Joint Selection for High Yield and Low Sensitivity in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Early generation yield trials of families from a set of winter wheat crosses were grown in three contrasting environments chosen to represent differences in two important macro-environmental variables affecting the wheat, crop in Eastern England. Joint selection for high yield and low sensitivity to these macro-environmental variables over two seasons using the procedure of Brumpton et al. (1977) resulted in a group of genotypes which exhibited a much wider yield range than would have resulted from selecting for yield in each -environment separately. In spite of this, the top performing lines an yield trials grown in each of the environments during the next season exhibited good yield and stability over all three environments, demonstrating the feasibility of such a method for winter wheat breeding.     

Environmental Adaptation and Stability Relationships between Grain Yield and some Agronomic Traits in Winter Oat

This study was conducted to determine the stability of grain yield, harvest index, plant height, and panicle length and to determine the association of grain yield with these traits in winter white oat ( Avena sativa L.) genotypes. The genotypes were grown in replicated tests in Ankara in 1985–1991. Each experiment year was regarded as an environment, and entry mean of each year was used as the environmental index. Stability parameters were estimated from the regression analysis as linear regression coefficient (b), deviations from regression (S²d) and coefficient of determination (r²).
Genotypes differed significantly for all traits and significant genotypes X environment interactions occurred for these traits. On the basis of estimates of stability parameters, A-24 genotype was stable for grain yield. Correlation coefficients between traits were inconsistent in good and poor environments except between grain yield and panicle length. The study suggested that these traits are differently affected by environmental changes and selection for panicle length might be effective as selection for grain yield in improving oats with high grain yield for diverse environments.     

花后灌水对小麦籽粒品质性状及产量的影响

在池栽防雨条件下,研究了小麦花后不同灌水时期、不同灌水次数对籽粒产量及品质性状的影响。结果表明,在花前限量灌水条件下（135 mm）,花后灌水（45～90 mm）可显著提高小麦籽粒产量及蛋白质产量;虽然多数品质性状在花后不灌水（CK）条件下获得最大值,但灌1水未引起品质性状的明显变化;随灌水次数增加,各品质性状变劣     

施氮水平对两个冬小麦品种面粉色泽及面条品质的影响

在大田条件下,研究了不同施氮水平对豫麦49-198和兰考矮早八面粉色泽及面条品质的影响。结果表明,两品种面粉及面糊的色泽等级值(CGV)、红色度(a*)和黄色度(b*)随施氮量的增加而增大,亮度(L*)随施氮量的增加而下降。随着放置时间的延长,面片的CGV、a*、b*升高,而L*值下降。质构仪分析表明,随着施氮量的增加,两品种面条的硬度、黏合性、咀嚼性呈上升趋势,以360 kg hm^-2处理的值最高,并且和其他处理之间的差异达显著水平。     

Distribution and Origin of Hybrid Necrosis Genes in German Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars

Hybrid necrosis in Triticum is known to be caused by the interaction of two complementary dominant genes. In the present paper, the genotypes for hybrid necrosis of 64 winter wheat cultivars are presented. 41 cultivars were found to possess the Ne₂ necrosis gene, whereas 23 cultivars were non-carriers. The Ne₁ gene was not found in any of the cultivars analyzed.     

硫肥对两个不同穗型冬小麦品种光合特性及产量的影响

在大田土壤有效硫含量15.8 mg.kg^-1试验条件下，研究了不同硫肥处理对冬小麦多穗型品种豫麦49和大穗型品种豫麦66光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明，60 kg.hm^-2纯硫基施或基施与拔节期追施各50%处理与对照相比，提高了群体光合速率（CAP）、旗叶蒸腾速率（T_r），同时提高了叶片叶绿素（Chl）含量，尤其显著地提高了旗叶净光合速率（P_n），延缓了灌浆后期P_n的下降。施硫处理产量显著高于对照，以60 kg.hm^-2纯硫分基施与拔节期追施各50%处理效果最好。两品种光合特性和产量对不同硫肥处理的反应表现出差异，施硫对豫麦66旗叶光合速率的影响大于豫麦49。纯硫120 kg.hm^-2处理的光合特性指标和产量低于其他硫肥处理。据此，作者对两种穗型冬小麦品种合理施用硫肥的技术措施提出了建议。     

Specific and General Adaptation and Yield Stability of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes

