稻梨孢菌与其他寄主梨孢菌在水稻植株上的交互作用

作者研究了1个稻梨孢菌株与4个稻以外寄主梨孢菌株在混合接种和间隔接种条件下,在水稻植株上的交互作用。结果表明:弱致病菌与强致病菌间交互作用较强,非致病菌与强致病菌间较弱。弱致病菌可明显降低强致病菌的致病性,非致病菌对强致病菌的作用,多数组合表现为减轻病害,但有少数组合表现为促进发病。弱致病菌先接种;2天后接种强致病菌,比两者混合接种具有更强烈的互作效应,病斑数减少达35.7%-38.1%。先接种菌的孢子浓度对后接种菌的致病性也有影响。     

非致病性尖孢镰刀菌及其在生物防治中的应用

综述了尖孢镰刀菌的非致病性菌株作为尖孢镰刀菌致病菌生防因子的研究现状并对非致病性菌株的作用模式作了归纳总结,阐述了非致病性尖孢镰刀菌在生物防治中的应用价值及前景。     

杂草和水稻梨孢菌亲缘关系研究

利用12个引物的随机扩增多态性DNA标记(RAPD)对来自18种寄主的49个梨孢菌株进行了亲缘关系分析,从DNA电泳谱带中可以直观地看出,来自同一种或同一属或亲缘关系相近寄主上的梨孢菌带型较相似,相反,亲缘关系较远的寄主上的梨孢菌带型差异较大,茭白、碎米莎草和马唐寄主上的梨孢菌的谱带均非常特异,与牛筋草和狗尾草等其他15种寄主的梨孢菌有较大差异,牛筋草和狗尾草等15种寄主的梨孢菌存在比较多的共有谱带.对引物S380扩增的RAPD谱带进行聚类分析表明,18种寄主上的49个梨孢菌株可分为5个类群.种与种之间的DNA(RAPD谱带)电泳谱带差异非常明显,而种内品种间的带型差异比较小.     

江汉平原水稻白叶枯病菌致病型的变异研究

 从水稻和稻田周围常见的10种杂草上来集梨孢属菌株,以涂沫法作交互接种,分离自牛筋草、狗尾草、法氏狗尾草、李氏禾、罗氏草、铺地黍、稗和马唐的梨孢菌与分离自水稻的梨孢菌可以交叉侵染其寄主,茭白和碎米莎草梨孢菌与稻梨孢菌不能交互侵染;自然诱发条件下来自牛筋草和狗尾草的梨孢菌与来自水稻的梨孢菌对其寄主同样发生交叉侵染。直接从杂草寄主上分离的梨孢菌株对水稻的致病性较弱,接种到水稻感病品种发病后再分离的菌株,对水稻致病性增强,对原寄主的致病性基本保持不变。推断稻瘟病区稻田周围牛筋草、狗尾草、法氏狗尾草、李氏禾、罗氏草、铺地黍、稗和马唐等杂草寄主上的梨孢菌在稻瘟病菌的积累和传播方面具有作用。     

稻瘟病菌孢子萌发液中诱导侵染活性物质初探

作者报道了稻瘟病菌ZA_(51)、ZA_(49)和ZE_3的孢子萌发液对供试水稻品种秀水04和苏御糯秧苗没有致病性与其它明显毒性,但对它们的亲和性组合如ZA_(49) 秀水04和非亲和性组合如ZE_3 秀水04都有诱导侵染作用。且强致病性稻瘟菌ZA_(49)或ZA_(51)的孢子萌发液的诱导侵染活性高于弱致病性菌株ZE_3的孢子萌发液,孢子萌发液水层部分的诱导侵染活性高于脂层部分。这一事实说明,稻瘟病菌孢子萌发液中存在稻瘟病菌致病因子及有关物质,它将为补充解释水稻抗性品种的“抗性丧失”的原因,为进一步说明稻瘟病菌不同致病菌间的互作及稻瘟病菌致病机制等提供可能性。     

