状砂岩的成因及其联系,建立预测性地质模型,首先将南堡凹陷东营组深水块状砂岩分为2类8种岩相和10种岩相组合,其中单期砂层顶部常含漂浮状砾石,形态多变、内外源均有。本区块状砂岩成分成熟度差,结构成熟度不稳定,粒度累积概率曲线反映了3种搬运过程:多流体改造型、三角洲前缘继承型和混杂快速冻结型。成因分析认为,块状砂岩以砂质碎屑流搬运为主,真正碎屑流和颗粒流次之,并见部分砂质滑塌成因;常与浊流、泥流、泥质滑塌沉积伴生,发育5种相序组合,其中砂质碎屑流-浊流、砂质碎屑流-泥流组合最常见。高密度流体内沉积物浓度分层与特殊的流速剖面共同控制下塑性层流与牛顿紊流间的界面控制了漂浮状砾石搬运和沉积。最后,建立了陡坡带外源型、陡坡带内源型和缓坡地内源型深水沉积过程及块状砂岩发育模式,为断陷盆地深水沉积砂岩储层的预测提供了新思路。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部三叠系延长组湖相重力流沉积细粒岩及其油气地质意义

随着页岩油气勘探开发和相关领域研究的不断深入,细粒沉积物的搬运和沉积已成为当前沉积学研究的热点问题之一,但中国中生代湖泊环境中的泥质重力流沉积尚未引起应有的关注。通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定等手段及综合研究,分析了鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世湖相泥质重力流沉积特征,探讨了其形成机制与成因分类。鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组湖相泥页岩结构类型多样,发育泥质块体流沉积、泥质碎屑流沉积、泥质浊流沉积和泥质异重流沉积等多种重力流沉积类型。按照泥质含量将重力流划分为砂质重力流、泥质重力流和混合重力流3种亚类,并根据成因将重力流划分为滑塌体、碎屑流、浊流及异重流等4种亚类;结合成因和泥质含量,将重力流沉积共划分为12种类型。滑塌岩、碎屑岩分布于三角洲前缘斜坡脚附近;浊积岩、异重岩广泛分布于三角洲斜坡至沉积中心。认为泥质沉积物可以在强水动力条件下搬运-沉积;重力流沉积细粒物质在湖相沉积中占据很大的比例;泥质重力流对泥页岩中的碎屑物质、黏土矿物及有机质的搬运和沉积起到重要作用,因而对于页岩油气的生烃、储集性能和压裂工艺研究具有重要意义。     

滑塌型深水重力流沉积特征及沉积模式:以渤海湾盆地临南洼陷古近系沙三中亚段为例*

综合运用钻井岩心、测录井等资料,通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定和粒度分析等方法,对渤海湾盆地临南洼陷古近系沙三中亚段深水重力流沉积类型及其沉积特征、沉积模式展开研究。研究表明,临南洼陷沙三中亚段深水重力流沉积主要发育滑塌沉积、碎屑流沉积和浊流沉积3种成因类型。滑塌沉积以包卷层理、液化砂岩脉、阶梯状小断层、变形岩层与未变形岩层叠置为典型特征。碎屑流沉积中砂质碎屑流沉积分布较广,以突变的底部接触面、块状层理、泥岩撕裂屑、土黄色泥砾、突变或不规则的上接触面为典型识别标志。浊流沉积则以正粒序层理、底部冲刷面和槽模、薄层砂泥互层、不完整的鲍马序列为典型识别标志。滑塌沉积主要发育在三角洲前缘斜坡根部,在滑塌沉积前方形成碎屑流沉积,碎屑流向前搬运的过程中,流体被稀释逐渐转化成浊流。滑塌型深水重力流沉积整体分为近源沉积、中部沉积和远源沉积3个部分: 近源沉积主要发育具变形构造的滑塌沉积和厚层块状砂质碎屑流沉积;中部沉积主要发育砂质碎屑流沉积及浊流沉积;远源沉积以薄层浊流沉积为主。     

