Bottom‐Up Technology Transmission Within Families: Exploring How Youths Influence Their Parents' Digital Media Use With Dyadic Data

This study investigated the bottom‐up technology transmission process in a country with varied levels of technology diffusion, such as Chile. It explored to what extent children teach their parents how to use digital media and proposed a typology of factors related to this process. By relying on a mixed‐methods design—which combined interviews with an original survey—and dyadic data, it found that the transmission occurs for all the technologies investigated, although children's influence should not be overstated. This process was more likely to occur among women and people from lower socioeconomic status, and it was also associated with less authoritarian parents and more fluid parent–child interactions.     

The Impact of Parents “Friending” Their Young Adult Child on Facebook on Perceptions of Parental Privacy Invasions and Parent–Child Relationship Quality

This study examined whether a parent “friending” his/her child on Facebook.com influenced the parent–child relationship and perceptions of parental privacy invasions. One hundred and eighteen parent–young adult child dyads were randomly assigned to an experimental group where the parent was asked to create a Facebook account, “friend” his/her child, and use the account over 2 months or a control group where the parent did not have a Facebook account. Having a parent on Facebook did not result in perceptions of greater privacy invasions, but was associated with decreased conflict in the parent–child relationship. When the parent and child had a more conflicted relationship prior to the parent joining Facebook, the parent's presence on Facebook also enhanced the child's closeness with the parent.     

“How Negative Becomes Less Negative”: Understanding the Effects of Comment Valence and Response Sidedness in Social Media

This study explores the influence of the public's negative comments regarding a corporate social responsibility (CSR) campaign in social media and how to best respond to them. It examined the interaction effects of comment valence and the company's response sidedness on the public's attitudes as mediated by the perceived negativity and perceived altruism. Results revealed that 2‐sided CSR responses are more effective than 1‐sided responses in enhancing altruistic motives for CSR, reducing perceived negativity in the public's comments, and eliciting favorable attitudes, especially when comments were negative. The effects of message sidedness disappeared when the public's comments were positive. Results also showed that perceived altruism and negativity mediate the effects of message strategies on the public's attitudes toward the company.     

Parent and Child Media Exposure,Preschooler Dietary Intake,and Preschooler Healthy‐Meal Schemas in the Context of Food Insecurity

Media exposure is correlated with child obesity, yet the family behaviors underlying this link remain poorly understood. Using data from a sample of U.S. parents and their preschoolers, this study assessed parent and child exposure to 5 different media along with child dietary intake. Child healthy‐meal schemas were measured with the Placemat Protocol, a novel play‐based pretend meal assembly activity. Child and parent commercial TV viewing predicted greater obesogenic dietary intake for children in food‐secure but not food‐insecure households. Child commercial TV viewing also predicted a greater proportion of energy‐dense to total foods in children's pretend healthy meals. Discussion focuses on food insecurity as a potential moderator of marketing effects and calls for continued research on child meal schema development.     

Layer‐wise hint‐based training for knowledge transfer in a teacher‐student framework

We devise a layer‐wise hint training method to improve the existing hint‐based knowledge distillation (KD) training approach, which is employed for knowledge transfer in a teacher‐student framework using a residual network (ResNet). To achieve this objective, the proposed method first iteratively trains the student ResNet and incrementally employs hint‐based information extracted from the pretrained teacher ResNet containing several hint and guided layers. Next, typical softening factor‐based KD training is performed using the previously estimated hint‐based information. We compare the recognition accuracy of the proposed approach with that of KD training without hints, hint‐based KD training, and ResNet‐based layer‐wise pretraining using reliable datasets, including CIFAR‐10, CIFAR‐100, and MNIST. When using the selected multiple hint‐based information items and their layer‐wise transfer in the proposed method, the trained student ResNet more accurately reflects the pretrained teacher ResNet's rich information than the baseline training methods, for all the benchmark datasets we consider in this study.     