水稻地方品种‘月亮谷’纯系对田间稻瘟病菌的选择

云南元阳哈尼梯田稻作模式是水稻可持续生产模式之一。尽管梯田地理条件适合稻瘟病的发生,但地方品种‘月亮谷’在超百年的种植历史上未有稻瘟病大发生的记载,其原因值得探索。为了解‘月亮谷’不同抗性品系对环境中稻瘟病菌的选择作用,以‘月亮谷’单粒传纯系为材料,通过孢子捕捉法和常规病组织分离法采集稻瘟菌株,进行人工培养、表型观察,接种测定了这些稻瘟菌菌株对25个抗稻瘟病单基因近等基因系的致病型。结果表明,梯田环境空气中采集的稻瘟菌孢子菌落形态呈放射状,菌落疏松,生长在培养基浅表,产孢量总体差异不明显,黑色素颜色较浅;从水稻感病组织上分离到的稻瘟菌菌落呈地毯状,菌落紧密,匍匐在培养基表面,产孢量个体差异较大(P0.05),黑色素颜色较深。测定的稻瘟菌菌株对25个近等基因系都有致病性,联合致病性在12.0%~56.0%之间。来自环境空气中的菌株的平均联合致病性(24.8%)低于分离自‘月亮谷’纯系的菌株(38.4%)。进一步分析显示,稻瘟菌株联合致病性与其菌丝生长速率、产孢量相关性不明显;但与黑色素合成存在一定关联,颜色越深,致病性越强,来源于‘月亮谷’不同品系上的菌株致病性强于环境空气中的菌株。上述结果表明,元阳哈尼梯田环境中的稻瘟菌群体与‘月亮谷’纯系上分离到的稻瘟菌群体存在较大差异。     

玉米新月弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)的RAPD分析

 对分离自玉米弯孢菌叶斑病标样中的77株新月弯孢菌和1株来自水稻的新月弯孢菌进行RAPD分析表明,菌株间具有丰富的遗传多样性,在相似系数约0.60处,所有菌株被聚为3个组,但88.0%的菌株聚入第Ⅰ组内,其余菌株被聚入另外2个组内。第Ⅰ组内共有69个菌株,包含来自不同区域的致病性较强的菌株,是玉米弯孢菌叶斑病的优势类群,其余2个类群主要是一些致病能力较弱或不致病的菌株。结果表明,新月弯孢菌种内菌株的遗传多样性与致病性相关,但与菌株地理来源无明显的直接关系。     

玉米弯孢菌叶斑病研究

 玉米弯孢菌叶斑病是近年来北京、河北、河南、山东、辽宁、吉林等北方玉米产区新发生的重要病害之一。其主要病原菌为弯孢菌Curvularia lunata(Walk) Boed.,局部地区同时存在Curvularia inaequalis(Shear) Boed.,但以前者为主要。弯孢菌C.lunata生长适温为28~32℃,对pH适应范围广。玉米叶片浸汁可以促进分生孢子的萌发和芽管的生长。干燥条件下,病原菌在植株病残体上可以安全越冬,成为次年田间的初侵染源。病菌分生孢子形态为多态型,但单孢分离后代仍保持孢子的多态型,致病性无变化。病菌不同菌株间致病力有差异,强致病力菌株存在于北京及周边地区。人工接种鉴定120份玉米品种(组合)、自交系,材料间存在明显的抗性差异,抗性较好材料有农大108、中玉5号、高油115等及自交系CN95、CN165等。品种抗病性随植株生长而递减。苗期抗性较好,13叶期极为感病,因此弯孢菌叶斑病属于成株期病害。     

尖孢镰刀菌与极细链格孢复合侵染引起甘薯茎枯病

正甘薯茎枯病,又名甘薯蔓割病,主要由尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum引起(Logeshwarn et al.,2011),近年来有向长江中下游蔓延的趋势。2015年,甘薯茎枯病在青岛市发病严重,发病率高达60%~70%,本课题组从青岛市即墨市采集的发病样本中得到了尖孢镰刀菌和极细链格孢Alternaria tenuissima两种病原菌。为探明这2种病原菌在致病性方面的关系,通过甘薯茎部接种致病性试验,明确青岛市甘薯茎枯病的致病菌种类以及不同致病菌间的复     

瓜类尖孢镰刀菌的营养体亲和群研究

 应用营养亲和性方法研究了尖孢镰刀菌菌株抗氯酸盐突变体和nit突变体的诱发规律及分布特性,以及菌株营养体亲和群(VCG)的划分。研究表明,不同寄主(黄瓜、甜瓜和西瓜)分离的尖孢镰刀菌菌株形成的抗氯酸盐突变体数目差异不显著,平均为每个接种点产生0.89~0.98个;但寄主不同部位(根部、茎基部和茎中部)分离的菌株间差异显著,形成的数目分别为1.27、0.75及0.76个。菌株产生的nit1突变体比例(75.40%)显著高于nitM突变体比例(13.17%);nit1突变体数目会因菌株的寄主及菌株寄主部位的不同而有差异,寄主为黄瓜、甜瓜和西瓜的菌株产生的比例依次为67.73%、83.71%和77.50%,根部、茎基部及茎中部分离菌株产生的比例依次为81.82%、78.48%和68.64%,而在致病菌株与非致病菌株间无显著差异,分别为74.43%和79.63%;nitM突变体数目受菌株寄主影响较小,所占比例在11.17%~13.92%之间;而在寄主不同部位分离的菌株及致病菌株与非致病菌株间差异显著,分离自茎基部的菌株所占比例最高为15.97%,茎中部菌株所占比例最低为9.87%,致病菌株与非致病菌株所占比例分别为14.08%和9.26%。供试菌株分为7个VCGs,其特点为来源于不同寄主的尖孢镰刀菌菌株互不亲和,同一寄主的致病菌株与非致病菌株均不亲和,同一寄主不同部位分离的菌株可亲和。     