鄂尔多斯晚三叠世湖盆异重流沉积新发现

水下重力流沉积作为重要的油气储层,已成为当前学术研究和油气工业共同关注的焦点.在鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长7~长6油层组深湖相沉积中,发现一种不同于砂质碎屑流沉积和滑塌浊积岩的重力流成因砂岩.其沉积特征为一系列向上变粗的单元(逆粒序层)和向上变细的单元(正粒序层)成对出现;每一个粒序层组合内部的泥质含量变化(高-低-高)与粒度变化一致;上部正粒序层与下部逆粒序层之间可见层内微侵蚀界面;砂岩与灰黑色纯泥岩、深灰色粉砂质泥岩互层;粉砂质泥岩层内也表现出类似的粒度变化特征.通过岩芯观察和薄片鉴定,认为该岩石组合形成于晚三叠世深湖背景下的异重流(hyperpycnal flow)沉积.其沉积产物--hyperpycnite(异重岩?)以发育逆粒序和层内微侵蚀面而区别于其它浊积岩,逆粒序代表洪水增强期的产物,上部的正粒序层为洪水衰退期的沉积,逆粒序-正粒序的成对出现代表一次洪水异重流事件沉积旋回;层内微侵蚀面是洪峰期流速足以对同期先沉淀的逆粒序沉积层侵蚀造成的.鄂尔多斯盆地延长组异重岩的发现,不仅为探索陆相湖盆环境下的异重流沉积提供了一个范例,而且对于深水砂体成因研究、储层预测和油气勘探具有理论和现实意义.     

'Linked' debrites in sand-rich turbidite systems – origin and significance

Abstract The outer parts of a number of small Late Jurassic sandy deep‐water fans in the northern North Sea are dominated by the stacked deposits of co‐genetic sandy and muddy gravity flows. Sharp‐based, structureless and dewatered sandstone beds are directly overlain by mudclast breccias that are often rich in terrestrial plant fragments and capped by thin laminated sandstones, pseudonodular siltstones and mudstones. The contacts between the clast‐rich breccias and the underlying sandstones are typically highly irregular with evidence for liquefaction and upward sand injection. The breccias contain fragments (up to metre scale) of exotic lithologies surrounded by a matrix that is extremely heterogeneous and strewn with multiphase and variably sheared sand injections and scattered coarse and very coarse sand grains (often coarser than in the immediately underlying sand bed). Markov chain analysis establishes that the breccias consistently overlie sandstones, and the character of the breccias and their external contacts rule out a post‐depositional origin via in situ liquefaction, intrastratal flowage or bed amalgamation and disruption. The breccias are interpreted as debrites that rode on a water‐rich sand bed just deposited by a co‐genetic concentrated gravity current. As such, they are referred to as ‘linked debrites’ to distinguish them from debrites emplaced in the absence of a precursor sand bed. The distinction is important, because these linked debris flows can achieve significant mobility through entrainment of both water and sediment from beneath, and they ride on a low‐friction carpet of liquefied sand. This explains the paradox presented by fan fringes in which there are common debrites, when conventional thinking might predict that deposits of low‐concentration gravity currents should be more important here. In fact, evidence for transport by low‐concentration turbidity currents is rare in these systems. Several possible mechanisms might explain the formation of linked flows, but the ultimate source of both sandy and clast‐rich flow components must be in shallower water on the basin margin (the debrites are not triggered from distal slopes). Flow partitioning may have occurred by upslope erosion and retardation of the mudclast‐charged portion of an erosional sandy density current, partial flow transformation of a precursor debris flow and/or hydraulic segregation and reconcentration of the flaky clasts and carbonaceous matter during transport. Linked debrites are not restricted to small sand‐rich fans, and similar mechanisms may be responsible for the long runout of debris flows in other systems. The recognition of a distinct class of linked debrites is of wider importance for facies prediction, reservoir heterogeneity and even carbon fluxes and sequestration on continental margins.     

