分布板气量分布对CFB上升管流动行为的影响研究

在高8.5 m大型循环流化床上升管中,使用两种类型的气体分布板,通过双探针电容探头,调查了上升管底部区域和上部稀相区域水平向颗粒浓度和颗粒速度分布.上升管底部,水平方向中心区域颗粒体积浓度较低,颗粒体积浓度在靠近床壁明显增大,最大颗粒体积浓度接近堆积状态下颗粒浓度值.表观气速相同时,高压降分布板颗粒浓度大于低压降气体分布板颗粒浓度.分布板压降对稀相区颗粒体积浓度和颗粒速度曲线没有影响.研究同时发现,分布板压降对稀相区轴向颗粒浓度和颗粒循环量无影响.     

内循环流化床管式气体分布器的实验研究

采用内循环流化床,以清水-空气-聚乙烯填料三相体系为研究对象,在常温常压下考察分析管式气体分布器的孔径、开孔率、布气位置等因素对内循环流化床的流体力学特性和传质性能的影响。研究结果表明:低进气量时,孔径小的分布器产生的气泡小且均匀,传质和流化效果较好;高进气量时分布器孔径对内循环流化床的影响较小。随着分布器开孔率增大,曝气阻力的影响减弱,故内循环流化床气含率、循环液速和氧传质系数呈现逐渐增大的趋势。布气位置升高,使气泡停留时间缩短且射流影响加剧,致使内循环流化床传质性能和流体力学性能不佳。文中实验为内循环流化床气体分布器的结构优化以及选择合适的布气位置提供依据和理论分析,对工业应用有着重要的意义。     

循环流化床锅炉流体动力学研究

在循环流化床锅炉炉膛内，分为湍流床和快床２个区域，论述了由鼓泡流化床与从气力输送状态向循环流化术转化过程中的炉内流体动力学现象，研究了湍流床开始出现到完全转化为湍流化床及快床时，炉内气体速度变化的规律和相庆的计算公式。     

循环流化床锅炉快速床流体动力学结构研究

论述了快速床区流体动力学的结构，研究了快速床区纵向和横向悬浮密度分布的规律及相应的计算公式。对影响快速床区动力学结构的主要因素，如固体颗粒的循环率、气体速度等进行了试验研究，对循环流化床锅炉的设计和运行有一定的指导意义。     

粒状多晶硅制备的内循环流化床反应器研究

制备粒状多晶硅的流化床工艺在能耗和效率上具有明显优势,使用内循环流化床(ICFB)可以显著减少加热壁面的硅沉积。为此对内循环流化床(直径300 mm,高2 000 mm)冷模装置进行了实验研究,考察了宽筛分颗粒的流化行为。结果表明内循环流化床中颗粒整体循环流动有效抑制了分级流化。针对供热和气体旁流两个核心问题,考察了固含率、颗粒循环速度以及气体旁流的变化规律。当环隙区流化数UD/Umf和导流筒内流化数UR/Umf分别在2.5~3.2和2.2~2.7时,由中心筒到环隙的气体旁流量γRD小于4%。基于衡算和热态实验数据进行估算,表明内循环流化床能够满足供热需求并能有效抑制加热壁面硅沉积。     

65t/h高低差速循环流化床锅炉燃烧特性模拟

基于商业计算流体力学软件Fluent,采用非预混燃烧模型对一台65t/h高低差速循环流化床锅炉炉内燃烧特性进行三维稳态模拟,并对高、低速床内温度和组分分布进行分析。通过温度场和差速循环流化床特有的内循环特性验证所选模型的有效性,根据炉内温度、CO_2浓度和O_2浓度的分布分析差速循环流化床的燃烧特性。结果表明:高低差速循环流化床实现了不同粒径颗粒的分床燃烧,大粒径颗粒在高速床燃烧,小粒径颗粒进入低速床燃烧。燃料燃烧放出的热量一部分由烟气带走,大部分由颗粒的内循环过程被带入左右低速床,使燃料继续燃烧并传递给埋管受热面,换热后的物料通过回流孔回到高速床。     

隔板式内循环流化床压力脉动信号递归分析

隔板式内循环流化床中流化态及颗粒循环特性对压力脉动信号特征具有重要影响,其作用机制尚未完全清楚。测量了隔板式内循环流化床在不同气速比条件下的压力脉动信号,通过时域及递归分析,获得了压力脉动信号的标准差、递归率、确定性及香农熵等特征参数。结果表明,随着表观气速比的增加,内循环中颗粒循环状态存在未循环、鼓泡循环、过渡循环和湍动循环四个阶段;通过压力脉动信号的标准差、递归图黑白结构占比和递归特征参数可识别这四种循环状态,递归特征参数在不同循环区域内显示出良好的线性关系,可用于识别隔板式内循环流化床系统的循环状态。     

