Total lipid content and fatty acid composition of oilseed from lesser known sweet pomegranate clones

The oil content and fatty acid composition of the oilseed of seven lesser known Spanish sweet pomegranate (Punica granatum L) clones were determined by gas chromatography. The seeds contained oil in the range of about 63–122 g kg⁻¹ dry matter, a notably lower content than that of some oriental pomegranate cultivars. Levels of lipid content probably could be considered insufficient for economic industrial exploitation compared with those of conventional oilseeds. The predominant fatty acid was the polyunsaturate (n − 3) linolenic acid (43.4–88.2%), followed by the diunsaturate linoleic (5.3–16.5%), the monounsaturate oleic (3.7–20.3%) and palmitoleic (traces to 2.9%) acids. To a lesser extent the saturates palmitic (2.6–14.9%) and stearic (1.2–9.0%) acids were also found in all clones. Lauric and arachidic acids were rarely detected. We have not confirmed the presence of behenic (C22:0) and lignoceric (C24:0) acids previously reported in edible and non‐edible pomegranate cultivars. Intervarietal differences in fatty acid composition were shown and they could be useful to establish chemotaxonomic differences. In contrast with previous reports on sweet pomegranate cultivars, a very low (0.04–0.35) saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio was found. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Total lipid content and fatty acid composition of the seeds of some Vicia L. species

The seed oils of eight Vicia species (Leguminosae) were investigated for their total lipid contents and fatty acid compositions. The seed lipid contents were found to be between 2.30 and 3.91%. The fatty acid compositions of these eight different species were determined by gas chromatography of the methyl esters of their fatty acids. The seed oils of Vicia species contain palmitic and stearic acids as the major component fatty acids, among the saturated acids, with a small amounts of myristic, pentadecanoic, arachidic and behenic acids. The major unsaturated fatty acids found in the seed oils were oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids.     

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SEED OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS AND OPEN POLLINATED VARIETIES

SUMMARY— The seed of high oil hybrids and open pollinated sunflower varieties from experimental plantings at nine locations in six southern states in 1969 was analyzed for moisture, crude protein, total oil and fatty acid composition. Total oil content ranged from 28.8–44.7% with an average of 35.3% for hybrid varieties and 39.5% for open pollinated varieties. The crude protein ranged from 16.9–25.1%. All the introductions mere relatively low in palmitic and stearic acids. Small amounts of palmitoleic, linolenic, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric acids were present in all samples. Oleic acid ranged from 33.4–62.7% and linoleic acid from 27.3–54.2%. The average oleic and linoleic acid content of the open pollinated varieties at the nine locations was 46.6 and 41.6%, respectively, as compared to 49.4 and 39.6% for the hybrids. The linoleic acid content of sunflower oil varied inversely with temperature during development of the seed. The oil of the sunflowers grown at the warmer locations and at the lower latitudes had a lower linoleic acid content than of those grown at somewhat cooler locations and higher latitudes.     

Nigella sativa L.: Chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics of lipid fraction

Physicochemical properties of two Nigella seed varieties, having a Tunisian and Iranian origin, were determined. Physical and chemical analyses of crude oils extracted from the seeds by a cold solvent method were also performed. The following results (on a dry-weight basis) were obtained for Tunisian and Iranian varieties, respectively: protein 26.7% and 22.6%, oil 28.48% and 40.35%, ash 4.86% and 4.41%, and total carbohydrate 40.0% and 32.7%. The major unsaturated fatty acids were linoleic acid (50.3–49.2%), followed by oleic acid (25.0–23.7%), while the main saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid (17.2–18.4%). Myristic, myristoleic, palmitoleic, margaric, margaroleic, stearic, linolenic, arachidic, eicosenoic, behenic and lignoceric acids were also detected. Thermal profiles of both Nigella seed varieties, determined by their DSC melting curves, revealed different thermograms. Sensorial profiles of Tunisian and Iranian seed oils were defined through the CieLab (L^∗, a^∗, b^∗) colour, oxidative stability by Rancimat test and viscosity. Physicochemical properties of the oils for Tunisian and Iranian varieties, respectively, include: saponification number 211 and 217, peroxide value 5.65 and 4.35, iodine index 120 and 101, and an acidity of 22.7% and 18.6%. Results suggested that Nigella seed oil could deserve further consideration and investigation as a potential new multi-purpose product for industrial, cosmetic and pharmaceutical uses.     

