Perfluorooctane sulphonate in raw and drinking water sources in the United Kingdom

There has been increasing interest in the widely used perfluorinated chemicals such as perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS). PFOS has been shown to be toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative in the environment and is a focus for restriction within the European Union. Limited monitoring data, especially in the United Kingdom, are available for PFOS in environmental waters, and even less for its detection in drinking water. Data available in the United Kingdom indicate that PFOS contamination of environmental waters has only occurred following specific incidents. Monitoring of 20 raw and treated drinking water sites in England, covering four seasonal periods, showed that PFOS is not a widespread background contaminant of raw and treated drinking water in England. Low levels of PFOS (0.012–0.208 μg/L) were detected at four specific sites, which were at a higher risk for contamination. At three of these sites, where PFOS was detected in both raw and final drinking water, treatment processes [chlorination, ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC)] did not appear to remove PFOS. The findings of this work are pertinent to risk assessments now required by the drinking water quality regulations.     

River-Channel Changes in England and Wales

An investigation of the literature on river-channel changes in the UK reveals that the rate and extent of changes is much higher than was previously thought. In order to assess how widespread these changes are, and whether the rates and types of changes are typical, an historical survey has been carried out of the streams which drain the upland areas of England and Wales. This survey involved the comparison of Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 maps from approximately 1870 and 1950, and revealed that almost 35% of the rivers draining upland England have shown some pattern instability during this period.
Great variety exists both in the types of channel planform changes and their extent: several rivers possess short isolated reaches of change separated by stable sections. This suggests the operation of thresholds of channel stability, and further research aims to identify these in terms of specific factors and conditions.     

英格兰和威尔士的水务监管体系

介绍了英格兰和威尔士的水务私有化发展状况，及与之配套的水务监管架构、监管职能、价格帽激励机制以及全面绩效评价体系的概况。     

Application of an aerial catchment monitoring methodology to assist the development of drinking water safety plans

Risk-based management approaches for safeguarding the quality of public water supply, as strongly endorsed by the World Health Organisation and the Drinking Water Inspectorate, place greater emphasis on the importance of water companies knowing their catchments and their associated risks. Because of their often vast extent, and problems relating to access, it has always been a challenge for water companies to gather reliable data relating to catchment landuse and to monitor catchment activities. This paper presents a methodology that was used successfully within Cambridge Water to gain more knowledge about landuse within its catchments by chartering a helicopter and systematically photographing them. The method used is described, the results are shown and the strengths and the weaknesses of the approach are considered.     

大丰市自来水公司原水水质自动监测系统介绍

为了实时、准确地监测通榆河的水质及其变化状况,提供实时水质监测数据及预警信息,以便及时启动应急预案,大丰市自来水有限公司建立了原水水质自动监测系统。通过利用先进的水质在线分析仪器,采用数据采集、通讯传输、远程监控等技术,实现了实时监测原水水质,并通过多种远程通讯方式将数据传输至中控室及各级数据共享终端,满足了供水安全保障的需求。     

Health risk related to the presence of metals in drinking water from different types of sources

The aim of the paper is to assess health risk related to the exposure of people to contact with water contaminated with chosen metals, via ingestion and dermal routes. The results of analyses performed in 2012–2017 using water samples collected from a surface water intake point on the Dunajec, from infiltration wells and samples of treated water supplied to the water distribution system were used as the basis for calculations. Exposure assessment was performed for children and adults. It was demonstrated that treated water supplied directly into the water distribution system had superior parameters. In the case of adults, the calculated HI values were two or three times higher than for children over the entire analysed period in all three risk assessment scenarios. Health risk resulting from the presence of metals in water is mostly related to the ingestion exposure route. Dermal contact does not produce a considerable risk.     

氟化物在我国饮用水水源和饮用水中的分布调查及健康影响

综述了氟化物和人体健康的关系，以及世界各国和地区饮用水中氟化物浓度标准限值的规定，分析了我国不同类型、不同地区、不同流域的水源水和出厂水中的氟化物浓度的分布、超标、超检（检出并超过标准值的50％）和检出情况，并针对这些分析结果提出了关于标准限值的修订及今后进一步研究的方向。     

扬水曝气技术改善城市供水原水水质的实践

通过分析引黄工程原水水质污染的原因及其危害,提出采用扬水曝气技术改善水质的方法,就扬水曝气器作用、设计参数、扬水曝气器布置及相关配套设备作了论述,实践证明了扬水曝气技术的可行性。     

