Effect of uniform heat flux on stress distribution around a triangular hole in anisotropic infinite plates

The presence of a hole in an anisotropic plate under uniform heat flux causes thermal stress around the hole. In this study, on the basis of two-dimensional thermoelastic theory and using Lekhnitskii’s complex variable technique, the stress analysis of an anisotropic infinite plate with a circular hole under a uniform heat flux is developed to the plate containing a triangular hole. For this purpose, an infinite plate containing a triangular hole is mapped to the outside of a unit circle using a conformal mapping function. Stress and displacement distributions around the triangular holes in an anisotropic infinite plate are investigated in thermal steady-state condition. The plate is under uniform heat flux at infinity and Neumann boundary conditions and thermal-insulated condition on the hole boundary are considered. The rotation angle of the hole, fiber angle, the angle of heat flux, bluntness, and the aspect ratio of hole size are investigated in the present study. The accuracy of the analytical results is also confirmed by finite element analysis.     

Study of the effective parameters on stress distribution around triangular hole in metallic plates subjected to uniform heat flux

On the basis of the steady-state two-dimensional theory of thermoelasticity, stress field around a triangular hole in an infinite isotropic plate is discussed. A metallic plate subjected to uniform heat flux and thermal-insulated condition along the hole boundary is assumed. The method used for this study is the expansion of Goodier and Florence's method. They used the complex variable method for stress analysis of infinite isotropic plates with an elliptical or circular hole. The rotation angle of the hole, bluntness, aspect ratio of hole size, and angle of heat flux are important parameters considered in this paper.     

Pressure of Newtonian fluid flow through curved pipes and elbows

Under conditions of high temperature and high pressure, the non-uniformity of pressure loads has intensified the stress concentration which impacts the safety of curved pipes and elbows. This paper focuses on the pressure distribution and flow characteristic in a curved 90 o bend pipe with circular cross-sections, which are widely used in industrial applications. These flow and pressure characteristics in curved bend pipes have been researched by employing numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. Based on the dimensionless analysis method a formula for the pressure of Newtonian fluid flow through the elbow pipes is deduced. Also the pressure distributions of several elbows with different curvature ratio R/D are obtained by numerical methods. The influence of these non-dimensional parameters such as non-dimensional curvature ratio, Reynolds number and non-dimensional axial angle α and circumferential angle β on the pressure distribution in elbow pipes is discussed in detail. A number of important results have been achieved. This paper provides theoretical and numerical methods to understand the mechanical property of fluid flow in elbow pipes, to analyze the stress and to design the wall thickness of elbow pipes.     

内/外交叉孔喷嘴内部和近场流动特性的试验

为认识内/外交叉孔喷嘴的内部空穴流动和近场喷雾特性,采用常规圆孔、外交叉孔和内交叉孔三种孔型的喷嘴在不同喷射压力、子喷孔交叉角度及出口中心距下进行了比例放大的喷嘴内部流动与喷雾近场可视化试验。试验结果表明:不同于圆形喷孔的近轴对称射流,内/外交叉孔喷嘴由于燃油的内/外部碰撞冲击作用,射流主要在与两个子喷孔中心线所处平面正交的平面(扩散面)上径向扩散,形成扇形射流。外交叉孔喷嘴喷雾扩散最为显著,其在扩散面上的液滴分散到喷嘴以下180°范围内,内交叉孔喷嘴扩散次之,两者扩散效果均远强于常规圆孔。此外,随喷射压力的提高,常规圆孔喷嘴在0.30MPa左右产生空穴,并迅速发展为水力柱塞流状态;外交叉孔喷嘴也在0.30MPa左右产生空穴,并逐渐发展至喷孔出口附近,但至1.0MPa也未出现水力柱塞流状态;内交叉孔喷嘴内始终无空穴产生。     

Shape optimisation of axisymmetric cylindrical nozzles in spherical pressure vessels subject to stress constraints

In this study, optimal shapes of intersecting pressure vessels are sought using a novel topology/shape optimisation method, called Metamorphic Development (MD). An industrial benchmark design problem of finding the optimal profile of variable thickness that connects a spherical shell pressure vessel to a cylindrical nozzle is considered. Two types of intersecting structures, distinguished by flush and protruding nozzles, are investigated. The optimum profiles of minimum mass intersecting structures are found by growing and degenerating simple initial structures subject to stress constraints. The optimisation seeks to eliminate the stress peaks caused by the opening. The optimised structures are developed metamorphically in specified infinite design domains using both rectangular and triangular axisymmetric finite elements that are ideally suited for modelling continua with curved boundaries. It is shown that the design with a protruding nozzle would produce a better stress distribution than the design with a flush nozzle. The results demonstrate the success of the method in generating suitable, practical solutions to the design problem.     

