钨酸钠和次磷酸钠浓度对脉冲电镀CeO2-SiO2/Ni-W-P纳米复合薄膜组织及性能的影响

通过Ni、W、P与CeO₂和SiO₂纳米颗粒的脉冲共沉积,在碳钢表面制备了CeO₂-SiO₂/Ni-W-P纳米复合薄膜,主要研究了电解液中钨酸钠和次磷酸钠浓度对纳米复合薄膜组织及性能的影响,采用化学组成、沉积速率、显微硬度和表面形貌进行表征。结果表明,当钨酸钠和次磷酸钠浓度分别为100和4 g/L时,纳米复合薄膜的沉积速率和显微硬度较高,分别为25.03 μm/h和HV649。增加钨酸钠浓度,纳米复合薄膜晶粒得到细化。当钨酸钠浓度提高到160 g/L时,基质金属晶粒轮廓清晰,细小而均匀,呈规则的圆球型,CeO₂、SiO₂纳米颗粒均匀弥散分布在Ni-W-P基质金属中。次磷酸钠浓度的增加对纳米复合薄膜的表面形貌影响较小,但会明显降低显微硬度。     

脉冲电沉积CeO2-SiO2／Ni—W-P纳米复合镀层性能研究

为了探讨脉冲参数对CeO2-SiO2/Ni-W-P四元纳米复合镀层性能的影响,采用脉冲沉积的方法,在普通碳钢表面制备了CeO2-SiO2/Ni-W-P纳米复合镀层.在脉冲关断时间1 000μs和脉冲峰值电流密度30 A/dm2下,研究了脉冲导通时间对纳米复合镀层组织及性能的影响,采用能谱分析、硬度测试、扫描电镜(SEM)等技术对镀层化学组成、沉积速率、显微硬度和表面形貌进行了表征.结果表明,纳米复合镀层中CeO2和SiO2颗粒的质量分数随着脉冲导通时间的延长而增加,当脉冲导通时间为400～600μs时,沉积速率为32.33～38.22μm/h,显微硬度为609～674 HV;脉冲导通时间由100μs增加到400μs时,纳米复合镀层晶粒尺寸降低,但当脉冲导通时间再由400μs增加到1000μs时,纳米复合镀层晶粒尺寸又有所增加.     

纳米Ti-Si-N薄膜的高温热稳定性

用直流等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PCVD)方法在不锈钢基体上制备了Ti-Si-N硬质纳米复合薄膜,研究了Si含量对薄膜硬度的影响及高温退火对薄膜晶粒尺寸及其硬度的影响.结果表明:薄膜的硬度随着Si含量的增加有先增大后减小的趋势,最大硬度可达70 GPa以上.薄膜表现出了较高的热稳定性能,对于晶粒尺寸在4 nm以下的薄膜,Ti-Si-N薄膜的纳米结构和硬度可以维持在1000℃以上.沉积态薄膜的晶粒尺寸是影响薄膜再结晶温度的主要因素.薄膜的高热稳定性是由于沉积过程中发生的自发调幅分解形成了纳米复合结构,偏析使得纳米晶晶界具有强的热力学稳定性.     

电沉积软磁铁箔性能的研究

为优化电沉积制备软磁铁箔的工艺条件,研究电解液温度和阴极电流密度对铁箔的磁学、力学和电学性能的影响规律,采用软磁材料测试仪、直流电阻电桥和显微硬度计研究了工艺条件变化时对铁箔的磁参数、电阻率和显微硬度的影响,并对铁箔的金相显微组织进行分析.结果表明:阴极电流密度增大时,铁箔的矫顽力增大,最大磁导率降低,显微硬度值及电阻率均提高;电解液温度提高时,铁箔的矫顽力降低,最大磁导率增大,显微硬度值下降,而电阻率提高;在650℃经过真空退火后的铁箔矫顽力降低,最大磁导率提高,其电阻率和硬度都下降,韧性明显提高.电沉积工艺条件改变时,薄膜的晶粒尺寸影响铁箔性能的变化.     