饮用水除氟技术的现状及进展

基于近年来除氟方法的研究进展，综述了近年来国内饮用水除氟方法，如混凝沉降法、吸附法、电凝聚法、电渗析法、反渗透法、离子交换法等，同时讨论了各种除氟方法的机理及进展，以促进饮用水除氟技术的发展。     

饮用水的臭氧氧化技术

通过介绍臭氧在饮用水处理中的应用，分析了臭氧处理系统的功能及其与污染物的反应机理。臭氧氧化技术与其他处理方法的联用在给水深度净化领域有十分广阔的应用前景。     

Potential impact of chlorination of Sandy bottom swimming areas on drinking water sources

The concentrations of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, disinfection by‐products (DBPs) of chlorine, were measured in sandy bottom swimming areas to determine their potential impact on surface and ground water that are sources of drinking water. Total trihalomethanes and individual haloacetic acid concentrations in several swimming area samples were higher than the drinking water standards (current and proposed). Individual trihalomethanes (except bromoform) also exceeded ground and surface water release standards. No release standard exists for haloacetic acids. The DBPs, while exceeding standards, would be diluted by the ground water and microbially degraded prior to reaching the drinking water plant. So while DBPs from swimming areas contributed to groundwater concentrations, the current drinking water standards could still be met using source waters impacted by chlorinated swimming areas. It is suggested, though, that any release of chlorinated DBPs to surface and ground water be minimized to obtain the highest quality water sources for drinking water.     

杭州市管道直饮水的现状及前景分析

分析了目前国内直接饮用水的现状。介绍了杭州地区直饮水发展成果，通过比较分析得出适合杭州现状的供应模式，最后展望了杭州未来直饮水的前景，以使杭州市供水满足要求。     

臭氧-生物活性炭技术在饮用水处理中的应用

介绍了臭氧—生物活性炭技术的基本原理以及目前国内对该技术的研究情况,在此基础上,详细概括了臭氧—生物活性炭技术对饮用水处理后的效果,最后提出了臭氧—生物活性炭工艺当前所存在的一些问题。     

饮用水除嗅味技术的研究进展

介绍了饮用水中致嗅味物质的种类及来源,概括了国内外对饮用水中嗅味控制技术的研究进展,总结了氧化预处理、吸附预处理、生物处理等技术法对饮用水嗅味的去除效果,对今后自来水厂生产饮用水的工艺改进具有指导意义。     

饮用水中动物性污染物及去除工艺的研究进展

通过收集整理国内外针对动物性污染物的报道及相关研究,总结了常见动物性污染物的分类、去除方法等内容,为今后此类问题的进一步研究奠定基础和提供借鉴。     

某大厦管道直饮水系统设计工程

结合工程实例,介绍了以纳滤为主的办公大厦直饮水系统的工艺流程,并对其性能进行了分析.运行结果表明:出水水质达到健康引水要求,口感好,整个工艺系统运行稳定、效果良好.     

臭氧预氧化技术在给水处理中的研究进展

介绍了臭氧预氧化技术在饮用水处理中的应用,包括臭氧预氧化助凝,臭氧预氧化改善浊度、色度、嗅味等感官指标,臭氧预氧化去除无机、有机污染物,臭氧预氧化对致病微生物、藻类、消毒副产物等的处理效果,以及臭氧预氧化在强化常规处理工艺过程中起到的作用。表明臭氧具有多方面的除污染效能,对给水处理工艺的发展和饮用水水质的提升有显著促进作用。同时也提出了存在的一些问题,便于今后的研究和应用中进一步改进和完善。     

微污染水源水传统处理工艺的强化措施

分析了我国目前水资源污染现状、主要危害及微污染水源水水质特点,结合我国国情及常规处理工艺的特点,探讨了强化混凝、强化沉淀和强化过滤、强化消毒去除水中有机物的净化机理。     

饮用水消毒剂及无机消毒副产物浅析

介绍了常用的消毒剂和消毒手段，对氯气、二氧化氯、氯胺臭氧等消毒剂逐一进行了阐述，指出对于供水企业，选择适当的消毒剂与消毒工艺，提供优质饮用水是该企业的宗旨与目标。     

人工湿地预处理微污染原水的脱氮除磷性能研究

分别采用推流式潜流湿地、往复流式潜流湿地、芦苇床表流湿地、蒲草床表流湿地四种人工湿地对微污染原水进行预处理,对比研究了四种人工湿地对总氮、氨氮、硝态氮及总磷的去除效果。结果表明,蒲草床表流湿地对总氮具有较高的去除率,在夏季和秋季去除率基本保持在60％～90％之间,四种湿地对总磷的去除率既不明显也不稳定。