汝河全新世古洪水沉积学与光释光测年研究

汝河流域曾发生过堪称世界之最的"1975·8河南驻马店特大洪水垮坝事件",其洪水规模之大,受灾面积之广,受灾及死亡人数之多,震惊世界。因此探究汝河特大洪水事件的发生规律及其气候背景具有极其重要的科学价值。通过对汝河流域开展广泛细致的野外考察,在驻马店-遂平段第一级河流阶地前沿发现多处全新世古洪水滞流沉积物剖面,记录了流域发生的气候水文事件信息。最终选取汝河诸市乡地点(ZSX)全新世黄土土壤剖面进行系统采样,结合沉积学指标研究,准确鉴别出汝河ZSX黄土古土壤剖面中所夹三组古洪水滞流沉积物(slackwater deposits,SWD),为典型河流洪水悬移质泥沙沉积物。结合地球化学特征分析,确认三组古洪水SWD的物质是汝河上游流域发生特大暴雨洪水期间,流域地表土壤侵蚀与水土流失的产物。这三组古洪水滞流沉积物记录了末次冰消期和全新世发生在汝河流域的三期古洪水事件。结合典型剖面地层对比和应用SAR法对剖面关键沉积层位进行光释光测年(optical stimulated luminescence dating,OSL),建立了准确的地层年代框架。这三期古洪水事件分别发生在12000~11200aBP、4200~4000aBP、3200~3000aBP,皆发生在全球性气候突变或者转折时期,表明在这些时段季风气候变化异常,变率增大,洪水和干旱事件皆有发生。本研究对于淮河防洪减灾、水土保持及水资源开发利用,对于揭示区域气候水文变化与全球变化的响应规律,具有十分重要的科学意义和实践价值。     

渭河咸阳段全新世古洪水事件光释光测年研究

古洪水水文学研究是全球气候变化研究的前沿课题,确定古洪水事件的年代是古洪水研究的重要内容之一。对渭河流域进行深入的野外考察,在中游咸阳段阶地发现全新世黄土-古土壤层里夹有古洪水滞流沉积层,表明该地层记录了古洪水事件发生的信息。在该剖面采集光释光样品,分离提取40~63 μm石英颗粒成分,应用单片再生剂量法（SAR）进行红外后蓝光(Post-IR OSL)释光测量,获得了9个OSL年龄值。结果表明由古洪水滞流沉积层记录的特大古洪水事件发生在3 200~2 800 a B.P.之间。结合沉积样品系列的磁化率和粒度成分等气候替代性指标分析,揭示了在全新世中期向晚期转折过渡时期,渭河流域处于气候向干旱化发展的转型期,气候变化剧烈,大气系统不稳定,降水变率增大等,是导致特大洪水多发的主要原因。这也是渭河流域气候水文系统对于全球性气候恶化响应的结果。     

龙山文化末期泾河特大洪水事件光释光测年研究

通过对泾河流域深入的野外考察,在其中游基岩峡谷内发现了含有龙山文化末期文化层和古洪水滞流沉积单元的全新世黄土土壤剖面。利用光释光的单片测年技术,确定古洪水滞流沉积层覆盖着的黑垆土层的OSL年龄为 4078±382aB.P. 和4111±450aB.P.。结合其中所含龙山文化遗址的考古年代,揭示出泾河流域在4100～4000aB.P.之间出现一个古洪水多发时期。这组古洪水滞流沉积单元包含5个单层,记录了4100～4000aB.P.之间泾河流域曾经发生的5次特大古洪水事件。这个洪水期对应着我国北方在4000aB.P.前后,由全新世大暖期向着全新世晚期干旱期转折过程中的气候剧烈变化。这些史前洪水事件可能对我国龙山文化的衰落和古代华夏文明的诞生具有重大的影响。     

