Parameters Affecting Energy Consumption for Producing High Carbon Ferromanganese in a Closed Submerged Arc Furnace

The power consumption is considered to be the most important factor affecting the production cost of fer romanganese alloy. Different parameters affecting the energy consumption for industrial production of high carbon ferromanganese HCFeMn were investigated in a closed submerged arc furnace. The analysis of industrial data revealed that the most energy consumed factors were the direct reduction by solid carbon, Boudouard reaction, metal and slag formation, and decomposition of fluxing materials （limestone and dolomite）. To reduce the energy con- sumption and minimize the energy losses in the production process of HCFeMn, it was recommended to use Mn blend with minimum Mn to Fe ratio of 6 and lower SiO2 content or higher basicity. The added coke must be adjusted according to the material balance to prevent the over-coke and to minimize the highly endothermic ＂Boudouard reac tion＂. In addition, it was recommended to work at basic slags with the ratio of （CaO＋MgO） to Si（）2 equal to 1.0- 1.2 instead of much higher slag basicity. Furthermore, the mass losses had to be minimized through adjusting the handling and charging process and to take care of all metal produced.     

低碳锰铁 FeMn 84C 0.4 氮化的实验研究

应用真空电阻炉高温渗氮、X射线衍射分析等实验测试方法，研究了粒度、温度、气相组成等因素对低碳锰铁氮化的影响。工业用气态氮作为渗氮气体的主要气相组成，可同时发生锰铁的氮化和氧化，生成 Mn4N 和 MnO 化合物；随渗氮温度的提高，锰氧化物的含量相应增高。渗氮气氛中配加氨气，使氮气的分压相应降低，平衡吸附浓度降低，渗氮试样的含氮量降低。     

微波场中高碳锰铁粉及固相脱碳物料的电磁性能

 碳酸钙粉热分解产生的CO2对高碳锰铁粉固相脱碳具有很好的脱碳作用,但脱碳过程中物料电磁性能的变化对微波加热的影响很大。 将高碳锰铁粉与碳酸钙粉按质量比1∶1均匀混合,在微波场中加热进行固相脱碳反应,脱碳温度分别为900、1000、1100、1200℃,且各保温脱碳60min。用矢量网络分析法测试试样的电磁性能。结果表明,高碳锰铁粉脱碳前后的电磁性能变化很大。脱碳物料的εr′在7.00~10.00范围内,εr″≈0.05。脱碳物料的μr′≈1.00,μr″≈0.00。温度为900和1200℃时,脱碳物料的电磁性能相近。高碳锰铁粉加热到1000和1100℃时,脱碳物料的tanδε和tanδμ最大,微波加热效果良好。     

高碳锰铁冶炼生产节能减排技术改进

为达到节能减排目的,针对云南省鹤庆锰业有限责任公司冶炼厂的特点,对电炉高碳锰铁生产的节能措施进行了探讨,针对设备选型和无熔剂生产工艺进行了实践,在提高成品率、节约能耗、无固废排放上取得了初步成果,同时简述了电炉炉衬、自焙电极等关键设备对节能的影响,对锰粉尘的回收和炉渣的综合利用作了探讨.     

Study on Oxygen Potential of Ferromanganese Melt during Desiliconization

Increasing basicity of flux and decreasing oxy-gen potential of ferromanganese melt are effectivemethods for desiliconization and protecting man-ganese of BF ferromanganese.In this paper,feasibleresearch is conducted by measuring oxygen potentialof ferromanganese with oxygen concentration cellused Zr O2 - Ca O solid electrolyte.The effects of con-tent of Fe2 O3and De- Si time on De- Si and oxygenpotential of ferromanganese are studied.The reac-tion controlling oxygen potential of ferroman…     

变形量对Cu—4Al合金再结晶激活能的影响

研究了变形量对Cu-4Al合金再结晶激活能的影响,根据公式G＝G0exp^(-Q/RT)计算出再结晶激活能（Q）。结果表明：Cu-4Al合金再结晶激活能随其变形量的增加而减小。     

简论锰铁高炉的技术改造

简述高碳锰铁市场竞争加剧，具备发展基本条件的高炉锰铁厂必须加快技术改造以增强市场竞争能力，提出了锰铁高炉技术改造的方针重点。     

Decarburization Thermodynamics of High-Carbon Ferromanganese Powders During Gas-Solid Fluidization Process

 Thermodynamic conditions of reactions between high-carbon ferromanganese powders and gas decarbonizers like O2, CO2 and water vapor were studied by thermodynamic calculation. In O2, CO2 and water vapor atmosphere, high-carbon ferromanganese powders were decarburized in a fluidized bed. When the temperature is respectively higher than 273, 1226 and 1312 K, the gas-solid decarburization reaction will occur between ferromanganese carbide on the surface of the high-carbon ferromanganese powders and different gas decarbonizers. Since metal manganese is easy to be oxidized by O2, CO2 or water vapor, the decarburization reaction will transfer into a solid-solid phase reaction of ferromanganese carbide and ferromanganese oxide, promoting external diffusion of carbon to achieve a further decarburization of high-carbon ferromanganese powders.     

Activation Energy for Superplastic Flow Above Critical Temperature of Die Steels

 Some commercial cold working die steels GCr15 and CrWMn with ultra fine grain size were chosen as tested materials to research the activation energy for superplastic flow at different temperatures and strain rates above critical temperature. Based on the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy for superplastic flow is evaluated. The activation energy at constant strain rate is estimated by the logσt vs 1/T relationship. The results show that the activation energy is usually small under the conditions of optimal flow. The characteristics of superplastic deformation of steels above the critical temperature were also analyzed.     