Ni-ZrO_2-CeO_2二元纳米复合镀层摩擦磨损及耐蚀性研究

利用超声-脉冲电沉积法在45钢基体上制备了纯Ni镀层、Ni-ZrO_2纳米复合镀层和Ni-ZrO_2-CeO_2纳米复合镀层,对比研究了3种镀层的表面形貌、显微硬度、摩擦磨损及耐蚀性能。结果表明与纯Ni镀层、Ni-ZrO_2纳米复合镀层相比,Ni-ZrO_2-CeO_2纳米复合镀层表面最光滑且晶粒最细小,表面显微硬度最高为494.18 Hv0.1;在施加载荷50N、转速300r/min、磨擦时间3min的磨损条件下磨损量最小为2.6mg且摩擦系数最小为0.285;在常温3.5%NaCl溶液腐蚀条件下腐蚀速率最低为0.060383mm/year,表面腐蚀特征不明显。镀层中共沉积的纳米ZrO_2、CeO_2颗粒充分发挥了二元纳米粒子协同生长的优势,使得镀层金属晶粒更加细化,表面更加平滑光整,镀层的耐腐蚀性能得到提高。     

磁场强度对铜基电沉积Ni-ZrO_2复合镀层性能的影响

利用磁场-超声电沉积技术在铜基体上制备Ni-ZrO_2复合镀层。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机和电化学工作站,研究了磁场强度对Ni-ZrO_2复合镀层的微观表面形貌、织构组织、纳米粒子含量、显微硬度和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,随着磁场强度的增加,复合镀层ZrO_2复合量、显微硬度呈现先增加后减小的趋势,而基体晶粒尺寸和磨损量与之相反。磁场强度为0.4 T时,复合镀层ZrO_2复合量为3.96%(质量分数),晶粒尺寸为17.47 nm,显微硬度为420HV。电场与磁场垂直时产生的磁流体力学效应促进了镀层中ZrO_2纳米粒子含量,可细化复合镀层基体晶粒,提高复合镀层显微硬度。Ni-ZrO_2复合镀层耐磨性能优异,其磨损量和摩擦系数表现最小。同时,根据极化曲线和阻抗曲线分析数据,复合镀层电化学性能最优。     

喷射电沉积Ni-Al2O3纳米复合镀层的组织及性能

利用喷射电沉积工艺制备了Ni-Al2O3纳米复合镀层,分析了纳米Al2O3颗粒添加量、阴极电流密度以及电解液喷射速度对复合镀层中纳米颗粒含量的影响,采用扫描电镜(SEM)以及X-射线衍射仪对复合镀层的微观形貌进行了分析,研究了复合镀层中纳米颗粒含量对其显微硬度、结合强度、耐腐蚀性的影响。结果表明,镍沉积层具有纳米晶微观结构,平均晶粒尺寸约为50nm;纳米Al2O3颗粒在沉积层中的含量可达12.2at%;随Al2O3含量的提高,镀层显微硬度逐渐提高,结合强度和耐腐蚀性先提高后有所降低。     

电泳-电沉积Ni-Al2O3纳米复合层的微观结构及性能

为了改善纳米复合镀层的物理、力学性能,以电泳-电沉积工艺制备了具有较高纳米Al2O3含量的Ni-Al2O3纳米复合镀层.用SEM、TEM、显微硬度计等对复合镀层的表面微观形貌、显微硬度以及耐磨性能进行了分析;探讨了电泳液中α-Al2O3微粒浓度、电沉积电流密度对复合镀层表面微观形貌、显微硬度及其与基体的结合力的影响.结果表明:α-Al2O3纳米粒子弥散分布于镀层之中,并对基质金属晶粒产生细化作用;电泳液中α-Al2O3微粒浓度对复合镀层表面微观形貌影响较大,电沉积电流密度对微观形貌无明显影响;随着电泳液微粒浓度和电沉积电流密度的增大,复合镀层显微硬度均呈下降趋势,在电泳液微粒浓度8 g/L,电沉积电流密度0.5A/dm2时,复合镀层具有最大显微硬度442 HV,较纯镍镀层有明显提高.镀层中微粒体积分数约为30％时,镀层的耐磨性能及与基体的结合性能最为优异.     