汉江上游尚家河段全新世古洪水事件光释光测年研究

汉江上游是南水北调中线工程重要的水源区。通过对汉江上游河谷的详细调查,在郧县尚家河段全新世黄土-古土壤剖面上部发现一层典型古洪水滞流沉积物,对其进行了年代学和沉积学的研究。对于系统采集的样品,进行粒度分析测定,证明其为典型的古洪水滞流沉积物（SWD）,记录了古洪水事件发生的气候水文信息。采用古洪水水文学方法恢复推算出这次特大古洪水事件的洪峰流量为63 720 m3/s,其规模大于实测最大洪水。应用光释光测年（OSL）技术中的单片再生剂量法（SAR）,测得样品的年龄在940±140~3 190±100 a之间,确定古洪水SWD是汉江上游发生在1 000~900 a B.P.期间的特大洪水事件的沉积物。这期古洪水事件的发生年代对应于我国北宋/辽时期的气候恶化阶段,由于东亚夏季风环流异常变化,降水变率大,气候处于不稳定期,出现旱涝灾害频繁发生的现象。研究结果对于深入揭示河流水文系统对于全球变化的响应规律提供了新的证据。     

晚第四纪湖泊演化光释光测年

在过去的20年里,光释光（optically stimulated luminescence,简称OSL）测年技术发展迅速,已经被广泛应用于第四纪沉积物的测年研究中。近年来,以OSL技术为主要定年手段,利用其测年范围大、测年材料（石英和长石）丰富且易于提取等优势,在我国干旱/半干旱区（腾格里沙漠古湖、内蒙古黄旗海等湖泊）开展了一系列晚第四纪湖泊演化和古气候环境变化的研究工作。高水位湖相阶地的OSL测年结果表明,晚更新世高湖面事件发生时间在MIS 5阶段甚至更老,对基于14C数据建立的“MIS 3a大湖期”假说的年代框架提出了质疑;通过东北兴凯湖晚第四纪连续湖泊沉积物的高分辨率OSL和14C测年对比研究,从年代学机理上揭示晚更新世高湖面的年代学争论主要源自14C技术测定较老样品时的局限性,14C测年手段及易造成老于30000年的沉积物年龄的低估;来自青藏高原东北缘的秦王川盆地和东北地区兴凯湖湖岸的风成沉积也记录了MIS 3a阶段可能不存在气候湿润和高湖面事件;另外,通过对白碱湖古湖岸堤的OSL测年,建立了湖面波动过程和全新世区域湿度变化历史,揭示了季风边缘区早中全新世湿润期和中晚全新世以来逐渐干旱化的气候环境变化过程。综上所述,相较于传统的14C技术,OSL测年技术在湖泊沉积物的应用中具有诸多优势和潜力。尽管如此,OSL测年方法在实际应用过程中会遭遇一些会影响测年结果的潜在的技术问题。因而本文也从石英组分的长石污染、沉积物沉积前OSL信号的曝光程度、铀系不平衡和含水量以及宇宙射线对剂量率的动态影响等多方面,综述了水成沉积释光研究中面临的具体问题,并提出了初步解决方案和建议。     

晋豫间黄河峡谷黄土状沙丘的光释光年代学探讨

通过对风陵渡-三门峡晋豫间黄河峡谷的地貌考察和 1 :50000 地形图(1970年)的分析,初步查明了黄河南岸黄土状沙丘的分布特征。选取河南省灵宝市豫灵镇阌底约75m高的黄土状沙丘剖面进行了观测和取样。根据该剖面的粒度分布特点,选取中颗粒(40~90μm)石英进行了光释光(OSL)测年研究。采用简化SAR法测量样品的等效剂量(De),其中5个样品与SAR法测量的De值对比,结果在误差范围内一致。对阌底剖面自上而下19个样品运用简化SAR法做了OSL年龄测定,其中8个还进行了4~11μm细颗粒石英简易多测片再生法(SMAR)OSL测年,两个粒级石英的OSL年龄测定值在测量误差范围内一致。初步结果表明,晋豫间黄河峡谷阌底黄土状沙丘发育不晚于距今约5.5万年前,并延续到全新世初期,风沙堆积速率在3.2万年前后曾出现显著变化。     

汉江上游全新世特大古洪水事件光释光测年研究

古洪水事件对中国古代文明的演变进程产生过重大影响,古洪水水文学研究是全球变化研究的前沿课题.通过野外深入考察,在汉江上游河谷阶地上,发现典型的全新世剖面中赋存古洪水滞流沉积层,记录了古洪水事件的气候水文信息.选择三个剖面系统采样,应用SAR法的Post-IR OSL技术对样品进行测年研究,获得了14个OSL年龄数据.结合样品的粒度成分和磁化率等气候替代指标测定分析,获得了全新世洪水事件与气候变化关系的记录.证明在距今9.5~8.5 ka和3.2~2.8 ka前,汉江上游经历了2个特大洪水期.该流域黄土—古土壤剖面记录了全新世早期气温回升增湿的气候,由于大气波动失稳,出现了9~8 ka前的全球降温事件;中期土壤成壤强烈,记录了温暖湿润的气候;晚期形成的现代黄土和表土层,记录了相对干旱的气候.由此揭示了在全新世早期气候波动失稳和中期向晚期过渡的气候转折时期,气候变化剧烈,降水变率增大,是导致特大古洪水事件频发的主要原因,这也是该区域气候水文事件对全球气候变化响应规律的具体表现.     