Oxide Inclusions in Ferromanganese and Its Influence on the Quality of Clean Steels

Low and medium carbon ferromanganese produced by oxygen decarburization process and electric silicothermic process was briefly introduced, and the quality of products by these two processes was analyzed. Results showed that the total oxygen content in medium carbon ferromanganese by electric silicothermic process in China, which ranged from 0.039% to 0.171%, was between those of the common and refined products by oxygen decarburization process outside of China. The increments of total oxygen content in liquid steel were estimated when ferromanganese was added for the purpose of Mn element adjustment at the end of smelting. Refined low and medium carbon ferromanganese, which had low total oxygen content, was recommended for composition adjustment of clean steels during final stage of a heat. It is possible that the inclusions in the ferromanganese alloy greatly influenced the quality of clean steel indirectly by affecting the amount, size and composition of inclusions in steel.     

1.5 mm铁碳合金薄带气-固反应脱碳研究

为了研究1.5 mm厚的铁碳合金薄带固态下的脱碳规律,试验以初始碳质量分数为3.2%,1.5 mm厚的铁碳合金薄带作为研究对象,通过在真空气氛脱碳炉内通入一定比例的Ar-H_2-H_2O混合气体营造出弱氧化性气氛,在保证铁基体不发生氧化的前提下,分别将试样加热到1 293、1 353、1 413 K保温脱碳10~50 min,以气-固反应的形式对薄带进行脱碳处理。试验结果表明:脱碳反应近似为一级反应,反应活化能为111.9 k J/mol;脱碳温度的高低对脱碳效果影响显著,拟合得出1.5 mm厚的薄带最终碳含量随时间变化的计算式为w_t=3.2e~((0.196 12-1.62×10~(-4)T)t)。     

锰铁熔体中磷和锰的热力学性质

通过１４００℃下Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ－Ｃ－Ｐ系中碳的溶解平衡实验，测定了该熔体中碳的溶解度，应用热力学理论计算出，，，并提出了适用于锰铁熔体中磷和锰的活度系数计算式     

Multi-Period Optimal Distribution Model of Energy Medium and Its Application

 A mathematical model of optimal energy medium distribution in steelmaking process is formulated. In this model, three kinds of important energy mediums including byproduct gases, steam and electricity are considered, and the objective function accounts for both the change of generation and consumption of the byproduct gases and the demand of low (or middle) pressure steam and electricity for each period to maximize the benefit of products cost and minimize the consumption of energy. The results indicate that the optimal distribution scheme of byproduct gases, middle pressure steam, low pressure steam and electricity is achieved and case study shows that 6% of operation cost is reduced by using the proposed model comparing with the previous model.     

CaO-SiO2-Na2O-CaF2-Al2O3-MgO渣系的粘性活化能

采用CaO-Si02-Na20-CaF2-Al2O3-MgO渣系，通过测定粘度和粘性活化能，建立二次回归正交设计模型，借此研究了粘性特征与碱度、Na20含量、CaF2含量、Al2O3含量及MgO含量之间的关系，为设计开发连铸保护渣提供了理论依据。研究结果表明，粘性活化能随着渣中碱度、Na2C03含量和CaF2含量的增加而减小；Al2O3和MgO对粘性活化能的影响与碱度密切相关。连铸保护渣的粘度和粘性活化能具有相似的变化规律。     

Control of Oxygen Potential and Its Effect on Dephosphorization of Ferromanganese

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新钢2号锰铁高炉长寿生产实践

对江西新余钢铁有限责任公司的2号锰铁高炉长寿技术进行了总结，并从精料、原燃料管理、高炉操作和调节、冷却制度的选择、新技术的引用等方面进行了探索，在延长锰铁高炉寿命的同时，取得了较好的技术经济指标。     

CO及CO-H_2气体还原铁氧化物反应表观活化能的评估

搜集并评估了用CO及COH2气体还原铁的各类氧化物的反应表观活化能。分析了反应动力学条件与机理和表观活化能的关系。得出:在气体内扩散、界面化学反应及固态铁离子扩散控速条件下,反应3CO(G) Fe2O3(S)→2Fe(S) 3CO2(G)的表观活化能分别为8.0～28.0kJmol,50.0～75.0kJmol及≥90.0kJmol,两个环节混合控速时的表观活化能则处于这两个环节分别控速时的表观活化能之间。界面化学反应控速时,用CO将Fe2O3还原为Fe3O4的表观活化能处于同一机理条件下将Fe2O3还原为Fe的表观活化能范围内;用COH2气体还原铁氧化物过程的表观活化能处于相应条件下,分别以CO,H2还原铁氧化物的表观活化能之间。     

锰铁高炉适用节能技术应用前景分析

根据高炉冶炼锰铁的基本原理对锰铁高炉应用喷煤、炉顶加粒煤、热管、富氧等适用节能技术的前景和可行性进行了有益的探讨,对锰铁高炉开发应用上述适用节能技术有积极的指导意义。     

浅谈高炉锰铁炉外脱磷技术

介绍了高炉锰铁炉外还原脱磷和炉外氧化脱磷技术，论述了高炉锰铁炉外脱磷的影响因素等。     

利用云南锰矿资源生产中碳锰铁的工业化实践

叙述了利用摇炉法应用云南锰矿生产中碳锰铁的工业化实践，它的成功有利于有效利用我省的高硅锰矿资源。