循环床锅炉燃烧份额分布的实验研究和理论分析

在循环流化床锅炉小型实验台上,研究了床温、过量空气系数、一二次风比例和煤种等因素对燃烧份额分布的影响,证实了循环流化床锅炉密相区处于欠氧燃烧状态,并且密相区产生的一氧化碳和部分挥发分被带到了稀相区进行燃烧。从流动和燃烧角度对实验结果进行了分析,并从密相区气固两相流行为出发,解释了循环流化床锅炉不同于鼓泡床的一些技术特点。     

鼓泡流化床风室及分布板区域流动特性的数值模拟

采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件对采用切向进风和垂直进风情况下不同开孔率气体分布 板的鼓泡流化床流态化特性进行研究,模拟风室及分布板区域的气体流动轨迹及其速度分布变化.结果表明:气体在切向进风形式下接近层流运动的上升状态,与垂直进风形式所产生的无序湍流上升状态相比,垂直进风形式下气体速度在空间分布更加均匀,受边界条件影响所导致的风室内局部风速过高情况较少;分布板开孔率在0.15％～1.0％变化时,随开孔率增大,气体压降逐渐减小,气体均匀性逐渐稳定;气体分布板开孔率为0.5％时,气体分布均匀性和分布板压降较合理.     

浅流化床的热响应

流化床层可以分为分布极区、鼓泡区和稀相区三个性能不同的区域。而流化床中气体一颗粒的传递过程和反应过程,主要发生在分布极区。浅流化床正是在这一事实的启发下,得到开发的特殊型式的流化床。为了考察浅层床中气体一颗粒间的传递特征,本文从气体一颗粒传热入手,采用所谓热响应的脉冲实验技术,测定了固—     

Defluidized zones in liquid–solid fluidized beds

Defluidized zones often appear on the distributor plates of liquid–solid fluidized beds. They can lead to hot spots, the formation of undesirable side products or the degradation of products or reactants. In some cases, a solid residue forms and plugs the distributor.Two different techniques were developed to detect defluidized zones. The first technique uses a specially designed collision probe to monitor local particle motion. The second technique is aimed at the on-line detection of defluidized zones in industrial bioreactors. It uses local bed conductivity fluctuations.Defluidized zones were measured in beds of 3 or 5 mm diameter glass beads fluidized by an aqueous saline solution. Special experiments established the importance of horizontal liquid flow and distributor plate roughness on the formation of defluidized zones.A model describes how a defluidized zone can be eliminated. It considers that a defluidized zone is broken by the drag force on its particles of downward and sideways liquid flow. This liquid flow is induced by suction from the liquid jets issuing from the distributor holes. The resulting drag force is resisted by friction between particles or between particles and the distributor surface.     

Bed Expansion – Extending Correlations for Fluidized Beds with Inserts to Open Fluidized Beds

Bed expansion occurs during the operation of gas‐fluidized beds and is influenced by particle properties, gas properties and distributor characteristics. It has a significant bearing on heat and mass transfer phenomena within the bed. A method of predicting bed expansion behavior from other fluidizing parameters would be a useful tool in the design process, dispensing with the need for small‐scale trials. This study builds on previous work on fluidized beds with vertical inserts to produce a correlation that links a modified particle terminal velocity, minimum fluidizing velocity and distributor characteristics with bed voidage in the relationship with P as the pitch between holes in the perforated distributor plate.     

液固提升管-流化床组合反应器中流化床径向固含率分布的实验研究

在一套新型液固提升管-流化床组合反应器中,以水-玻璃珠为液-固体系,对f500 mm′4000 mm的液固流化床反应器内不同高度颗粒固含率的径向分布进行了实验,考察了表观液速和颗粒循环速率操作条件对颗粒固含率径向分布的影响. 实验表明,液固流化床内流动区域在轴向上可以划分为分布器影响区、过渡区和均匀流化区,径向上可以划分为中心区和环隙区. 这种分布特征主要取决于分布器的结构、尺寸及其流化介质. 本工作还对液固流化床与气固喷动床的三区流动结构进行了比较.     

EFFECT OF DISTRIBUTOR ON BUBBLE SIZE IN A CYLINDRICAL FLUIDIZED BED AT AN ELEVATED TEMPERATURE†

The effects of temperature and distributor on bubble diameter were investigated using a cylindrical fluidized bed of 147 mm in diameter. Three perforated distributors having different holes in diameter and the same ratio of holes to bed area were used. Eruption diameters of bubbles were measured using a high speed video-camera system under the following conditions: bed temperature = 300 and 600 K, bed particles = spherical glass beads of 272 μm in average size, excess gas velocity = 1-4 cm/s, and static bed height equals; 10-42 cm. The bubble diameter at 600 K was larger than that at 300 K. The difference became smaller with increasing the static bed height and with increasing the excess gas velocity. The distributor with larger holes gave larger bubbles. The effect of hole diameter of the distributor on the bubble diameter became insignificant with increasing the static bed height and with increasing the excess gas velocity.     