ASME法规中筒体壁厚计算不同方法的合理选用

在对ASME法规开孔筒体强度计算中的减弱系数法和开孔补强法进行对比分析的基础上,得出了当筒体开孔节距小于或等于补强有效范围时,采用开孔补强法求得了筒体壁厚较小;当前者大于后者时,采用减弱系数法求得了筒体壁厚较小的结论。指出根据筒体结构的不同特点,合理选用法规中的相应计算方法,可以使设计的产品既保证安全又节省材料。还给出了作为上述结论论据的例题。     

Effect of hole configurations on film cooling performance

This study aims to investigate the cooling performance of various film cooling holes, including combined hole, cylinder hole, conical hole, and fan-shaped hole. For film cooling technology, a novel combined hole configuration is first proposed to improve the cooling protection for gas turbine engines. This combined hole consists of a central cylinder hole (an inclination angle of 35°) and two additional side holes (a lateral diffusion angle of 30°). Film holes for four-hole configurations have the same inlet diameter of 8?mm. The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness for each hole configuration is analyzed for varying blowing ratios (M?=?0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0). Results show that the best cooling performance for the conical and fan-shaped holes is obtained at the blowing ratio of 0.75. In addition, the combined hole configuration provides a more uniform cooling protection and a better cooling performance than the other hole configurations.     

Flow visualization and film cooling effectiveness measurements around shaped holes with compound angle orientations

Experimental results are presented which describe film cooling performance around shaped holes with compound angle orientations. The shaped hole has a 15° forward expansion with an inclination angle of 35°, but the orientation angles vary from 0° to 30° and 60°. The blowing ratios considered are 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0. Flow visualizations are performed using an aerosol seeding method for single enlarged shaped hole to investigate the interaction between the mainstream and the injectant at the hole exit plane. The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness distributions are measured for a single row of seven shaped holes using the thermochromic liquid crystal technique. Flow visualization reveals the occurrence of hot crossflow ingestion into the film hole at the hole exit plane at a large orientation angle such as 60°. Shaped holes with simple angle injection do not provide substantial improvement in the film cooling performance compared to round holes. However, shaped holes with compound angle injection exhibit improved film cooling effectiveness up to 55% in comparison with round hole data at high blowing ratios.     

Effects of Different Fin Spacings on the Nusselt Number and Reynolds Number in Perforated Finned Heat Exchangers

In this study, the effect of holes placed on perforated finned heat exchangers on convective heat transfer was experimentally investigated. Six-millimeter-diameter holes were opened on each circular fin on a heating tube in order to increase convective heat transfer. These holes were placed on the circular fins in such a way as to follow each other at the same chosen angle. The holes created turbulence in a region near the heating tube surface on the bottom of the fin. Experiments were then performed to analyze the effect of this turbulence on heat transfer and pressure drop. These experiments were carried out at five different fin spacings at the angular locations of 30° and 60° in order to determine the optimum fin spacing. Moreover, further experiments were carried out for counterflow and parallel-flow arrangements to determine the effects of the flow directions of the heating fluid and heated fluid. Results show an increase in Nusselt number with increasing modified Reynolds number. In addition, when different fin spacing to heating tube external diameter ratios were examined, at a ratio of 0.414 and angular locations of 30° and 60°, 11% and 8.6% increase in heat transfer were obtained, respectively, for parallel-flow arrangement compared to counterflow. For parallel flow, pressure drop values were 3.5% and 3.8% lower at 30° and 60°, respectively.     

Numerical study on the flow characteristics of pressurized hydrogen leaking into the confined space through different shaped orifices

The safety concerns associated with accidental hydrogen leakage remain a challenge. Although numerous studies have been carried out on the flow behavior of compressed hydrogen leaking in unconfined spaces, the knowledge of the flow characteristics when it leaks into confined spaces through irregular holes is lacking. Therefore, this study uses the three-dimensional Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) model to simulate high-pressure hydrogen leakage in a confined space. Effects of the leakage hole shape on the flow features are investigated, including the circle, square, and triangle with the same equivalent area. Results indicate that the Mach disk shows circular, hexagonal, and octagonal shapes depending on the leakage port geometry. When the leak hole shape is square and triangular, the distribution of pressure waves deflects 45° and 60° near the hole, respectively. It means that non-circular holes affect the pressure distribution after hydrogen leakage. In addition, changing the shape of the leak hole results in a difference in hydrogen jet morphology. Compared to circular jets, in square and triangular jets, the jet boundary narrows along the diagonal plane and the gravity plane, respectively. It indicates that leakage ports with sharp corners can complicate the flow. Therefore, it is essential to consider the influence of the leakage port shape when performing a risk assessment of high-pressure hydrogen leaks in confined spaces.     