Mean grain yield performance of 12 wheat and one triticale genotypes were measured at four locations over four consecutive years, using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The genotypes used were commercial cultivars and advanced lines from different wheat breeding projects located in different areas in Iran. Two locations were in semiarid regions and the other two locations in the temperate zones. The combined analysis of variance indicated highly significant genotype-environment (GE) interactions. From combinations of locations and years three sets of environments were generated. Set I and set II, each, consisted of eight environments (two locations and four years) representing semiarid and temperature environments, respectively. Set III consisted of 16 environments including both semiarid and temperate conditions. Set I and set II were used to measure specific adaptation of the genotypes while set III was employed for measuring general adaptation. The methods of Eberhart and Russell (1966) were used for partitioning GE interactions. The mean square associated with the heterogeneity of regression was highly significant under all sets of environments. These observations indicated that a major part of GE interaction could be accounted for by differences in the regression of the individual genotypes. All the genotypes had significant regression mean square under set I, set II, and set III environments, with the exception of two genotypes under set II. However, mean yields, regression coefficients, and the mean squares associated with deviation from regression greatly varied over the sets of environments. Only three genotypes, a commercial cultivar and two new advanced line, were identified as having specific adaptation and yield stability to semiarid environments. Among all the genotypes, only a commercial cultivar was identified as adapted and stable to temperate conditions. Two of the three genotypes which were adapted to semiarid environments also showed general adaptation to set III environments. However, the mean yield of these two genotypes under semiarid conditions (set I) were significantly greater than their respective mean yields under set III environments. Thus, wider adaptability was compensated by lower mean yield. The present study indicates that, while a wide range of environments is necessary and recommended for measuring general adaptation reactions and yield stability of various genotypes, one should not ignore the possibility of finding some genotypes with specific adaptation to specific environments and thus maximizing yield production. Stable genotypes with general of specific adaptation should be utilized in breeding projects in order to develop even more desirable lines.     

杂种小麦和纯系品种产量及品质性状的稳定性分析

用 Eberhart & Russell 模式和 Shukla 方法,比较分析了14个 T 型冬小麦 F_1杂种和10个纯系(亲本)品种在5个不同地点的产量和品质性状的稳定性。结果表明,所有性状都存在显著的基因型×环境互作。在基因型×环境互作的模式与性质上,杂种和纯系品种都主要表现为非线性响应。杂种小麦的产量表现比纯系品种更为稳定,但在蛋白质含     

从产量和品质性状的变化分析北方冬麦区小麦品种抗热性

培育抗热性强的品种对应对气候变化,保障小麦稳产性具有重要意义。选用北方冬麦区53份主栽品种和苗头品系,于2008—2009年度分别种植在北京、石家庄、衡水、安阳和泰安5点,各点设正常温度和塑料棚热胁迫处理。结果表明,千粒重可作为抗热性筛选的简易指标。农大189、CA0518和京冬8号的产量和千粒重在正常和热处理环境中均较高,抗热性好;衡观33和CA0736的产量在正常和热处理环境中均较高,但千粒重均表现中等,抗热性较好;农大211、石麦15、济麦22、农大3432和山农2149在正常环境中的产量和千粒重均较高,但在热处理环境中产量和千粒重均较低,抗热性差。53份品种按和面时间和峰值曲线面积可分为强筋、中强筋、中筋、中弱筋和弱筋5大类。热处理使所有类型材料的蛋白质含量和籽粒硬度增加,峰值带高、8min带高和8min带宽降低,并降低强筋、中强筋和中筋类型材料的和面时间与峰值曲线面积,增加中弱筋和弱筋类型材料的和面时间与峰值曲线面积。     

施用不同种类硫肥对豫麦49产量和品质的影响

于2000－2002年在土壤有效硫含量为15.8 mg.kg^-1的大田试验条件下,不同种类硫肥以60 kg.hm^-2纯S施入,研究了施用不同硫肥对冬小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施用硫肥处理使小麦在籽粒灌浆中后期明显保持较高的群体光合速率(CAP),在灌浆后期,不施硫肥处理的小麦CAP分别低于施硫磺粉、石膏、过磷酸钙、硫铵、硫酸钾各处理9.8%、13.3%、11.9%、40.3%和43.7%。施硫提高了小麦旗叶硝酸还原酶（NR）活性,增大了生育后期的物质积累,实现了生物积累量和收获指数的同步提高,最终显著提高了粒重和籽粒产量;施硫促进籽粒灌浆过程中的麦谷蛋白积累量,且对淀粉糊化参数指标如糊化温度、低谷粘度、高峰粘度和最终粘度影响较大,有利于改善小麦品质。在本试验条件下,增施不同种类硫肥对豫麦49产量和品质均有促进效果,其中以过磷酸钙效果较佳。     

Effect of Weather and Soil Conditions on Yield Components and Bread-Making Quality of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Winter Triticale (Triticosecale Wittm.) Varieties in North-East Germany