基于过程的中学教师个人知识管理探究

中学教师作为社会上典型的知识工作者,知识是其生存和发展的重要资本。当前,部分中学教师虽然拥有丰富的知识,但在知识管理方面却存在不少问题。本文从中学教师个人知识管理存在的问题入手,在分析教师个人知识管理内涵的基础上,深入阐述教师实施个人知识管理的过程与方法,并提醒几个需要注意的事项,以期帮助教师实施有效的知识管理,提升个人价值和核心竞争力。     

Political Involvement in “Mobilized” Society: The Interactive Relationships Among Mobile Communication,Network Characteristics,and Political Participation

In recent years, mobile communication has emerged as a channel for political discourse among network ties. Although some celebrate new possibilities for political life, others are concerned that it can lead to network insularity and political detachment. This study examined how mobile‐mediated discourse with strong ties interacts with characteristics of those ties to predict levels of political participation. Findings revealed that mobile‐based discourse is positively associated with political participation, but that this relationship is moderated by the size and heterogeneity of one's network. Participation increases with use of the technology in large networks of like‐minded individuals, but declines with use of the technology in homogeneous networks that are small. Implications and future research considerations are offered in the discussion.     

新工科下专业基础课的课程思政探索

本文的《模拟电子技术基础》思政教学实践改革,是以学生为中心的模拟电子技术“ 课程思政”建设。具体地：教师明确自己的责任感和使命感,牢固树立以学生为中心的理念,对学生高度负责,一切为了学生,为了学生一切,不断提高自身思想道德素质,丰富知识结构,做到既传授给学生理论的知识,培养学生的实践能力,又要理解尊重学生,通过各种教育教学环节、教学过程,引导学生如何做人、做事、做学问,培养“ 又红又专、德才兼备、全面发展”的人才。经过实际的课堂讲授验证,团队尝试融入思政教育的专业课堂效果反响热烈,实现了课堂上教师和学生的知识、情感及价值等方面的共鸣。这一研究对于高等学校课程思政的实践教学有一定的应用价值。     

Poles Apart: The Processing and Consequences of Mixed Media Stereotypes of Older Workers

This study uses the Stereotype Content Model to examine how mixed‐media stereotypes about older workers affect the implicit activation and application of competence and warmth stereotypes among employees. By means of a 2 × 2 experiment, we show that a newspaper article portraying older workers in a stereotypical manner (i.e., high rather than low in warmth, low rather than high in competence) inhibits and evokes negative employability perceptions, resulting in a net negative effect on intentions to hire an older worker. Findings indicate that mixed‐media portrayals have stronger effects on implicit stereotype activation compared to stereotype application. We propose a tailored media‐based stereotype reduction strategy, whereby the negative component of older workers' stereotypes is replaced by stereotype‐disconfirming information.     

Involved,Transported, or Emotional? Exploring the Determinants of Change in Knowledge,Attitudes, and Behavior in Entertainment‐Education

This study examined how 3 constructs—involvement with a specific character, involvement with the narrative (Green and Brock's construct of transportation), and viewers' emotional reaction to the narrative—produce entertainment‐education (EE) effects. A pretest/posttest survey of 167 regular viewers measured the effects of exposure to a lymphoma storyline on a television drama, Desperate Housewives. Transportation or involvement with the narrative was the best predictor of change in relevant knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Although involvement with a specific character has been hailed an important direct predictor of EE effects, a structural equation model indicated that character involvement may be more important for its ability to heighten transportation and emotion, which, in turn, produce changes in viewers' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior.     

Everyday Conversation in the Deliberative Process: An Analysis of Communicative Exchanges in Discussion Groups and Their Contributions to Civic and Political Socialization

This article aims to investigate the forms of interaction and communicative exchanges in discussion groups composed of beneficiaries of a Brazilian income transfer program (Bolsa‐Família Program) and how these forms contribute to the deliberative process. Discussion groups are used as a method for showing how everyday conversation and political discussion are interrelated. Thus, this article is an empirical investigation that—within the theoretical deliberative democracy framework—helps to make explicit concrete situations within which fluid and disperse conversations change toward attitudes that include taking the risk of expressing dissonant opinions, explaining background assumptions, and producing counternarratives. We contend that informal conversation is part of the dynamics that prepare citizens for more demanding and formal deliberations.     

