基因转染人羊膜细胞对颅脑创伤大鼠海马的作用

目的 观察移植转染胶质源性神经营养因子(GDNF)基因人羊膜细胞(HACs)对创伤性脑损伤(TBI)大鼠海马神经元的影响.方法 采用改进Feeney法制作TBI致海马神经元损伤模型.TBI 24 h后于挫伤灶边缘移植,移植处距硬脑膜4 mm和2 mm深浅两点移植,共5μl含5×10~5个细胞.TBI+GDNF组移植转染GDNF基因HACs;TBI+eGFP组移植转染eGFP基因HACs;TBI+PBS组注射5μl PBS;假TBI组未行移植操作.移植后12 d Morris水迷宫检测结束后制片并行焦油紫染色,检测海马及移植针道靶点周围组织,取移植针道靶点周围组织行RT-PCR检测GDNFmRNA水平.结果 免疫荧光法检测转染GDNF基因HACs荧光显微镜下呈红色荧光.TBI+GDNF组大鼠学习记忆功能明显好于TBI+eGFP组和TBI+PBS组,TBI+eGFP组和TBI+PBS组大鼠损伤侧海马神经元显著缺失,胞体缩小,深染.TBI+GDNF组部分海马神经元缺失.RT-PCR检测TBI+GDNF组GDNFmRNA高水平表达.结论 移植转染GDNF基因HACs对TBI大鼠海马神经元有保护作用.     

游离血红蛋白对体外培养成年大鼠嗅鞘细胞存活的影响

目的观察不同浓度游离血红蛋白（FHb）对体外培养大鼠嗅鞘细胞（OECs）存活的影响。方法采用成年大鼠（2．5月）嗅球培养OECs，培养第8天用S-100免疫组化鉴定纯度后，将培养的OECs根据加入的FHb浓度分为1，10，50，100μmol／L组及正常对照组，观察不同浓度FHb下OECs形态学变化；培养24h后采用MTT实验检测不同浓度FHb组细胞活力；并用碘化丙啶（PI）和Hocchst33342荧光双染色观察检测细胞死亡。结果大鼠OECs纯度为（72±6）％；MTT试验显示各组细胞活力随血红蛋白浓度的升高而降低；PI／Hoechst33342双荧光染色显示在对照组未见PI染色阳性细胞，各FHb组细胞PI／Hoechst33342比例随血红蛋白浓度增加而升高。结论FHb对OECs有毒性作用且随浓度的增加而增加。     

外胚间充质干细胞向小胶质细胞分化的研究

目的观察外胚间充质干细胞（EMSCs）在大鼠胶质瘤模型中枢神经系统（CNS）内的分化方向。方法将大鼠c6胶质瘤细胞系微量注射入12只SD大鼠（4～6周龄）右侧纹状体内,建立大鼠胶质瘤模型;C6细胞移植后2d,Hoechst33342标记EMSCs移植到SD大鼠双侧纹状体内。EMSCs移植后7d行全脑组织冰冻切片,免疫荧光染色观察细胞表面标记OX-42（CD11b/CD11a）的表达,荧光显微镜下观察标记效果。结果SD大鼠全脑组织切片观察证实12只大鼠脑胶质瘤模型建立成功;Hoechst33342标记EMSCs阳性率达95％以上;荧光显微镜镜下观察显示注射人大鼠体内的EMSCs经过7d后大部分细胞都保持存活状态。同时有V6细胞和EMSCs存在的时候,C6细胞周围存在大量OX-42阳性细胞;而只有c6细胞或只有EMSCs时,OX-42阳性的细胞数量非常少。另外,远离c6细胞的EMSCs具有向c6细胞迁移的特性。结论在SD大鼠胶质瘤模型纹状体内中,EMSCs大多数被C6细胞诱导成为具有吞噬和抗原提呈功能的小胶质细胞。     