光释光测年系统中绿光新光源的研制

绿光激发光源是光释光测年系统中的核心设备之一。Ar离子激光光源已不能满足为开展不同种类的矿物的光释光性质、特征等方面的研究需要。我们通过对高强度冷光卤素灯，经过一定的光学改造后获得了新的激发光源，可以代替代原有的Ar离子激光光源。     

甘肃巴谢剖面黄土-古土壤的光释光测年研究

光释光（OSL）测年是测定第四纪沉积物年龄的一种新技术。它通过单色光束激发使晶体中储存的电离辐射能释放出来。与热释光（TL）测年相比，OSL测年可以不考虑残留的OSL信号，而且测量具有简便、迅速且准确等优点。本文用细颗粒光释光技术对甘肃巴谢剖面的黄土-古土壤进行了测定，其测年结果与14C测年结果相吻合。这表明，光释光是一项极潜力的年代学技术。     

稻城冰帽冰碛物光释光测年研究中遇到的问题及探讨

冰川事件是气候波动最直接的地质证据,利用冰川作用过程中形成的冰碛物的年代数据建立冰川事件的时间顺序,是反演冰川演化历史以及区域古气候和古环境的有效途径。然而,由于冰川沉积环境的复杂性,很大程度限制了冰川年代数据的获取。近年来,随着光释光测年技术的不断完善,其应用范围已经扩展到冰川沉积物的年代测定。本文利用光释光(OSL)测年技术对青藏高原东南部稻城冰帽库照日地区系列冰碛垄进行年代测定,试图建立库照日地区冰川事件的年代序列。然而,光释光(OSL)年代结果与先前发表的ESR和宇生核素10Be暴露年代数据不一致,且个别数据与地貌新老关系不符。通过对比分析显示:冰碛物样品埋藏前释光信号的部分晒退以及样品提取的石英不纯,可能导致冰碛物光释光测年的较大误差和不准确性,应该引起足够的注意。     

Problems and Analyses of Optically Stimulated Luminescence Studies of Glacial Deposits from Daocheng Ice Cap, Sichuan, China

冰川事件是气候波动最直接的地质证据,利用冰川作用过程中形成的冰碛物的年代数据建立冰川事件的时间顺序,是反演冰川演化历史以及区域古气候和古环境的有效途径.然而,由于冰川沉积环境的复杂性,很大程度限制了冰川年代数据的获取.近年来,随着光释光测年技术的不断完善,其应用范围已经扩展到冰川沉积物的年代测定.本文利用光释光(OSL)测年技术对青藏高原东南部稻城冰帽库照日地区系列冰碛垄进行年代测定,试图建立库照日地区冰川事件的年代序列.然而,光释光(OSL)年代结果与先前发表的ESR和宇生核素10Be暴露年代数据不一致,且个别数据与地貌新老关系不符.通过对比分析显示:冰碛物样品埋藏前释光信号的部分晒退以及样品提取的石英不纯,可能导致冰碛物光释光测年的较大误差和不准确性,应该引起足够的注意.     

释光技术在水成沉积物测年中的应用进展

准确获得水成沉积物的年龄是第四纪年代学重要的前沿问题之一。随着释光技术的发展,水成沉积物释光测年在如下方面有新的进展：具体释光技术的选择、释光测量方法、测年矿物的种类、矿物的粒级和获得等效剂量的统计方法等。线性调整光释光技术能够提取光释光信号中衰退快的组分;单片再生法应用广泛;单颗粒技术在挑选沉积时晒退充分的颗粒方面具有一定的优势;水成沉积物中的石英比长石更易晒退;较多的实验表明水成沉积物中的粗颗粒比细颗粒更易晒退;获得等效剂量的统计模型很多,但尚无一种统计模型适用于所有样品。在此基础上探讨了水成沉积物释光测年在气候、构造运动、冰川进退历史和人类活动主导的土壤侵蚀量变化研究中的意义及今后的研究方向,为全面了解该领域的最新研究进展提供参考。     