The reduced nutrient and water availability of the sorption‐weak silty sand soil in Thyrow when compared with the loamy sand soil in Berge enhanced the negative effects of unfavourable weather conditions. Winter wheat reacted to weather conditions and soil quality substantially more sensitively than winter triticale, so that the cultivation of wheat on very light sandy soil is combined with a higher risk. Reduced yields resulting from site differences are, for both cereals, mainly a result of reduced ear densities. Low grain yields as in the dry year 2003 led to high crude protein contents, this being more pronounced for winter wheat than for triticale and on the poor silty sand soil in Thyrow to a greater degree than on the loamy sand soil in Berge. For the starch content the contrary holds true. Grain yields were, to a greater extent, decisive for the protein and starch yields than the content values. For both cereals, the sedimentation value, the wet gluten value, the gluten index and the falling number resulted in principally higher values in the dry year 2003 and on the loamy sand soil when compared with the wet year 2004 and the silty sand soil. Only the wet gluten content was not clearly influenced by soil quality. All parameters describing bread‐making quality are clearly lower for winter triticale than for winter wheat. Especially, the falling number was not satisfactory, so that the tested triticale varieties seem only to be suitable for bread‐making by mixing with wheat flour. The internal grain quality of winter wheat varieties is extensively genetically determined. Weather and soil‐induced variations in the quality parameters were, with only few exceptions, greater for winter wheat than for triticale.     

Stability analysis over seasons and locations of multilines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary Three multilines each of Kalyansona and PV 18 varieties of wheat were compared for their stability of yield and agronomic characters and disease resistance against the respective recurrent parents. The experiments were conducted for four years at nine locations.The multilines had more tillers and bolder seeds than the recurrent parents. There were, however, no differences for plant height, ear length and number of spikelets per spike.The genotypes x years x locations interaction was much more important than genotypes x years or genotypes x locations interaction as well as the main effects for genotypes. It is suggested that the number of test locations should be increased while decreasing the number of years.The stability parameters indicated that the multilines had a higher mean yield in the case of Kalyansona multilines whereas the yield of multilines of PV 18 was not significantly inferior to that of the recurrent parent. The regression coefficients were very close to unity except for KSML 3 (b=1.132). The deviations from regression were much larger for the multilines than for the recurrent parents.For rust resistance the multilines were superior over the varieties Kalyansona and PV 18.This is publication No. 9 of the series Studies on multilines in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)     

Nitrate Assimilation and Nitrogen Harvest in Uniculm 'Gigas' Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Contribution of the upper laminae designated as 7, 8 and 9 (flag), to the total reduced nitrogen was determined by two different methods; integration of nitrate reductase activity over the entire growing season of individual laminae, and laminae removal at ear emergence. The values obtained by these methods were: 20, 14, and 12 %, and 23, 15, 12 %, respectively. The in vivo nitrate reductase activity was relatively higher in the lamina 9, which contributed an extra 8 % towards total reduced nitrogen when the other laminae were removed from the shoot. No such compensatory response was observed when either lamina 7 or 8 was retained.     

鲁西南地区10个小麦品种丰产性和稳产性分析

为更科学的分析评价鲁西南地区主栽的10个小麦品种丰产性和稳定性,本研究利用联合方差分析、线性回归分析和AMMI模型对 3个试验地点产量数据进行分析。结果表明,菏麦20、济麦22和周麦22丰产性和稳定性表现优异,周麦18、烟农999和山农20属于丰产性较好稳产性一般的品种,良星99和山农28属于稳产性好丰产性一般的品种,青农2号稳产性较好丰产性较差,但矮抗58丰产性和稳产性均较差但在E3具有特定区域适应性。     

Irrigation and Nutrient Effects on Growth and Water–Yield Relationship of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Central India