Varietal differences in the fatty acid composition of oils from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and limabean (Phaseolus lunatus)

The fatty acid composition of the extracted oils from ten varieties of cowpea, eighteen varieties of limabean and two of soyabean were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. All the seeds, with the exception of soyabean, were poor sources of oil. The major fatty acids in the cowpea and limabean varieties were linoleic (C_18:2), palmitic (C_16:0) and linolenic (C_18:3) acids. In the soyabeans, linoleic and oleic (C_18:1) acids were the major fatty acids. Traces of gadoleic (C_20:1), erucic (C_22:1) and lignoceric (C_24:0) acids were obtained in Cowpea Kano 1696, Farv-13 and Nigeria B₇ and in limabean TPL 2 and TPL 187. Considerable variability was encountered among the different fatty acids in the different varieties of cowpea and limabean. This is indicated by the differences in fatty acid composition and the high coefficient of variation obtained for ether extract (28·6 and 46·2% in cowpea and limabean, respectively), lauric acid (100 and 50%, respectively), oleic acid (35·1 and 37·7%, respectively), myristic acid (30 and 30·8%, respectively) and behenic acid (39·4 and 30·4%, respectively). Some of these differences may be genetic.     

Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds of Guizotia Cass (Compositae)

Seeds of Guizotia abyssinica and wild Guizotia were analysed for oil content and fatty acid composition by multisequential and gas chromatographic methods, respectively. The oil content of G abyssinica ranged from 416 to 436 g kg^-1 (weight per kg dry matter of seeds) and that of the wild Guizotia taxa from 214 to 328 g kg^-1. Two unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic (54·3–72·8, weight percent of total oil) and oleic (5·4–26·8% of oil by wt) and two saturated fatty acids (palmitic (7·8–10%) and stearic (5·5–8·1%)) were about 91–97% of the fatty acids present. Palmitoleic, linolenic, arachidic, eicosenoic, behenic, erucic and lignoceric acids constituted about 2–3%. An unidentified fatty acid, probably an epoxy form of C: 20 or C: 22, has been found in all the materials and it was 1·1–6·6%. Total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were about 74–84% and 15–20%, respectively. Differentiation in fatty acid composition between the taxa is too small to be of taxonomic use. It is inferred that when gene transfer is desired hybridisation between the wild and cultivated taxa may not affect the oil quality of the latter and the oils of the wild taxa are possibly safe for human consumption. © 1997 SCI.     

Seed oils of apples (Malus pumila)

Apple seed oils were found to be characterised by a high content of linoleic acid (48–64 %), together with 24–42 % oleic acid, 48–71 % palmitic acid and lesser percentages of stearic and arachidic acids. The Granny Smith seed oils contained significantly greater amounts of palmitic and linoleic acids than those of the Dougherty and Sturmer varieties and lesser amounts of oleic acid. Differences in fatty add composition between the Sturmer and Dougherty varieties were not significant. The apple seed oils contrasted with those of other sub-families of the family Rosaceae in containing neither a-elaeostearic acid nor more than traces of linolenic acid. The apple processing industries could well be a useful source for the production of oil rich in linoleic acid.     