骨髓间充质干细胞静脉注射移植对脑缺血大鼠脑内神经细胞增殖和分化的影响

目的观察骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrow stromal cells,BMSCs）经静脉注射移植对缺血/再灌注脑内神经细胞增殖和分化的影响。方法体外培养和扩增成年雄性大鼠BMSCs;以“四管阻断法”制作大鼠前脑缺血/再灌注模型;造模后3、5、7d通过尾静脉注射Hoechst33342标记的BMSCs（2×10^6/1ml/只）,另设对照组于相同时间点通过尾静脉注射载体溶液。于造模后4周处死大鼠,取脑切片,HE染色观察大鼠海马缺血性损伤情况;BrdU/GFAP、BrdU/MAP2和BrdU/Hoechst33342免疫荧光双标染色,观察大鼠脑内神经细胞的增殖及分化情况。结果BMSCs移植组海马CA1区存活锥体细胞数显著多于载体溶液对照组（P〈0.05）。BMSCs移植大鼠脑内海马结构BrdU阳性细胞数显著多于载体溶液对照组（P〈0.05）,BrdU/MAP-2双标阳性细胞占BrdU阳性细胞的比例显著高于载体溶液对照组（P〈0.05）。结论BMSCs经静脉注射移植能够减轻缺血性脑损伤,促进宿主脑内自体神经细胞增殖,并提高其分化为神经元样细胞的比例。     

亚低温通过抑制AIF核转位改善大鼠颅脑损伤

目的 探讨亚低温对颅脑损伤（TBI）大鼠脑组织凋亡诱导因子（AIF）核转位的影响。方法 将36只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、TBI组、亚低温组，每组12只。采用控制性皮质撞击建立TBI模型，亚低温组大鼠给予亚低温处理。TBI后24 h，HE染色观察大鼠脑组织病理学变化；免疫组织化学方法检测大鼠脑组AIF的表达部位；免疫印迹法检测损伤脑组织线粒体和细胞核AIF、caspase-3的表达情况。结果 HE染色结果显示，TBI后，损伤侧脑组织可见沿灰白质界面的挫伤和出血，亚低温组挫伤和出血灶明显减轻。免疫印迹法检测结果显示，TBI后，损伤脑组织caspase-3表达量明显增加（P<0.01），细胞核AIF表达量明显增加（P<0.01），而线粒体AIF表达量明显降低（P<0.05）；亚低温组损伤脑组织caspase-3表达量明显下降（P<0.01），细胞核AIF表达量明显下降（P<0.01），而线粒体AIF表达量明显升高（P<0.05）。免疫组织化学染色结果显示，假手术组AIF位于大脑皮质和海马神经元细胞核外；TBI组后，损伤侧皮质及海马区AIF从线粒体转移至细胞核内的阳性细胞数量明显增多（P<0.01）；亚低温组损伤侧皮质及海马区AIF发生核内转移的阳性细胞数量减少（P<0.01）。结论 亚低温可能通过抑制AIF的核转位减轻颅脑损伤后神经细胞凋亡，从而起到神经保护作用。     

超顺磁性氧化铁标记神经干细胞移植入局灶性脑缺血大鼠纹状体的MRI示踪及其对学习记忆的影响

目的 探讨以超顺磁性氧化铁（SPIO）标记的胎鼠神经干细胞（NSCs）移植入局灶性脑缺血大鼠纹状体的MRI示踪及其对学习与记忆的影响。方法 体外培养的胎鼠NSCs用Fe2O3-多聚左旋赖氨酸（Fe2O3-PLL）标记，普鲁士蓝和台盼蓝染色分别检测标记率和细胞活力。将大鼠随机分为A组（正常对照组）、B组（正常标记NSCs移植组）、C组（脑缺血组）、D组（标记NSCs移植组）、E组（未标记NSCs移植组）及F组（灭活标记NSCs移植组）。取C组、D组、E组和F组大鼠制备局灶性脑缺血模型；将标记及未标记的NSCs悬液及灭活的标记NSCs悬液分别定向注射于B组、D组、E组和F组大鼠左侧纹状体内；移植后3d、7d、2周、3周、4周，对A组、C组、D组和E组分别进行Y型电迷宫检测；对B组、D组和F组进行活体MRI示踪扫描；MRI扫描后的大鼠行脑组织切片普鲁士蓝染色，观察移植的NSCs分布。结果NSCs的FeO3-PLL标记率近100％，标记的NSCs细胞活力为95％。与C组比较，D组和E组移植后各时间点大鼠的学习与记忆能力明显改善（均P〈0.05）；MRI显示移植4周后D组移植区低信号影范围较大；脑组织切片可见移植的NSCs沿胼胝体向对侧迁移。结论 Fe2O3-PLL标记不影响NSCs活力；移植NSCs能改善脑缺血大鼠的学习与记忆功能；移植的NSCs可向病灶区迁移。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞静脉移植治疗大鼠脑损伤