双脉冲工作时间对Ni-W-P/CeO2-SiO2纳米复合材料电沉积的影响

通过Ni,W,P与CeO2,SiO2纳米颗粒的双脉冲电沉积,在普通碳钢表面制备了Ni-W-P/CeO2-SiO2纳米复合材料沉积层.在正、反向脉冲占空比(10%,30%)和正、反向脉冲平均电流密度(15.0,1.5 A/dm2)恒定下,研究了正、反向脉冲时间对纳米复合材料电沉积的影响.采用能谱、硬度测试和扫描电镜等方法,对纳米复合材料沉积层的化学组成、沉积速率、显微硬度和表面形貌进行了表征.结果表明:当正、反向脉冲时间分别控制在300 ms和40 ms时,Ni-W-P基质金属轮廓清晰,晶粒细小而均匀,CeO2和SiO2纳米颗粒在基质金属中均匀弥散分布;沉积层的化学组成(质量分数)为:70.89%Ni,9.89%W,8.59%P,7.35%CeO2,2.81%SiO2;沉积速率为45.1μm/h,显微硬度为706 HV.     

Ni-W-ZrO2复合镀层的制备及耐腐蚀性能

采用电沉积方法制备Ni-W-ZrO₂复合镀层, 研究了微粒的分散特性及镀液中微粒含量、 电流密度、 pH值、 温度等因素对Ni-W-ZrO₂镀层沉积速率、 显微硬度、 镀层外观的综合影响, 优化得到Ni-W-ZrO₂复合镀层的电沉积工艺为: Ni-W基础镀液中ZrO₂添加量为10g/L, pH=7, 镀液温度为60~70℃, 电流密度为15A/dm2, 所获得的镀层硬度>HV800(×9.8MPa)。通过电化学技术研究了复合镀层在3.0wt%NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能, 结果表明, Ni-W-ZrO₂复合镀层有明显的钝化区间。      

Preparation of ZrO2-CeO2 and HfO2-CeO2 nanopowders

We prepared weakly agglomerated powders of ZrO₂-CeO₂ and HfO₂-CeO₂ solid solutions 5–8 nm in particle size, consisting of monoclinic and tetragonal phases. After heat treatment at 1200°C, the crystallite size was 30 and 14 nm, respectively. We also examined the effect of precipitate freeze drying on the crystallization of hafnia-based solid solutions containing up to 20 mol % CeO₂.     

Comparison of the Electronic Structures of La2CuO4, Sr2CuO2Cl2, and Sr2CuO2F2

First-principles cluster calculations are reported of the local electronic structure of the three compounds: La₂CuO₄, Sr₂CuO₂Cl₂, and Sr₂CuO₂F₂. The copper ${\text{3d}}_{x^2 - y^2 } $ and the planar oxygen 2p _σ atomic orbitals exhibit a similar degree of covalency. The out-of-plane orbitals, however, are quite different with the ${\text{3}}d_{3z^2 - r^2 } $ atomic orbital lowered significantly in energy for chlorine and fluorine apical positions.     

Thermoelectric power of single-phase samples of Tl2CaBa2Cu2O y and Ba2CaSr2Cu2O y

Single-phase 2122 samples of thallium and bismuth superconductors were made by the precursor matrix method. The thermopower of these samples was measured in the temperature range 250 K-T _c . The thermopower was positive and decreased linearly with increasing temperature aboveT _c (onset). The exponential enhancement of thermopower seen in the undoped and doped YBCO was not observed in these samples. The linear variation of thermopower can be explained on the basis of either a two-band model or a narrow band model.     