The Relation Between Television Exposure and Theory of Mind Among Preschoolers

This study explored the relation between preschoolers' television exposure and one important indicator of cognitive processing called theory of mind (ToM). A total of 107 preschoolers and their parents provided data on the preschoolers' television exposure (including both intentional viewing and exposure via background television), parent–child discussion of television, and preschoolers' ToM. The results indicated that preschoolers who were exposed to more background television and who had a television in their bedroom performed more poorly on ToM assessments compared with other children. Parent–child discussion of television was positively related to ToM performance, however. These results have implications for how we understand the effects of television on preschoolers.     

An energy‐efficient utility‐based distributed data routing scheme for heterogenous sensor networks

A utility‐based distributed data routing algorithm is proposed and evaluated for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. It is energy efficient and is based on a game‐theoretic heuristic load‐balancing approach. It runs on a hierarchical graph arranged as a tree with parents and children. Sensor nodes are considered heterogeneous in terms of their generated traffic, residual energy and data transmission rate and the bandwidth they provide to their children for communication. The proposed method generates a data routing tree in which child nodes are joined to parent nodes in an energy‐efficient way. The principles of the Stackelberg game, in which parents as leaders and children as followers, are used to support the distributive nature of sensor networks. In this context, parents behave cooperatively and help other parents to adjust their loads, while children act selfishly. Simulation results indicate the proposed method can produce on average more load‐balanced trees, resulting in over 30% longer network lifetime compared with the cumulative algorithm proposed in the literature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Controllable Stiffness Origami “Skeletons” for Lightweight and Multifunctional Artificial Muscles

Flexible, material‐based, artificial muscles enable compliant and safe technologies for human–machine interaction devices and adaptive soft robots, yet there remain long‐term challenges in the development of artificial muscles capable of mimicking flexible, controllable, and multifunctional human activity. Inspired by human limb's activity strategy, combining muscles' adjustable stiffness and joints' origami folding, controllable stiffness origami “skeletons,” which are created by laminar jamming and origami folding of multiple layers of flexible sandpaper, are embedded into a common monofunctional vacuumed‐powered cube‐shaped (CUBE) artificial muscle, thereby enabling the monofunctional CUBE artificial muscle to achieve lightweight and multifunctionality as well as controllable force/motion output without sacrificing its volume and shape. Successful demonstrations of arms self‐assembly and cooperatively gripping different objects and a “caterpillar” robot climbing different pipes illustrate high operational redundancy and high‐force output through “building blocks” assembly of multifunctional CUBE artificial muscles. Controllable stiffness origami “skeletons” offer a facile and low‐cost strategy to fabricate lightweight and multifunctional artificial muscles for numerous potential applications such as wearable assistant devices, miniature surgical instruments, and soft robots.     

Relational Communication and Understanding in Conversations About Hurtful Events Between Parents and Adolescents

This article examines how the severity of a hurtful event and discrepancies in perceptions of relational communication affect perceived understanding and empathic accuracy (EA) in parent–adolescent discussions about a hurtful event in their relationship. Results from a dyadic interaction study showed that the severity of the hurtful event was negatively associated with perceived understanding. Furthermore, discrepancies in perceptions of disaffiliation behaviors during a conversation about a child's hurtful event were also negatively associated with perceived understanding. Discrepancy in perceptions of adolescent's dominance corresponded negatively with parents' perceived understanding when discussing the child's hurtful event. There were no significant associations with EA. The implications for work on hurtful events, understanding, and relational framing theory are discussed.     