Application of Optically Stimulated Luminescence Technique in Exploring a Concealed Sandstone-type Uranium Deposit

Identifying ore-induced geochemical anomalies at the surface that indicate concealed deposits in buried areas remains a significant challenge in geochemical exploration. In this study, in order to trace the source of the geochemical anomalies, systematic luminescence intensity analyses were conducted on quartz grains from the Quaternary regolith at the Hadatu sandstone-type uranium deposit in the Erenhot Basin. The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages were much older than the depositional ages of the Quaternary regolith. Moreover, quartz OSL ages were closely related to both borehole grades and sampling depths. Thus, the abnormal mineral OSL ages from near-surface sediments were ultimately controlled by the sandstone-type uranium deposits. This is identical to the rapid changes of quartz OSL ages (0.063 ka/cm) and equivalent doses (0.19 Gy/cm) with depths in a given sampling site. The instantaneous soil radon concentration was positively correlated with the quartz OSL apparent age, indicating their ore-induced origin and, as a result, their effectiveness in the exploration of concealed uranium deposits. Other parameters, including mobile-state uranium and 210Po contents, were poorly correlated with quartz OSL ages and therefore should only be used with caution for geochemical exploration. This is the first time an attempt has been made to discriminate the ore-induced sources for different surface anomaly parameters, including instantaneous soil radon, mobile-state uranium and 210Po contents for concealed sandstone-type uranium deposits.     

单颗粒释光测年技术及其在地质考古中的应用研究进展

近年来光释光测年在单颗粒技术上的研究取得了一系列重要进展,极大地提高了测年精度,为地质考古测年提供了更大的空间,研究者们对全球重要考古遗址点进行了详细的单颗粒测年,取得诸多考古新发现。单颗粒释光技术是在光释光单片技术上发展而来,对样品的单个石英或长石颗粒进行独立测试,基于单个颗粒测量结果,结合误差理论、统计学分析和样品地质沉积特征分析获得样品的准确年龄。本文结合大量地质考古样品的单颗粒测年数据,重点阐述了单颗粒释光测年技术的原理、发展历程、实验流程、筛选条件和年龄模型。单颗粒释光技术为地质考古的精确定年提供了可能性,尤其是对由于晒退不充分等原因导致的等效剂量分散的样品,如过度分散值(OD)高达20%甚至超过50%的地质考古样品,提供了新的方法和及时支持。通过开展释光测年信号分析,选择不同的单颗粒样品年龄模型分析,可以得到较为可靠的年龄,为诸多地质考古遗迹建立年代学框架。     

Advances and Issues in Luminescence Dating of Loess Deposits in Arid Central Asia

High-resolution loess deposits are widely distributed in Arid Central Asia (ACA) and provide important records associated with dust transportation, paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic evolution. The chronology is the foundation of the research into loess deposits as an environmental archive. In recent decades, the gradually developed optical dating method has been increasingly matured and become an important approach to establishing the loess-paleosol sequences. Here, we summarized and discussed previous work on loess chronology mainly based on optical dating approach in ACA. The following understandings have been listed: ① In comparison with optical dating method, the suitable material for ¹⁴C dating is uncommon in ACA. However, the dating range of luminescence dating is more extensive, and the dating materials are accessible. Thus, the optical dating is widely applicable in the establishment of loess framework in this area. ② Until now, the quartz Single Aliquot Regeneration (SAR) method can be applied to the establishment of loess-paleosol sequence since last glacial period. But several issues remain unaddressed. For example, the Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) signal sensitivity of quartz grains are low in some areas. Furthermore, the results of OSL dating of different grain sizes within a single sample are inconsistent in some areas. The solution of these problems still requires more methodological research. ③ The post-IR IRSL (pIRIR) and multiple elevated temperature stimulation (MET-pIRIR) protoCols of feldspar have basically overcome the anomalous fading issue in the traditional IRSL dating process. In ACA, the framework since MIS 7 can be established with K-feldspar luminescence dating method. Compared with quartz luminescence characteristics, the K-feldspar luminescence signals are more sensitive and exhibit a high saturation level. In specific applications, it is necessary to establish the age frame according to the luminescence sensitivity, the age of samples or other factors.     