目的了解大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）经鼠尾静脉移植后在脑内的表达情况及对大鼠脑创伤后神经运动功能的影响。方法将溴脱氧尿苷（BrdU）标记培养的BMSCs分别在大鼠脑创伤后第1天（实验组1，n=6）、第3天（实验组2，n=10）、第7天（实验组3，，F7）经大鼠尾静脉注射移植，另取6只脑创伤大鼠（实验组4）在伤后第3天经尾静脉移植BrdU标记的全骨髓，尾静脉注射仅．MEM脑创伤大鼠作为对照组（n=6）。应用免疫组化染色，了解移植细胞在脑内的表达情况。脑创伤后第1、3、7、14天评价移植对大鼠神经运动功能的影响。结果脑创伤后14d时神经运动功能评分分别为实验组1：31．83±1．60，实验组2：31．10±1．79，实验组3：28，43±1．72，实验组4：28．67±1．37，对照组：26．00±1．00．各组间差异有显著性（P=0．000）。在移植各组的创伤侧脑组织，可见BrdU染色阳性细胞，并以脉络丛、脑室周围、血管周围分布较多。对实验组2进行免疫组化双染色，未发现BrdU＋神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE1、BrdU＋胶质纤维酸蛋白（GFAP）双染色细胞。结论大鼠BMSCs经鼠尾静脉移植．在一定时期内能改善大鼠脑创伤后神经运动功能；脑内可以发现移植细胞存活．但移植细胞是否转化为神经元仍然需要进一步的实验证实。     

神经干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤

目的:探讨神经干细胞移植对脊髓损伤大鼠后肢运动功能修复的影响。方法:SD大鼠36只,制成T10脊髓全横断损伤模型。于造模成功后1周采用局部微量注射法移植。随机分三组：A损伤对照组（n=12）仅打开椎管暴露脊髓;B移植对照组（n=12）：注射10μl DMEM/F12培养液;C细胞移植组（n=12）：移植1.0?06/ml的神经干细胞悬液10μl。移植后通过不同时间点BBB行为评分、病理组织学、免疫荧光技术评价大鼠大鼠脊髓功能修复情况及移植细胞在体内的存活、迁移、分化。 结果:在体外成功建立SD大鼠海马源性神经干细胞培养体系;B、C两组大鼠随着时间延长BBB评分均不同程度提高,从移植后2W起C组大鼠评分明显高于B组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;神经干细胞移植后能够在体内继续存活、迁移并且分化为NF-200、GFAP表达阳性的神经元及星形胶质细胞。 结论:神经干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤是一种有效的方法。     

胚胎神经干细胞在出血性脑卒中大鼠脑内移植的实验研究

目的 研究胚胎神经干细胞出血性脑卒中大鼠脑内移植对神经功能缺损改善作用.方法 30只SD大鼠随机分配到单纯脑出血组(A,10只)、培养液移植组(B,10只)及NSCs移植组(C,10只).制作脑出血模型后3d,C组将神经于细胞经Hoechst标记后移植到病灶区,B组注射等量培养液.通过移植前后神经功能评分检测神经功能缺损修复情况,以及冰冻切片后组织免疫荧光检测移植神经干细胞的分化情况.结果 实验中分离、培养的神经干细胞经标记移植人大鼠脑内后,经免疫荧光检测证实能够在血肿腔周边分化成神经元和星形胶质细胞.移植术后2周内3组间大鼠神经功能改善无明显差异.但从移植术后第21天到第28天,神经干细胞移植组大鼠的神经功能改善显著好于培养液移植组和单纯脑出血组P＜0.001,有统计学意义.结论 神经干细胞移植入脑出血大鼠脑内后能够存活并分化为神经元及星形胶质细胞,促进改善大鼠的神经功能,是一种很有发展前途的治疗方法,值得进一步深入研究.     