河南东濮凹陷古近系沙三中亚段重力流沉积与伴生遗迹化石组合

基于对东濮凹陷97口钻井岩心的详细观察和分析,在古近系沙河街组沙三中亚段湖相沉积中识别出滑动、滑塌、碎屑流和浊流共4种类型的重力流沉积。各种类型沉积的主要判识特征如下: (1)滑动沉积以保留部分原始沉积构造、层内准同生小型断裂构造及较大角度的地层倾角(陡倾构造)发育、伴生Skolithos-Palaeophycus遗迹组合或Planolites-Taenidium遗迹组合为主要特征; (2)滑塌沉积以砂岩层顶、底面均与暗色泥岩呈突变接触以及岩层内部发育各种同生软沉积物变形构造(如包卷层理、火焰状构造、泄水构造、液化脉和各种撕裂屑等)为主要鉴别特征;(3)碎屑流沉积以砂岩呈块状构造、顶部发育漂浮砾石、底部泥岩撕裂屑发育并可见“泥包砾”现象、砂岩顶、底面均与暗色泥岩突变接触为特征;滑塌沉积和碎屑流沉积序列的上部常常伴生Mermoides-Parapaleodictyon遗迹组合; (4)浊流沉积以发育完整或不完整的鲍马序列为主要特征,浊积砂体下部见正粒序层理,底面见有冲刷痕、不规则槽模、重荷模等沉积构造,中上部发育深湖沉积中常见的Semirotundichnus-Puyangichnus遗迹组合。综合分析上述各种重力流沉积特征和伴生遗迹化石组合所体现的水深变化规律,认为遗迹化石组合随着湖水深度的增加呈分带性,与重力流沉积随水深增加而出现的滑动—滑塌—碎屑流—浊流沉积序列具有明显的一致性,且伴随重力流沉积而产生的生物扰动作用是增强的。因此,生物扰动构造(遗迹化石)的研究不仅对湖相沉积中储集层物性的分析具有重要意义,而且针对重力流沉积类型的判识还能提供重要的生物遗迹学信息。     

Gravity flow deposits associating with ichnoassemblages within the middle Member 3 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Dongpu sag,Henan Province

Based on the observation and analyses of 97 exploratory well cores in Dongpu sag,four types of gravity flow(including sliding,slumping,debris flow and turbidity current)deposits in lacustrine facies have been recognized within the middle Member 3 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. Their main identification marks are outlined as follows: (1)the sliding deposits are characterized by the partial preservation of primary sedimentary structures,the development of small penecontemporaneous fracture or fault in sandstone beds,and steep dip of strata,with Skolithos-Palaeophycus ichnoassemblage and/or Planolites-Taenidium ichnoassemblage,which commonly occurred in the shore and shallow lake environments. (2)General characteristics of slumping deposits mainly are the abrupt contact between sandstone beds(top and bottom)and dark mudstone beds,and development of all kinds of penecontemporaneous soft-sediment deformation structures such as convolution bedding,flame structure,water-escape structure,liquefied vein and tearing debris. (3)The sandy debris flow deposits are mainly marked by the massive sandstone,abrupt contact between sandstone beds(top and bottom)and dark mudstone beds,as well as developing floating gravels near the top of sandstone beds and tearing mudstone debris in the bottom of sandstone beds,sometimes with occurring the mud-coated intraclasts. Meanwhile,slumping and sandy debris flow deposits commonly associated with the Mermoides-Parapaleodictyon ichnoassemblage produced in semi-deep water lake environment. (4)The turbidity deposit is mainly indicated by the complete or incomplete Bouma sequences,normal-graded bedding,and all kinds of sole marks such as scour marks,irregular flute casts and load casts,and the Semirotundichnus-Puyangichnus ichnoassemblage frequently occurred in the middle to upper parts of the turbidite beds that formed in deep-water lake environment. After comprehensive analyses of above four types of gravity flow deposits and water-depth variation reflected by different ichnoassemblages,it can be considered that ichnoassemblage changes appear a zonation with the depth of the lake,which is consistent with variations in gravity flow deposits from sliding-slumping-debris flows to turbidity currents,and the bioturbation generated with gravity flow deposits is enhanced. Therefore,the research of bioturbation structures(ichnofossils)is not only of great significance to study the physical property of sandstone reservoir in lacustrine deposits,but also to provide important ichnological information for discerning various types of gravity flow deposits.