基于特征分析法的琼南矽卡岩型矿床成矿预测研究

在系统总结琼南矽卡岩型矿床区域成矿地质背景与成矿规律的基础上,分析和提取了地质、物探、化探、重砂、遥感等多元有利找矿信息,具体包括碳酸盐岩地层、燕山晚期中酸性侵入岩、控矿断裂、航磁推断磁性蚀变带、化探Cu、Pb、Zn、Au、Ag单元素异常及Cu-W-Mo、Pb-Zn、Au-Ag组合元素异常、自然重砂Fe、Pb-Zn异常以及遥感羟基和铁染蚀变异常等。并利用上述找矿信息及6个模型控制单元(即已知含矿单元)建立了特征分析初始矿化模型M1,同时为解决模型M1中控制单元不足的问题,我们从中筛选了联系度f≥4的26个单元作为新的模型控制单元,重新建立了广义矿化模型M2,并据此圈定了4个A级、2个B和2个C级矽卡岩型矿床找矿预测靶区,为本区矽卡岩型矿床的找寻提供了重要的科学依据。     

Exploring Paleogeographic Conditions at Two Paleolithic Sites in Navarino,Southwest Greece,Dated by Optically Stimulated Luminescence

In this paper, we employed optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sediments from two archaeological sites located in Navarino, Messenia, southwestern Greece, to deduce a chronology for the archaeological sites. Archaeological surveys identified two Paleolithic sites on fossilized coastal dunes. Chipped stone tool assemblages were identified eroding out of paleosols developed in the dunes. The assemblage from one site lacked distinct typological features and hence it was difficult to assign to a chronological period. The lithic assemblage from the other site contained artifacts that typologically can be assigned to the Levallois‐Mousterian. Previous efforts to date the artifact‐bearing sediments at these sites were unsuccessful. Using newer OSL dating methods (i.e., the Single‐Aliquot‐Regenerated Dose protocol and thermally transferred‐OSL[TT‐OSL]), we attempted to construct a chronological framework for Late Pleistocene human activity in the southwest Peloponnese. The revised OSL chronology for the first site is 28 ± 5 ka, while a luminescence age of 8 ± 1 ka for the second site only represents a later deflation event. Within the framework of Quaternary environmental change, the location of Paleolithic sites relative to the coast would have changed during the course of the Pleistocene. As a result, Paleolithic exploitation strategies would have been strongly influenced by the changing coastal geomorphology, encouraging hominids to adapt to new distributions of resources. OSL dating of the archaeological sites allowed us to connect traces of hominid activity with climatic stadials/interstadials of the later Pleistocene derived from existing relative sea‐level curves. Ultimately, these data permitted the reconstruction of regional Late Pleistocene paleogeography. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Lithostratigraphy and Optically Stimulated Luminescence age determinations of pre‐Late Weichselian deposits in the Suupohja area,western Finland

The lithostratigraphy of pre‐Late Weichselian sediments and OSL‐dating results from four localities in the Suupohja area of western Finland, adjacent to the centre of the former Scandinavian glaciations, are presented. The studied sections expose glacifluvial, quiet‐water, littoral and aeolian deposits overlain by Middle and/or Late Weichselian tills. Litho‐ and biostratigraphical results together with seven OSL age determinations on buried glacifluvial sediment at Rävåsen (94±15 ka) and on till‐covered littoral and aeolian sediments at Risåsen, Rävåsen, Jätinmäki and Kiviharju (79±10 to 54±8 ka), accompanied by previous datings and interpretations, suggest that the glacifluvial sediments at Risåsen were deposited at the end of the Saalian Stage (MIS 6) and those at Risåsen were deposited possibly in the Early Weichselian Substage (MIS 5d?). Palaeosol horizons and ice‐wedge casts together with the dated littoral and aeolian sediments between the Harrinkangas Formation (Saalian) and the overlying till(s) indicate that western Finland was ice‐free during most of the Weichselian time. Littoral deposits, dated to the Middle Weichselian (MIS 4–3), occur at altitudes of 50–90 m a.s.l., which indicates significant glacio‐isostatic depression. The depression resulted from expansion of the ice sheet in the west of Finland at that time.