“Are You Kidding Me?”: The Role of Nonverbal Cues in the Verbal Accounting Process

This article reports on an investigation of 78 interactions for the messages sent by nonverbal cues in account sequences. Account elicitations and evaluations were rated based on vocal and facial behaviors communicating five messages: (a) positive or negative affect, (b) certainty or uncertainty, (c) understanding or confusion, (d) agreement or disagreement, and (e) belief or disbelief. We also coded the accounters' discourse that followed elicitations and evaluations to investigate the relationship between nonverbal messages and the account forms used by the teller. Our results showed that, even when controlling for what a person said, the messages sent by nonverbal cues could all predict subsequent account forms, although not always in the way expected. These results help our argument that nonverbal cues may be an important part of moving through account sequences, both on their own and when combined with verbal utterances.     

Modality‐Based Sentence‐Final Intonation Prediction for Korean Conversational‐Style Text‐to‐Speech Systems

This letter presents a prediction model for sentence‐final intonations for Korean conversational‐style text‐to‐speech systems in which we introduce the linguistic feature of ‘modality’ as a new parameter. Based on their function and meaning, we classify tonal forms in speech data into tone types meaningful for speech synthesis and use the result of this classification to build our prediction model using a tree structured classification algorithm. In order to show that modality is more effective for the prediction model than features such as sentence type or speech act, an experiment is performed on a test set of 970 utterances with a training set of 3,883 utterances. The results show that modality makes a higher contribution to the determination of sentence‐final intonation than sentence type or speech act, and that prediction accuracy improves up to 25% when the feature of modality is introduced.     

Citizen Participation,Metadiscourse, and Accountability: A Public Hearing on a Zoning Change for Wal‐Mart

During a contentious public hearing on a zoning change for Wal‐Mart, participants at times moved to a metadiscursive level with utterances such as, “expect to be listened to,”“I have a question,” or reading quotes of Town Board members from the newspaper. Such metadiscursive references allow participants to attempt to structure or depart from the public hearing format. Metadiscursive references also work to criticize their opponents' speech or the process. Metadiscourse has the consequence of contextualizing the participation framework of the hearing as to topic, length of presentation, and mode of interaction. From a normative perspective, metadiscourse is used to reflect on the folk assumptions about communication as expressed by participants during the public hearing.     

On the Cultural Foundations for Universal Healthcare: Implications From Late 20th‐Century U.S. and Canadian Health‐Related Discourse

Social constructionists approach framing as a process of “sense‐making” within which elites and journalists strive to produce content that resonates with their audiences. From this perspective, long‐term stability in media content may be viewed as due to cultural limitations on authors' framing efforts. This article provides evidence that Canadians' consistent framing of health‐related matters in terms of their common welfare was likely more a recalcitrant cause than a passive response to changes between 1965 and 1999 in their means of healthcare provision. In contrast, concomitant U.S. health‐related framing alternated among economic, welfare, and other frames, leaving citizens to consider policy proposals more in terms of “why” than “how” they do or do not make sense.     

“Nano‐Fishnet” Structure Making Silk Fibers Tougher

Based on the combined technologies of atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction/scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis, etc., it is demonstrated that the nano‐fishnet‐like networks, one of the most flexible but toughest structures, turn out to be the basic structure of silk filaments. The force patterns of pulling individual fibrils allow the identification of the pathways of unfolding protein segments in stacking β‐crystallites, which reveal the fishnet‐like topology. The calculation shows that the β‐crystallites in silk nanofibrils are the cross‐linking points of the nano‐fishnets, which may enhance the toughness of silk filaments up to 1000 times, compared with amyloid‐like and unlinked string structures. It follows that the strong β‐sheet–β‐sheet interaction, a high degree of ordering, and a high density of β‐crystallites in silk fibers toughen the fishnet structure, then strengthen silk filaments, in consistency with the experiments for both spider and silkworm silks. The knowledge on the fishnet structure of silk fibers sheds light on the design and synthesis of either protein or synthetic fibers of ultraperformance in a more generic way.