Protection of Citrus Rootstocks Against Phytophthora spp. with a Hypovirulent Isolate of Phytophthora nicotianae

ABSTRACT Phytophthora root rot of citrus in Florida is caused by Phytophthora nicotianae and P. palmivora. A naturally occurring isolate of P. nicotianae (Pn117) was characterized as hypovirulent on citrus roots. Pn117 infected and colonized fibrous roots, but caused significantly less disease than the virulent isolates P. nicotianae Pn198 and P. palmivora Pp99. Coincident inoculation of rootstock seedlings of Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata) or Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) with the hypovirulent Pn117 and the virulent isolates Pn198 and Pp99 did not reduce the severity of disease caused by the virulent Phytophthora spp. When either rootstock was inoculated with the hypovirulent Pn117 for 3 days prior to inoculation with virulent isolates, preinoculated seedlings had significantly less disease and greater root weight compared with seedlings inoculated with the virulent isolates alone. Recovery of the different colony types of Phytophthora spp. from roots of sweet orange (C. sinensis) or Swingle citrumelo was evaluated on semiselective medium after sequential inoculations with the hypovirulent Pn117 and virulent Pp99. Pn117 was isolated from roots at the same level as the Pp99 at 3 days post inoculation. Preinoculation of Pn117 for 3 days followed by inoculation with Pp99 resulted in greater recovery of the hypovirulent isolate and lower recovery of the virulent compared with coincident inoculation.     

稻区杂草上的梨孢菌与稻瘟病发生的关系

 新发现的稻曲病菌白化菌株其分生孢子座白色,厚垣孢子表面光滑,大小为3.5-6.0×3.5-6.8μm。在麦芽糖-稻芽浸渍液中可产生较多的分生孢子。pH值为6时生长最好。普通培养基中加入几种供试碳源和氮源均有利于菌落生长,以蔗糖为碳源,浓度为2%或以L-天门冬酰胺为氮源浓度为0.2%~0.3%时时其菌落生长有促进作用。培养过程中可产生对稻种萌发有抑制作用的毒素,而固体培养时产毒能力高于液体培养。白化菌株回接到水稻上可重新产生白色稻曲球。该菌和稻曲病菌的酯酶同功酶和RAPD扩增谱带明显不同。可见白化菌株具有独立于稻曲病菌的新的分类地位。     

湖南稻瘟病菌致病力的初步分析

 本文记述1973-1977年对湖南的稻瘟病菌致病力的研究结果。1973年从湖南各地分离的48个单胞菌株,在9个初选的鉴别品种上测定,可分成8个小种群,25个小种,1975年分离的69个单胞菌株,在同一鉴别品种上测定可分成9个小种群,36个小种。1976年从早稻感病穗颈上分离的142个单胞菌株,接种于14个抗性谱较广的品种上,特特普、IR26、科印矮3号未发现致病菌株。讨论了稻瘟病菌小种研究中的一些问题。     

Effects of preinoculation with an avirulent isolate of Pyricularia grisea on infection and development of leaf blast lesions caused by virulent isolates on near-isogenic lines of Sasanishiki rice

Eight near-isogenic Sasanishiki rice lines with different genes for complete resistance to rice blast were inoculated with an avirulent isolate 72 h before inoculation with a virulent isolate of Pyricularia grisea to clarify the mechanisms of induced resistance in the leaf blades. Subsequent lesions on the leaf blades were classified as brown spots (b type), as observed on Sasanishiki BL no. 8 with resistance gene Pii, or no symptoms (HR type), as observed on Sasanishiki BL no. 4 with the gene Piz-t and on the six other lines. Lesion expansion was significantly reduced in Sasanishiki BL no. 8 compared with that in Sasanishiki BL no. 4 when the leaf blades were preinoculated with a high concentration of a conidial suspension of the avirulent isolate. Moreover, after preinoculation with the conidial suspension of the avirulent isolate in silicon rings on the leaf blades, induced resistance was expressed only in areas close to the inoculation sites. These resistant areas were larger in Sasanishiki BL no. 8 than in BL no. 4. Hyphal growth was markedly inhibited in the epidermal cells of Sasanishiki BL no. 8, whereas inhibition was weak in those of Sasanishiki BL no. 4. In the epidermal cells of leaf blades of Sasanishiki BL no. 8 preinoculated with the avirulent isolate, the frequency of hyphal penetration of the virulent isolate in the presence of host cell browning decreased, as did the frequency of invading hyphae after inoculation with virulent isolates. The results indicate that induced resistance may play a role in the suppression of lesion development in the Sasanishiki near-isogenic lines and that the lines differ in the extent of suppression.     