VLE data for CO2-CF2Cl2, N2-CO2, N2-CF2Cl2 and N2-CO2-CF2Cl

Knowledge about vapour-liquid (VLE) is required as a basis of reliable calculations for separation processes. Correlations available for the prediction of T, p, x, y data are less accurate for mixtures at high pressures and mixtures containing supercritical components. The results of VLE experiments are reported and compared with data calculated with equations of state.     

Structure of Na2O·2TiO2 glass

X-ray radial distribution analysis and Raman spectroscopic measurement were carried out on Na₂O-2TiO₂ glass prepared by twin-roller quenching method. It is found that four-coordinated Ti⁴⁺ ions may be predominant over six-coordinated ones in the present glass. It is also found that the fraction of six-coordinated Ti⁴⁺ ions is larger in the present glass than in K₂O·2TiO₂ and Cs₂O·2TiO₂ glasses. Poorer glass-forming ability of the Na₂O-TiO₂ system compared with the K₂O-TiO₂ and Cs₂O-TiO₂ systems is ascribed to a larger fraction of TiO₆ octahedron for the former system.     

SiO2—TiO2—ZrO2系涂层的制备及其特性

用溶胶－凝胶法（sol-gel method）在不锈钢表面制备了SiO2-TiO2-ZrO2系无机氧化膜（STZ）。用DTA／TG、IR、XRD和SEM等手段研究了涂层制备时由凝胶向玻璃态的转变以及涂层薄膜的显微结构特点，考察了涂层对基体的保护效果。试验结果表明，在溶胶至凝胶最终转变为无机氧化物的过程中形成了无机网络，Si^4 和Zr^4 充当了网络骨架的形成离子。涂层为无定型玻璃态，其间混有石英、锐钛矿或金红石等微晶。     

Elastic and Electronic Properties of Superconducting CaPd 2 As 2 and SrPd 2 As 2 vs. Non-superconducting BaPd 2 As 2

The first-principles calculations were performed to predict the elastic and electronic properties of the superconducting ThCr₂Si₂-type phases CaPd₂As₂ and SrPd₂As₂ in comparison with the non-superconducting CeMg₂Si₂-type phase BaPd₂As₂. Besides, the same properties were compared for CeMg₂Si₂- and ThCr₂Si₂-type polymorphs of BaPd₂As₂. We found that all these phases are mechanically stable and belong to soft materials with low hardness. The near-Fermi region is formed by the valence states of the blocks [Pd₂As₂] with decisive contributions of Pd 4d states. The values of N(E _F) increase in the sequence: CaPd₂As₂ < SrPd₂As₂ < BaPd₂As₂, i.e. in the reverse sequence relative to the transition temperatures T _C. Thus, the change in T _C cannot be explained by the electronic factor, i.e. by the simple correlation T _C～N(E _F). Most likely the decrease in T _C in the sequence CaPd₂As₂ → SrPd₂As₂ and the absence of a superconducting transition in BaPd₂As₂ are related to the structural factors and the peculiarities of the electron–phonon coupling mechanism.     

Investigation of Instability of Lattice of Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_x

Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox superconductor was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) in different atmospheres. It is discovered that there is a thermal anomaly in the DSC curve, associated with a weight loss in the TG curve before the melting of the sample. Careful thermal analysis and high temperature X-ray diffraction reveal that the thermal anomaly and the weight loss show an instability of the crystalline Iattice. By annealing the sample in oxygen and argon, respectively and then by TC measurement and thermal analysis, the coincidence of transition temperature with the instability is found. The coincidence is further confirmed by Y-doped 2212 phase.     

Thermal conductivity of the system N2O4 ⇄ 2NO2 ⇄ 2NO + O2

Experimental data on the thermal conductivity of dissociating nitrogen tetroxide have been obtained by the hot-wire method in the temperature range from 290 to 870° K at pressures up to 10⁵ N/m².