石榴籽油中的石榴酸分析方法研究

以石榴籽油为研究对象,通过气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)对其脂肪酸含量及组成进行了分析,研究了不同甲酯化方法对石榴酸和其他脂肪酸含量的影响。试验表明,石榴籽油中含丰富石榴酸(74%)。经薄层色谱(TLC)验证,酸、碱催化法都可使石榴籽油完全甲酯化,但酸催化(三氟化硼-甲醇)会导致石榴酸的共轭双键构型发生顺反异构,使石榴酸向其共轭化合物转化,降低了其在终产物中的含量。结果表明,对于像石榴籽油一样富含共轭脂肪酸的油类物质,应选用碱催化法进行甲酯化。     

Investigation into Pentaclethra macrophylla seed oil: Identification of hexacosanoic (C26:0) and octacosanoic (C28:0) fatty acids

The fatty acid composition of seed oil from Pentaclethra macrophylla was analysed by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Linoleic acid (56.6%) was the major fatty acid with oleic (16.1%) and lignoceric (10.5%) acids making a significant contribution. Two long-chain fatty acids not commonly found in vegetable oils were identified. These were shown to be hexacosanoic (C26:0) and octacosanoic (C28:0) acids; 4.8% and 1.0% of each acid being present, respectively. The oil content of the seeds was 42.0%.     

八角金盘籽油和果油的超声波-微波协同提取及其脂肪酸组成比较

采用微波-超声协同提取法,通过正交优化制备八角金盘籽油和果油,并比较两种油脂的理化特性和脂肪酸组成。结果表明：提取时间90 s、微波功率250 W、液料比10 mL/g 时,籽油出油率为34.43%;提取时间150 s、微波功率250 W、液料比10 mL·g-1 时,果油出油率为11.32%。籽油出油率明显比果油高。两种油脂除碘值外,其他理化指标差异不明显,其理化指标均达到GB / T 2716-2018食用植物油国家标准。籽油的主要脂肪酸为十五碳一烯酸(3.08%)、亚油酸(7.04%)、油酸(87.42%),其中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量为98.64%;果油的主要脂肪酸为花生酸(0.96%)、亚麻酸(1.71%)、硬脂酸(3.25%)、棕榈酸(5.08%)、油酸(25.96%)、亚油酸(61.61%),不饱和脂肪酸含量为89.52%。本研究为八角金盘油脂的开发利用提供了科学依据和技术参考。     

Analysis of pomegranate seed oil for the presence of jacaric acid

BACKGROUND: Pomegranate seed oil is predominantly composed of triglycerides containing unsaturated fatty acids, including high levels of conjugated linolenic acids (CLnAs). The major CLnA component, punicic acid, is known to possess biological activity. Consequently, it is desirable to obtain a detailed characterisation of pomegranate seed oil fatty acid profiles, including molecules potentially co‐eluting with punicic acid, such as jacaric acid. RESULTS: Conjugated fatty acid profiles of a commercial sample of cold pressed pomegranate seed oil were characterised in detail by both gas chromatography of methyl esters and by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The methylation procedures were found to be critical for determination of accurate fatty acid profiles. GC analysis was unable to resolve jacaric acid from punicic acid, the major fatty acid present in pomegranate seed oil. To establish the presence or absence of jacaric acid, ¹³C NMR was employed. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate pomegranate seed oil for the presence of jacaric acid. Punicic acid, eleostearic acid, and catalpic acid were confirmed by ¹³C NMR, but jacaric acid was not found. Thus, we have shown that punicic acid levels may be accurately measured by gas chromatography alone in pomegranate seed oil. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Triglyceride composition of Entada phaseolides seed oil

Fatty acid and triglyceride compositions of Entada phaseolides seed oil have been determined by combination of the techniques of systematic crystallisation at low temperatures, pancreatic lipase hydrolysis and gas-liquid chromatography of methyl esters. The percentages of individual fatty acids were found to be myristic 0.3, palmitic 9.1, stearic 4.4, arachidic 1.7, behenic 1.6, oleic 35.8, linoleic 46.7 and linolenic 0.4. The special characteristic of this oil is its content of 6.9, 9.6, 17.0, 19.2, 5.0, 24.1 and 10.4% of monosaturated diolein, monosaturated dilinolein, saturated oleo linolein, dioleo-linolein, triolein, oleo dilinolein and trilinolein, respectively. This investigation has indicated that the 2-position of the triglyceride is preferentially esterified with C₁₈ unsaturated acids and linoleic acid shows preference over oleic acid.     