3个水稻持久抗瘟性品种的抗性遗传初步研究

用广谱感瘟籼型品种Ｂ４０分别与３个持久抗瘟性籼型品种Ｔｅｔｅｐ、湘资３１５０和谷梅２号杂交。３个组合的Ｆ_１和Ｆ_２及双亲在苗期用Ｚｈ-２-１菌株喷雾接种。结果表明,Ｔｅｔｅｐ、谷梅２号和湘资３１５０均由２对显性基因控制对试验菌株的抗性,其中前２个品种的基因间表现重叠效应,后１个品种的基因间表现抑制效应。     

生物间遗传学在水稻品种与稻瘟病菌相互作用研究中的应用

 苗期鉴定了鉴别品种和33个品种对59个菌株的反应。用生物间遗传学的方法,探讨了稻瘟病菌致病力的变异和品种的抗病性及抗病品种的利用价值。结果表明,同一生理小种对鉴别品种以外的品种的致病力不完全一致,回接21个菌株有8个(38.9%)不能使来源品种感病;测定品种对多菌种反应的毒力频率比测定抗小种数更有意义。当家品种汕优63、汕优64,红突31等毒力频率均低于0.3,抗性较好。     

Factors Influencing Development of Root Rot on Ginseng Caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans

ABSTRACT The fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zins) Scholten is the cause of root rot (disappearing root rot) in many ginseng production areas in Canada. A total of 80 isolates of C. destructans were recovered from diseased roots in a survey of ginseng gardens in British Columbia from 2002-2004. Among these isolates, 49% were classified as highly virulent (causing lesions on unwounded mature roots) and 51% were weakly virulent (causing lesions only on previously wounded roots). Pectinase and polyphenoloxidase enzymes were produced in vitro by C. destructans isolates when they were grown on pectin and phenol as a substrate, respectively. However, highly virulent isolates produced significantly (P < 0.001) higher enzyme levels compared with weakly virulent isolates. Histopathological studies of ginseng roots inoculated with a highly virulent isolate revealed direct hyphal penetration through the epidermis, followed by intracellular hyphal growth in the cortex. Subsequent cell disintegration and accumulation of phenolic compounds was observed. Radial growth of highly and weakly virulent isolates on potato dextrose agar was highest at 18 and 21 degrees C, respectively and there was no growth at 35 degrees C. Mycelial mass production was significantly (P 相似文献   

早稻抛秧田主要病虫发生动态调查

通过抛秧田主要病虫发生动态调查,对比插秧田进行分析,结果表明：抛秧有利于纹枯病水平发展,而不利于垂直发展;有利于稻纵卷叶螟的发生为害,而不利于１代二化螟及稻飞虱的发生为害;对轻发年份的穗瘟影响不明显。     

Association of Rhizoctonia strains with bare patch disease of wheat in Western Australia

Rhizoctonia -like fungi were isolated from the roots of diseased wheat plants sampled from the centre and periphery of three bare patches, and from apparently healthy plants from outside the patches. Of the isolates recovered, 81% were multinucleate and belonged to R. solani anastomosis group 8, and pectic zymogram group 1-1; the remaining isolates were binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. The multinucleate isolates could be grouped into highly virulent, intermediately virulent, and weakly virulent types. The binucleate isolates were all non-pathogenic. The multinucleate isolates were obtained at a significantly higher frequency from plants within the patches compared with outside the patches, and with the exception of a single isolate, the highly virulent isolates were not found outside the patches. The weakly virulent isolates were present at much lower frequencies than the highly virulent and intermediately virulent forms within the patches. The frequency of occurrence of binucleate isolates did not vary significantly among the locations sampled. None of the multinucleate isolates contained plasmids. Some of the isolates contained a prominent single dsRNA species and one or more minor dsRNA species. The distribution of these dsRNAs was not correlated with pathogenicity.