Increasing production of wheat from a limited water supply can result from efficient irrigation and nutrient management. A 3‐year field experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, to study the growth, yield, seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE), and the water–yield relationship of wheat in a soybean–wheat cropping system on vertisols. Three levels of irrigation, viz. I₀, no post‐sowing irrigation; I₁, two irrigations [crown root initiation (CRI) and flowering stage]; and I₂, three irrigations (CRI, maximum tillering and flowering stage) and three nutrient management treatments, viz. F₀, control (without fertilizer/manure); F₁, 100 % NPK (100–21.5–24.9 kg ha^?1); and F₂, 100 % NPK + farmyard manure (FYM‐10 t ha^?1) were tested in a split‐plot design with three replication. It has been established (through anova ) that the year effect was rather negligible and the interaction effects of irrigation and nutrient management on the growth parameters, ET, yield components, yield and WUE were significant. Plant height, progressive leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate were higher in I₂F₂, and I₂F₁ and I₁F₂ were statistically at par. The seasonal ET increased significantly with the increase in water supply in every nutrient treatment and it was highest in I₂F₂ and lowest in I₀F₀. The highest grain yield was obtained in I₂F₂; and a similar yield was recorded in I₃F₁ and I₂F₂. This shows a strong interaction effect between irrigation and nutrients. Yield components, viz. number of ears m^?2, number of grains ear^?1 and 1000‐grain weight were significant. The higher number of ears m^?2 containing greater number of grains with relatively heavier weights appeared to have contributed to the higher yield in I₁F₂, I₂F₁ and I₂F₂. The highest WUE obtained in I₀F₂ did not correspond to the highest yield and maximum ET, but a WUE of 10.43 kg ha^?1 mm^?1 in the I₂F₂ combination corresponded with the highest yield and the seasonal ET requirement was 391.8, which was 137 % greater than the water use at maximum WUE. The ET–grain yield relationship was linear, with a lowest regression slope (i.e. marginal WUE) and elasticity of water production (E_wp) in F₀ and a considerably higher slope and E_wp in F₁ and F₂. As the E_wp is positive and close to one in 100 % NPK treatment, the scope of improving WUE and yield with only inorganic fertilizer is very little, and relatively greater scope exists in the integrated management of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer. The results suggest that integrated nutrient management (100 % NPK + FYM) in conjunction with three irrigations maximized yield of wheat with concomitant improvement in ET and WUE under limited water availability.     

Performance of Selected Strains of 'Farro' (Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Schübler, Triticum Spelta L.) and Durum Wheat (Triticum Durum Desf. cv. Trinakria) in the Difficult Flat Environment of Southern Italy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of three species of unhulled-wheat (Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Schubler and Triticum spelta L.) with respect to durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Trinakria) in southern Italy's flat environment.
As far as yield is concerned, the mean yield was significantly different among species. Durum wheat yielded 16.1 %, 37.6% and 69.5 % more than dicoccum, spelta and monococcum species, respectively.
Among unhulled-wheat species, only Triticum dicoccum showed some similarity with durum wheat, such as one-thousand kernels weight, plant height and number of spikes per m².
Among the factors studied, the days to reach heading represented the factor that mostly influenced yield     

Agronomic and Physiological Study of Cold and Flooding Tolerance of Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Flooding of soil occurs all over the world in areas of crop production. The resulting lack of available oxygen in the soil can hinder the establishment of field crops such as wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and thus lead to a decrease in yield. The current study compares the tolerance of spelt ( Triticum spelta L.) and wheat to wet and cold stress during germination and early growth. Two specific traits seem to be related to the superior early flooding tolerance of spelt: (1) fast growth of the coleoptile, which reaches the soil surface rapidly, thus reducing the time span of hypoxia sensitivity, independent of temperatures between 10 and 20 °C; (2) the improved physiological adaptation for coleoptile growth under hypoxia is probably due to lower oxygen consumption between germination and emergence. Because of this high level of flooding tolerance, spelt would also be a good source for breeding for stress tolerance in wheat. These findings will help to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for characters such as growth rate, flooding tolerance and oxygen consumption in future studies. A marker-assisted introgression of spelt into wheat is necessary to avoid combination with undesirable agronomic traits of spelt.     

Effects of Nitrogen and Plant Density on Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition of Two Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars

A field study was conducted on the winter wheat cultivars Arminda and Okapi , using two seed rates (80 and 160 kg/ha) and three N applications (40, 80 and 120 kg/ha).
The cultivars did not differ in total dry matter production but did differ in grain yield. The difference in grain yield was mainly attributable to a higher harvest index (HI).
Increased plant density reduced HI; it resulted in more shoots per m², but in a lower grain yield. The reduction in grain yield was caused by fewer kernels per ear and a lower 1000-grain weight in both cultivars.
A higher rate of N increased total dry matter production and grain yield, except in Okapi at the high plant density. The number of kernels per ear increased, but 1000-grain weight fell.
The higher the N applications, the higher the N-content of the roots was.
Total N yield was greater in Arminda than in Okapi. The cultivars differed in the amount of nitrogen they took up after anthesis.
The content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) differed between the cultivars, N treatments and growth stages. Carbohydrate formed before anthesis accounted for 23 % of Arminda's grain yield and for 10 % of Okapi's grain yield.
The content of cell-wall constituents (CWC) depended on cultivar, growth stage and the rate of the N dressing. Differences in CWC were more pronounced in Arminda than in Okapi. During leaf, stem and ear development there was a strong increase in content and amount of CWC. Concomitantly, WSC decreased. This implies that a large consumption of WSC is necessary for the formation of CWC. The competition for the WSC, necessary for CWC and shoot and ear development influences kernel initiation. Per unit of dry matter Okapi contained more CWC than Arminda. This was not in agreement with differences in straw sturdiness.