骨髓间质干细胞经静脉移植后在脑缺血大鼠的体内分布与迁移

目的 观察骨髓间质干细胞经静脉移植后在脑缺血大鼠体内的存活、分布及迁移情况,为细胞静脉移植奠定基础。方法密度梯度离心法分离大鼠骨髓间质干细胞(rat bone mescnchymal stem cels,rMSCs),经体外培养并扩增,线拴法制作大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)脑局灶缺血模型,rMSCs Hoechst33342标记后,通过静脉移植,经过1周、3周、5周后处死大鼠,取脑、心、肺、肾、肝、脾组织切片,在倒置荧光显微镜下观察细胞在体内的存活、分布及迁移情况。结果大鼠脑缺血后,经静脉移植骨髓间质干细胞在脑内能较长时间存活,静脉移植的细胞集中于脑缺血灶周围,而脑缺血对侧及心、肺、肾、肝、脾等组织少有细胞发现。结论rMSCs通过静脉途径进行移植后,能够向损伤部位迁移,与宿主脑组织整合在一起。骨髓间质干细胞经静脉移植用于治疗脑缺血具有可行性。     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

The organization of the connections between the cortex and the claustrum in the monkey

The distribution of labelled cells and of extracellular granules in the claustrum has been studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase in several areas of the neocortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are related to the anterior and posterior halves respectively of the claustrum, and the occipital and temporal cortex to the posterior and inferior margins. Parts of the claustrum related to areas of the cortex in the frontal lobe overlap considerably in the antero-posterior dimension with parts related to widely separated but interconnected areas of the parieto-temporal cortex. Areas of cortex within one lobe which are interconnected are related to parts of the claustrum which overlap in the dorsoventral dimension.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

A projection to the striatum from the medial subdivision of the posterior group of the thalamus in the cat

Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase in the lateral part of the caudate nucleus or the putamen of the cat result in retrograde thalamic cell-labeling in the rostral extension of the medial subdivision of the posterior group (POM). Autoradiography after [³H]amino acid injection of POM reveals a dense and discontinuous distribution of axons in the lateral half of the caudate and putamen concentrated at their middle rostrocaudal levels. This newly discovered thalamostriatal projection of POM may account for somatosensory activity observed in striatal cells.     

Evidence for the collateral innervation of the esophagus and the heart from neurons in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus of the rat

We investigated whether the heart receives collateral projections from the neurons which innervate the esophagus with a retrograde double-labeling method using two fluorescent tracers. Following injections of True Blue (TB) into the esophagus and Diamidino Yellow (DY) into the heart, about 21.9% of the labeled esophageal motoneurons in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus (AmC) were retrogradely double labeled. No single-labeled cardiac motoneurons were found in the AmC. The present results provide anatomical substrates for the esophagocardiac reflex.     

Role of the paraventricular nucleus in the projection from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the olfactory bulb

Electrophysiological experiments were performed on anesthetized rats to determine the effects of lesions of the paraventricular nucleus on the amplitude of evoked potentials recorded in the periglomerular layer of the olfactory bulb after nucleus of the solitary tract electrical stimulation. Lesions of the paraventricular nucleus enhance the amplitude of both the positive and negative components of the evoked potential in the olfactory bulb. The pathway from the paraventricular nucleus to the olfactory bulb seems to exert a suppressive influence over the projection from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the olfactory bulb under these conditions.     

