基于动态学习机制的MAS信任评价方法

为准确评价协作目标,在agent信任评价模型中引入动态学习机制。采用该机制,agent在协作中可以根据环境参数、历史交互信息动态调整信任评价方式,并且在模型中引入陌生人信誉,根据对陌生人熟悉度和可靠度的计算结果处理与陌生人的交互。实验表明,采用该机制,MAS在取得目标奖励的同时,可以动态选择信任评价方式,有效地对目标agent进行评价。     

P2P环境下基于历史及推荐的信任模型*

提出了一种新的peer-to-peer网络环境信任模型.明确区分了交易信誉和推荐信誉,不是简单地将交易信誉迭代作为推荐信誉,而是通过推荐偏移量来计算推荐信誉,并通过动态平衡自身历史经验和他人推荐信誉来计算节点的综合信任值,最后给出了模型的实现协议及仿真实验.实验结果表明,该模型计算更逼近真实值,且能抵抗恶意的联合攻击、动态策略型攻击等安全威胁,具有良好的性能.     

开放多Agent系统的一个信任信誉系统模型

信任和信誉对于开放多Agent系统的有效交互是十分重要的.FIRE模型是最近提出的适用于开放环境下问题求解的信任信誉系统模型中的一种,在该模型中没有考虑消费者的个性特征,从而使得消费者给出的评分仅直接反映了提供者的服务质量,这就减弱了该模型的实用价值.提出了扩展模型E-FIRE,引入了消费者的个性特征.其个性特征包括两个方面:消费者对服务质量的预期和消费者采取的态度.这两方面共同影响消费者对待同一服务的评分.因此,消费者的评分不再只反映提供者的服务质量,这样使得该模型更加符合实际情况.同时,在消费者为选择提供者而计算提供者的综合信任评分时,更多地依靠提供证据的消费者对提供者的直接信任,从而减少了Agent 间的通信量.实验结果表明,在交互次数较少时,E-FIRE模型的性能与FIRE模型的性能相当;随着交互次数的增多,E-FIRE模型的性能更优.     

基于多因素的信任计算模型研究

电子商务市场是一个信息不对称的市场,迫切需要对该环境中参与者的可信度和服务能力进行判断。信任和信誉管理为交易双方提供了一个互相了解的平台,成为研究焦点。研究了电子商务中的信任问题,探讨电子商务的信任和信誉概念,结合当前信任和信誉计算不足,提出了一种基于多因素用户信任计算模型。     

开放网格环境下动态信任模型研究

随着大规模分布式系统研究的深入,开放网络环境下的动态信任管理成为一个突出问题,通过分析动态环境信任关系的特点,借助模糊逻辑知识,给出了一个分布环境的动态信任评估模型。该模型充分考虑了信任的模糊性与主观性,运用模糊逻辑的方法来得到结点的直接信任值,同时对动态环境下全局信誉的迭代计算,通过增加推荐结点信息表来控制其计算效率。     

服务计算环境下的信任评估模型

分析了传统信任评估模型,论述了基于信任的扩展SOA模型和信任建模方法,根据第三方代理的推荐信誉看法和团体信誉看法,提出了一种新的服务计算信任评估安全模型(SOC-TrustSM)。SOC-TrustSM在传统信任评估模型的基础上,引入了第一手、第二手、第三手的推荐信誉看法及团体信誉看法,能够较准确地获得服务计算环境下获信代理的信任值,可以有效地抵御代理间的恶意推荐行为。     

普适计算环境下信任管理模型的研究

普适计算环境下,各种资源、设备、应用以及环境均是高度动态变化的,因此如何衡量实体间的信任关系成为了一个十分重要的问题.传统的安全和认证方法基于可信第三方,而在动态的普适计算环境下,可信第三方的设置是不现实的,也是不可行的.基于以上问题,提出了一个新的普适计算信任管理模型,该模型集成了信誉和风险分析机制,考虑了多种相关因素,可以有效建立和度量各实体间的信任关系.相关仿真结果证明,该模型是行之有效的.     

一种信任增强的Web服务综合评估模型

基于信任的网络交易业务日益增多,然而Web服务环境下的信任评估模型还不健全,存在Web服务请求方身份不明、信任度量因素考虑不周全及信任评估主观性强等问题。针对上述问题,提出了一种Web服务环境下信任增强的综合评估模型——WS-TECEM（Trust Enhanced Comprehensive Evaluation Model for Web Services）。WS-TECEM在传统模型的基础上,引入信任关系强度、第一手、第二手、第三手信誉看法及第三方信誉推荐者的可信度等思想,提出一种信任粒度更细、信任指数更强的评估模型,仿真实验表明,WS-TECEM能更全面、更准确地度量Web服务环境下交互双方的可信度。     

基于信誉和风险评估的动态信任模型研究

网格环境中的信任问题是网格计算发展过程中必须解决的一个重要问题。网格节点间的行为信任具有动态性和不确定性。文章综合考虑了信任度评估的动态性和风险性,提出一种新的基于信誉和风险评估的动态信任模型。该模型引入惩罚机制、风险机制和推荐节点信任度更新机制,以评估信任关系的复杂性。仿真结果表明,该模型在有效抑制恶意节点上较已有模型有一定的改进。     

多Agent系统中信任和信誉系统研究综述

MAS环境同人类社会类似,充斥着大量不确定因素,因此,在MAS环境中引入信任来解决合作与交互问题具有重要意义.信任通常来源于直接信任和信誉两种途径,信誉系统是用于支持信任评价的机制.信誉系统的研究范围分为个体层和系统层两个层次,信誉系统的研究工作更关注个体层,信任的评价要符合准确性等特点.信誉系统中信任的表示一般采用基于认知观点和数值观点的方法.信誉系统采用集中式、分布式和混合式3种体系结构,各种模型都需要明确信任表示、传播与汇总的方法.目前两个较为成功的分布式多Agent信誉系统是ReGreT和FIRE.信息不精确的问题是信誉系统中的基本问题,也是一个迫切需要深入研究的课题,信誉系统研究中的一个突出问题是尚无公认的测试平台,Agent信誉和信任测试床(ART)项目作了有益的探索,在上述评述的基础上,可以在新模型和机制的构建、现有模型改进和完善、测试平台的研究和开发等方面有待进一步开展工作·     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).