流化床煅烧低温合成粉煤灰水泥熟料的研究

本文介绍了分布板直径为120mm的锥形流化床的冷态模型试验。在此基础上,进行了放大的工业性中间试验。锥形流化床的分布板直径为600mm床高6400mm。文中讨论了流化床的最佳几何参数和操作条件以及密相区的气一固流动特性,还讨论了分布板和床层的压力降。用流化床煅烧低温合成粉煤灰水泥熟料的热耗为2900kJ/kg·c1,该水泥的28天耐压强度超过325kg/cm~3。这些结果可供工业性流化床设计时参考。     

组合约束型提升管出口气固分布器的压降

在一套组合约束型提升管冷态实验装置上,通过实验研究了不同操作条件下提升管出口气固分布器的压降,并与常规气体分布器压降进行了对比。实验结果表明,在零床层及有床层的操作模式下,气固分布器压降均随提升管内表观气速和颗粒循环强度的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较低时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较高时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而减小;随着开孔率及上部流化床层压降增加,气固分布器压降呈降低趋势,当流化床层压降达到一定程度后,分布器各孔方可实现有效布气,此后气固分布器压降趋于近似不变;在相同表观气速及开孔率下,气固分布器压降大于常规气体分布器压降。     

Flow pattern in a fluidized bed with a non-fluidized zone

The flow pattern of a fluidized bed with non-fluidized zones is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Experiments were carried out in such a way that air was introduced only through part of the distributor. The results show a significant amount of air flowing to the zone where no air is introduced. However, once the gas velocity exceeds the minimum fluidization velocity in the zone where the air is introduced, the cross-flow hardly changes upon further increase of the gas velocity. A continuity equation and Ergun's equation are used to describe the flow pattern and pressure distribution over the bed. Very good agreement between the experimental and calculated results is achieved without any fitting parameter. The results are relevant to the understanding of heat transfer behaviour of a fluidized bed combustor (FBC) that is only partly fluidized to control its load.     

THE EFFECTS OF DISTRIBUTOR DESIGN ON FLUIDIZED-BED HYDRODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR

should be addressed. The distributor was investigated for the purpose of design and scale up of large fluidized-bed combustors. Four orifice plates with different configurations were used to study the effect of distributor design on bubble formation and solid mixing. Experiments were carried out on a three-dimensional fluidized bed of 27.94 cm diameter and a two-dimensional bed with dimensions of 30.48cm ×1.27 cm. Motion pictures were used to study bubble formation and coalescence. Pressure profiles inside the three-dimensional bed were measured for several distributors to study bubble flow patterns, and tracer particles were used to study mixing patterns at various superficial velocities and particle sizes. The results show that the distributor plate with two-size orifices causes a non-uniform gas bubble flow inside the bed. This non-uniform gas bubble flow is associated with variations in local bed density and local voidage. Horizontal or radial solid circulation is also caused by this non-uniform gas bubble flow. The local bed density and voidage variations and the radial solid circulation cause the bubbles to move toward the area above the smaller orifices as the bubbles rise up and coalesce. This reduces the wall effect, and the bed is very uniformly fluidized when the two-size orifice plate with small holes in the center is employed.     

Effect of distributors on Gas—Solid Fluidization

The efficient operation of a fluidized bed is very much dependent upon distributor performance, which in turn depends on its design parameters. The work reported here deals with the characteristics of such distributors as are commonly employed in laboratories, pilot plant and large scale operations. Specifically a porous plate distributor, two bubble cap distributors of different geometries and four Johnson screen distibutors of different percent open area have been investigated in a 30.5 cm by 30.5 cm square fluidized bed as a function of air fluidizing velocity and bed height. The pressure drop data for all the distributors have been correlated by a single equation with two unknown constants. The ratio of distributor pressure drop to bed pressure drop is found to increase rapidly with increase in fluidization velocity. The bed expansion ratio is found to increase with increase in excess fluidization velocity and distributor pressure drop but decreases with increase in bed height or weight.     

The plug flow model for mass transfer in three-phase fluidized beds and bubble columns

The plug flow model (PFM), overwhelmingly used to describe mass transfer in bubble columns and three-phase fluidized beds, has never been critically tested. This study analyzes the PFM single parameter, K_La, to quantify mass transfer in the forementioned systems. Particular attention is paid to the mass transfer features of the zone near the distributor (grid zone) largely ignored until now. This study, carried out under the largest gas and liquid flow rates ever published, for similar types of systems, indicates the presence of two well defined mass transfer zones. These features invalidate, for design purposes, the use of the PFM. However, it still can be used as a qualitative mass transfer indicator. This has permitted a comparison between the mass transfer efficiency of bubble columns and three-phase fluidized beds with the conclusion that three-phase fluidized bed of 0.5 cm particles can compete successfully with bubble columns.