辣椒籽脂肪的快速提取与脂肪酸分析

采用超声波辅助索氏提取法对辣椒籽脂肪的快速提取进行探索,研究辣椒籽粒度、超声功率、时间及温度对辣椒籽脂肪提取率的影响。结果表明：通过单因素和正交试验优化后获得最佳提取方法为辣椒籽粒度80目、功率70W、时间30min、室温(25℃左右);在此条件下对19个辣椒品种的辣椒籽脂肪进行提取,脂肪提取率为13.37%～28.81%,平均值为18.92%;利用气相色谱法对上述材料的脂肪酸组成及含量进行分析,结果供试辣椒材料辣椒籽脂肪酸组成主要为亚油酸、棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸、亚麻酸、山嵛酸、花生酸、肉豆蔻酸,且19个辣椒品种间脂肪酸组成及含量存在一定差异。     

Fatty acid composition of seed oil of different Sorghum bicolor varieties

In order to find out new sources of premium quality edible oil in the country, seeds of ten varieties of Sorghum bicolor were initially analyzed for their total oil contents. The seed oil was later fractionated into eight fatty acids including two new saturated fatty acids. The oil contents were determined by Soxhlet method and compared with the results obtained by NMR analysis. The total oil contents in the seeds of sorghum ranged from 5.0 to 8.2 % (w/w), indicating non significant difference obtained by two different techniques. The results revealed that oleic acid (31.12–48.99%), Palmitoleic acid (0.43–0.56%), linoleic acids (27.59–50.73%), linolenic acid (1.71–3.89%), stearic acid (1.09–2.59%) and palmitic acid (11.73–20.18%) was present in the seed oil of different sorghum varieties when analyzed by GC–MS. It was observed that in most of the varieties polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were higher than monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The two atypical SFAs, octanedioic (C8:0) and azelaic acid (C9:0) were found in some varieties. These results suggest that these S. bicolor varieties could be additional sources of edible oil due to presence of clinically important saturated and high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids. A large scale production of the seed oil after refining process can contribute towards alleviation of edible oil shortage in the country with increased use of premium quality oil.     

不同品种石榴籽油油脂品质对比分析

为比较不同品种石榴籽油的油脂品质差别,以10个品种的石榴籽油为样本采用气相色谱技术(GC)分析了其主要脂肪酸组成,采用国标方法测定其过氧化值(POV)和碘值,并研究了储存期石榴籽油的POV变化。结果显示,10个品种的石榴籽油棕榈酸含量为1.77%～3.01%,油酸含量为1.20%～5.12%,亚油酸含量为1.67%～2.95%,石榴酸含量为52.54%～89.78%;POV为0.002 25～0.008 6 g/100 g之间,碘值为143.4～162.2 gI/100 g;储存期石榴籽油POV存在跃变现象。表明不同品种石榴籽油在品质上存在一定的差别,其中石榴酸是各品种的主要脂肪酸并且品种间含量差异较大,都属于高不饱和植物油,保健价值高,但容易氧化变质,不耐储存。     

Fatty acid composition of seed oils of some members of the leguminosae family

Seed oils of ten leguminous tree crops were investigated for their fatty acid composition. Saturated acid components of the leguminous seed oils analysed revealed that low molecular weight acids (capric and lauric) did not commonly occur. On average, palmitic acid (19·4 ± 10·6) was the only major saturated acid present. However, within the subdivision Mimosoideae stearic acid content was slightly higher than in the subdivision Caesalpinoideae. Two members of the subdivision Mimosoideae—Tetrapleura tetraptera (13·9%) and Parkia clappertoniana (19·7%)—showed unusually high levels of behenic acid (22·0). Lignoceric acid (24·0) was not detected in any of the oils analysed.The major unsaturated acids in the seed oils of the leguminous crops investigated were oleic and linoleic acids, both comprising about 68·3% of the component acids. All members except P. africana (Mimosoideae) and Pterocarpus osun (Papilionaceae) were richer in linoleic acid than in oleic acid. Linoleic acid even comprised more than 50% of the component fatty acids in the seed oils of Adenanthera pavonina, T. tetraptera, D. oliverii and Bauhinia monandra. Very low levels of linolenic acid were detected in all the leguminous seed oils investigated. The nutritional implications of the component fatty acids are discussed.     

