噬菌体

噬菌体是一类专门以细菌为寄生对象的生命体,它是特沃特(Twort)于1915年首先发现的,后来由D′Herelle命名。噬菌体的生活周期因种类不同而异,有些噬菌体生活周期较短,约20-30分钟;有些噬菌体生活周期较长,往往几小时甚至更长的时间;另有噬菌体(如丝状噬菌体)可连续地从寄主细胞内释出,并不随寄主细胞的死亡而消失。对于它生活周期主要阶段的发现是通过观察其寄主细胞而实现的。据研究,噬菌体生存的决定因素有两点:其一,赖以偶然吸附在寄主细胞上;其二,噬菌体的相对浓度。当其具备了以上条件而侵染细菌时,首先在细菌表面的特异部位上吸附,后由溶菌酶溶开一个孔洞,随之将噬菌     

丝状噬菌体与噬菌体展示技术

丝状噬菌体的利用,在分子生物学研究以及基因工程发展中起了重大作用[1]。丝状噬菌体作为载体具有多方面的巨大应用潜力。1985年Smith[2]到最先将外源基因插入丝状噬菌体fl的基因Ⅲ,使目的基因编码的多肽能以融合蛋白的形式展水在噬菌体表面,从而创建了噬菌体展示技术。噬菌     

猪链球菌的烈性噬菌体和前噬菌体

猪链球菌(Streptococcus suis,S.suis)是一种重要的人畜共患病病原,携带有前噬菌体。本文对猪链球菌的烈性噬菌体和前噬菌体的研究现状做了综述,主要包括猪链球菌烈性噬菌体的形态及功能;烈性噬菌体裂解酶的结构及功能;烈性噬菌体末端酶大亚基的活性;前噬菌体的比较基因组学、前噬菌体的裂解酶以及烈性噬菌体和溶原性噬菌体之间的相互转化,并对猪链球菌噬菌体与宿主的相互关系作了展望。     

噬菌体展示定位和噬菌体展示工程

噬菌体展示是指将外源基因克隆到丝状噬菌体ｆｄ染色体ＤＮＡ上,然后以融合白 形式展示了于噬菌体衣壳蛋白表面的技术。本文将概述丝状噬菌体展示技术的最新进展,特别是表位定位的原理及其应用,可包括以下三部分：１．比较几种不同噬菌体展示策略的技术原理;２．展示表位的重组噬菌体在诊断试剂上的开发价值;３．展示表位的重组噬菌体在疫备研究上的应用前景。     

丝状噬菌体

丝状噬菌体的分子生物学研究和应用是近年来发展较为突出的一个领域,它们具有丝杆状的形态,在分类中归属于丝杆噬菌体科(Inoviridae),内有两属,即丝状噬菌体属(Inovirus)和杆状噬菌体属(Plectrovirus)。这里所谈的丝状噬菌体隶属于丝状噬菌体属,包括感染大肠杆菌和其它肠道细菌、假单胞菌、弧菌和黄单胞菌的噬菌体。至今,研究较清楚     

前噬菌体

随着微生物基因组测序工作的广泛展开,前噬菌体在宿主菌基因组中普遍存在的事实已逐渐为人们所接受.相关研究工作的深入揭示前噬菌体并不只是细菌体内一个简单的寄生体,相反是细菌生理活动相当活跃的参与者,在宿主菌生命活动中发挥着重要的作用.对前噬菌体的深入了解将丰富人们对多种生命现象的认识.本文即是关于前噬菌体的分类、分布、鉴定、进化及其与宿主菌相互作用等知识点的一个简单综述.     

噬菌体特异性抗体对噬菌体治疗的影响

噬菌体治疗已成为当下防控泛耐药细菌感染的重要选择。噬菌体作为含有蛋白和核酸组分的病毒颗粒,经不同途径进入机体后,均能诱导机体产生特异性中和抗体。本文就噬菌体治疗过程中诱导机体产生的特异性中和抗体、抗体的产生规律、抗体是否影响噬菌体治疗疗效,以及可能克服抗体影响噬菌体治疗的方法等进行论述。噬菌体颗粒诱导特异性中和抗体的产生及血清抗噬菌体活性的水平与噬菌体的给予途径、类型和剂量、结构蛋白以及宿主的免疫状态、感染部位、治疗持续时间等均有关,且不同类型抗体产生时间和强度不同,均能中和噬菌体从而降低其杀菌效果。这提示在使用噬菌体治疗耐药细菌感染时,需要探索克服噬菌体中和抗体干扰的方法,或针对机体不同状态及感染类别制定相应的治疗策略,降低诱导机体产生噬菌体特异性中和抗体的风险,以获得最佳治疗效果。     

噬菌体治疗中细菌对噬菌体的抗性

抗生素治疗尽管有几十年有效治疗的历史,但随着越来越多耐/抗药性细菌的出现,细菌对抗生素的抗药性已成为一个大问题。噬菌体治疗是使用噬菌体作为抗菌剂来感染细菌株系,它一直是人们倡导的一个很有前途的常规抗生素治疗的替代方案。然而,由于细菌与噬菌体的协同进化中,细菌可以通过多种机制获得对噬菌体的抗性。因此,人们对噬菌体治疗抱有期望的同时,也关注噬菌体治疗长时间的使用之后,是否会与抗生素使用之后结果相类似,导致抗性细菌病原菌感染的治疗困难。综述了细菌-噬菌体协同进化中细菌病原菌对有感染能力的噬菌体是否会产生抗性,及其在噬菌体治疗中影响的争论,并展望了噬菌体治疗的潜在前景。     

Bacteriophage translocation

The occurrence of phages in the human body, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, raises the question of their potential role in the physiology and pathology of this system. Especially important is the issue of whether phages can pass the intestinal wall and migrate to lymph, peripheral blood, and internal organs and, if so, the effects such a phenomenon could have (such passage by bacteria, known as bacterial translocation, has been shown to cause various disturbances in humans, from immune defects to sepsis). Available data from the literature support the assumption that phage translocation can take place and may have some immunomodulatory effects. In addition, phages of the gut may play a protective role by inhibiting local immune reactions to antigens derived from gut flora.     

Bacteriophage genomics

The past three years have seen an escalation in the number of sequenced bacteriophage genomes with more than 500 now in the NCBI phage database, representing a more than threefold increase since 2005. These span at least 70 different bacterial hosts, with two-thirds of the sequenced genomes of phages representing only eight bacterial hosts. Three key features emerge from the comparative analysis of these genomes. First, they span a very high degree of genetic diversity, suggesting early evolutionary origins. Second, the genome architectures are mosaic, reflecting an unusually high degree of horizontal genetic exchange in their evolution. Third, phage genomes contain a very high proportion of novel genetic sequences of unknown function, and probably represent the largest reservoir of unexplored genes. With an estimated 10(31) bacterial and archael viruses in the biosphere, our view of the virosphere will draw into sharper focus as further bacteriophage genomes are characterized.     

Bacteriophage genomics

Comparative genomic studies of bacteriophages, especially the tailed phages, together with environmental studies, give a dramatic new picture of the size, genetic structure and dynamics of this population. Sequence comparisons reveal some of the detailed mechanisms by which these viruses evolve and influence the evolution of their bacterial and archaeal hosts. We see rampant horizontal exchange of sequences among genomes, mediated by both homologous and nonhomologous recombination. High frequency exchange among phages occupying similar ecological niches leads to a high degree of mosaic diversity in local populations. Horizontal exchange also takes place at lower frequency across the entire span of phage sequence space.