On the origin of the serotonergic input to the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary

Single stimulations of the vagina and cervix were performed between proestrus and the first day of diestrus with a stimulator designed to grade the intravaginal penetration of a rod. The percent incidence of pseudopregnancy after this stimulation was exponentially related to the extent of intravaginal penetration and was also affected by the stage of the cycle at which the stimulation was performed. At 10.00 h on proestrus, an exponential increase in the incidence of pseudopregnancy was observed with shallow penetrations, while an exponential decrease was found when deeper penetrations were applied. Such negative exponential correlation had disappeared at 22.00 h on proestrus. At that time, also, some responses were elicited by very shallow penetrations (17 mm) and all the animals responded to penetrations of 20 mm or more. Sensitivity to cervicovaginal stimulation at 10.00 h on estrus was lower than that at 22.00 h on proestrus and it was even lower at 10.00 h on the first day of diestrus. The response to 18 mm of penetration was studied every 3 h between 10.00 h on proestrus and 10.00 h on estrus, and then every 12 h until 10.00 h on the first day of diestrus. This stimulation was usually ineffective to induce pseudopregnancy, except for a brief period encompassing the night between proestrus and estrus, when a peak in the incidence of responses was reached. This peak sensitivity could be advanced following the s.c. administration of 250 and 500 ng of LH-RH at 11.00 h on proestrus. Other doses were ineffective. The peptide (500 ng) was unable to induce pseudopregnancy in rats that received no cervicovaginal stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Projections from the five divisions of the orbital cortex to the thalamus in the rat

The orbital cortex (ORB) of the rat consists of five divisions: the medial (MO), ventral (VO), ventrolateral (VLO), lateral (LO), and dorsolateral (DLO) orbital cortices. No previous report has comprehensively examined and compared projections from each division of the ORB to the thalamus. Using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, we describe the efferent projections from the five divisions of the ORB to the thalamus in the rat. We demonstrated that, with some overlap, each division of the ORB distributed in a distinct (and unique) manner to nuclei of the thalamus. Overall, ORB projected to a relatively restricted number of sites in the thalamus, and strikingly distributed entirely to structures of the medial/midline thalamus, while completely avoiding lateral regions or principal nuclei of the thalamus. The main termination sites in the thalamus were the paratenial nucleus (PT) and nucleus reuniens (RE) of the midline thalamus, the medial (MDm) and central (MDc) divisions of the mediodorsal nucleus, the intermediodorsal nucleus, the central lateral, paracentral, and central medial nuclei of the rostral intralaminar complex and the submedial nucleus (SM). With some exceptions, medial divisions of the ORB (MO, VO) mainly targeted “limbic-associated” nuclei such as PT, RE, and MDm, whereas lateral division (VLO, LO, DLO) primarily distributed to “sensorimotor-associated” nuclei including MDc, SM, and the rostral intralaminar complex. As discussed herein, the medial/midline thalamus may represent an important link (or bridge) between the orbital cortex and the hippocampus and between the ORB and medial prefrontal cortex. In summary, the present results demonstrate that each division of the orbital cortex projects in a distinct manner to nuclei of the thalamus which suggests unique functions for each division of the orbital cortex.     

On the development of the stratification of the inner plexiform layer in the chick retina

This study investigated the development of the subdivision of the chick inner plexiform layer (IPL). The approach included an immunohistological analysis of the temporal and spatial expressions of choline acetyltransferase, of the neural-glial-related and neural-glial cell adhesion molecules (NrCAM and NgCAM, respectively) and axonin-1, and of inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels in 5- to 19-day-old (E5-E19) embryos. Ultrastructural investigations evaluated whether synaptogenesis accompanies the onset of differentiation of the IPL. We found that the differentiation of the IPL started at E9. Distinct cholinergic strata appeared, NrCAM immunoreactivity showed a poorly defined stratification, and Kir3.2 was expressed in the IPL and in the inner nuclear layer. From E10 until late E14, NgCAM- and axonin-1-immunoreactive strata emerged in an alternating sequence from the outer to the inner IPL. During this period, the NrCAM pattern sharpened, and eventually five bands of weaker and stronger immunoreactivity were found. Conventional synapses formed at the beginning of E9, and stratification of the IPL also began on the same day at the same location. Synaptogenesis and stratification followed a gradient from the central to the peripheral retina. The topographic course of differentiation of the IPL generally corresponded to the course of maturation of ganglion and amacrine cells. Synaptogenesis and the expression of G-protein-gated Kir3.2 channels accompanied the onset of stratification. These events coincide with the occurrence of robust and rhythmic spontaneous neuronal activity. The subsequent differentiation of the IPL seemed to be orchestrated by several mechanisms.