Component acids of Luff a seed oils

Seed oils of Luffa acutangula and Luffa aegyptiaca were examined for their component acids by reversed-phase partition column chromatography with the following results: L. acutangula: lauric, 0.5%; Myristic, 0.7%; palmitic, 12.9%; stearic, 7.8%; arachidic, 0.5%; behenic, 1.0%; hexadecenoic, 4.3%; oleic, 22.1%; and linoleic, 50.2%. L. aegyptiaca: lauric, 0.2%; myristic, 1.0%; palmitic, 11.2%; stearic, 9.9%; arachidic 0.8%; behenic, 1.1%; hexadecenoic, 2.9%; oleic, 24.1%; linoleic, 48.3%; and linolenic, 0.5%. Epoxy oleic acid reported to be present in the seed oil of L. acutangula was not detected in the sample investigated.     

GC-TOF-MS定性和定量评估5 种木本油料种籽油的脂肪酸

采用气相色谱-飞行时间串联质谱和超临界二氧化碳提取技术,分析评价5 种木本油料种籽油的脂肪酸组成及相对含量。油茶和榛子种籽油中富含油酸,亚油酸是沙棘和文冠果种籽油中的主要脂肪酸,牡丹种籽油中的亚麻酸含量最高。沙棘种籽油的单不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比值为1.57：1,亚油酸与亚麻酸的比值为1.56：1,符合功能性健康食用油的标准;牡丹种籽油是补充人体ω-3脂肪酸的优质食用油;油茶和榛子种籽富含单不饱和脂肪酸,适合食品加工;文冠果种籽油含有3 种长链单不饱和脂肪酸（如神经酸等）。本实验评价了5 种木本油料油脂脂肪酸的组分,对指导企业生产生物活性油和人们的健康消费具有重要意义。     

Prevention of pre-harvest aflatoxin production and the effect of different harvest times on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fatty acids

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between aflatoxin and fatty acids and to determine the optimum harvest time to avoid pre-harvest aflatoxin formation. It was established that harvest time had statistically significant effects on the levels of saturated fatty acids: myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), stearic acid (C18:0), arachidic acid (C20:0), behenic acid (C22:0), lignoceric acid (C24:0), monounsaturated fatty acids; palmitoleic acid (C16:1), heptadecenoic acid (C17:1), oleic acid (C18:1) and gadoleic acid (C20:1); and on polyunsaturated fatty acids: linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3). By delaying the harvest time, the ratio of saturated fatty acids decreased and unsaturated fatty acids increased. It was shown that the longer harvesting was delayed, the greater the quantity of oleic acid that was produced. Before harvest time, if the soil moisture was 5% or higher, aflatoxin was produced by fungi. It was found that the weather conditions of the region were suitable for aflatoxin production. Soil moisture appears to be more important than soil temperature for aflatoxin formation. The production of aflatoxin was not observed in the first and second harvests, both of which are at early harvest times. It was found that aflatoxin B1 during harvest time was the most significant of the four toxins. The third harvest time, which is the most widely used, was observed to have significant problems due to aflatoxin formation. Therefore, it is suggested as a result of this study that the harvest of peanuts must be done considering seed yield before the middle of September to avoid aflatoxin formation at harvest time.     

Fat and fatty acids of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) in comparison to sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

The study was undertaken to compare fat and fatty acid profiles in white lupin (Lupinus albus ssp. albus) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), representing two different families, Fabaceae and Pedaliaceae. Fat levels were 10.74% and 55.44% in seeds of white lupin and sesame, respectively. The results indicated that oleic, linolenic and arachidic acids in seed fat were higher in white lupin than in sesame cultivars. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in white lupin, whereas linoleic acid was predominant in sesame. Fat content (%) was statistically significantly correlated with linoleic, linolenic and arachidic acids at the genotypic level. The fatty acid composition of white lupin is useful for human consumption. Although oil content of white lupin was lower than that of sesame, white sweet lupin could be improved.