On a Thermodynamic Theory of Porous Cosserat Elastic Shells

This paper presents a theory for porous thermoelastic shells using the model of Cosserat surfaces and the Nunziato–Cowin theory for materials with voids. To describe the porosity of the thin body, we introduce two scalar fields: one field accounts for the changes in volume fraction along the middle surface of the shell, and the other field characterizes the porosity variations along the shell's thickness. First, we postulate the principles of thermodynamics for these two-dimensional continua and we obtain the equations of the nonlinear theory. Then, we consider the linearized theory and prove the uniqueness of solution to the boundary initial value problem with no definiteness assumption on the constitutive coefficients. Finally, we consider the deformation of isotropic and homogeneous shells and determine the constitutive coefficients for Cosserat surfaces, by comparison with the results obtained from the three-dimensional approach to shell theory.     

Forced convection heat transfer and pressure drop for a horizontal cylinder with vertically attached imperforate and perforated circular fins

In this study, the effect of holes placed on perforated finned heat exchangers on convective heat transfer experimentally investigated. Six millimeter-diameter holes were opened on each circular fin on a heating tube in order to increase convective heat transfer. These holes were placed on the circular fins in such a way as to follow each other at the same chosen angle. The holes created turbulence in a region near the heating tube surface on the bottom of the fin. Some experiments were then performed to analyze the effect of this turbulence on heat transfer and pressure drop. These experiments were carried out at six different angular locations in order to determine the best angular location. In addition, a perforated finned heater was compared with an imperforate finned heater to observe the differences. In the cases of the Re above the critical value, Nusselt numbers for the perforated finned positions are 12% higher than the Nusselt numbers for the imperforate state. Moreover, a correlation has been obtained between the Re and Nu in the Re number above the critical value and the Re below the critical value. Meanwhile, correlations regarding pressure drops in the flow areas have been obtained.     

Stress analysis of the multiple circular holes with the rhombic array using alternating method

This paper presents the alternating method to study the stress distributions of the multiple circular holes with the rhombic pattern in the infinite domain. For the purposes of the efficiency and simplicity, one must use an analytical solution for a single circular hole in an infinite domain, subjected to the arbitrary traction on the circle boundary. Then, the analytical solution correlates with a successive iterative superposition process capable of satisfying the prescribed boundary conditions in the plane problems with the multiple holes. Comparisons between the solutions of the present procedure and the conventional boundary element technique demonstrate the accuracy and the advantages. Effects of the number of holes and the spaces on the stress concentration factors also are evaluated in detail herein.     

Fracture of FRP plates containing notches or a circular hole under tension

A fracture criteria based on the concept of linear-notch mechanics (LNM) for predicting the tensile strength of composite laminates containing stress concentrations is subjected to further experimental scrutinization. An experimental program is presented which examines the effect of notch-root radius and the hole-size effect on the fracture of the FRP plates. This is accomplished by obtaining experimental data on a glass-fiber/epoxy laminate containing notches or through-the-thickness circular holes for a wide range of sizes. The experiment shows that the maximum elastic stress at the notch root or at the edge of the hole when the specimen fails is governed by the notch-root radius or the hole size. On the basis of the concept of LNM, the experimental results can be clearly explained, and the limiting condition for the fracture of FRP plates containing notches or a circular hole is determined.     

Containment capsule stresses for encapsulated phase change materials

The encapsulation of a phase change material to store thermal energy is considered here for concentrated solar power systems. The stress distribution in a spherical nickel shell of 250 μ thickness formed around a ball of zinc by the electroless deposition process and a stainless steel cylindrical shell containing zinc are considered. The effect of external forces and imperfections within the shell structure that could affect the deformation are also modeled. The aim of the simulations performed is to establish a suitable thickness for the encapsulating material. It is concluded that while the shell can deform and safely withstand the anticipated expansion of the zinc, the added effects from point loads caused by the weight of the surrounding encapsulated capsules and other possible imperfections in the capsule structure could cause failure. A three-dimensional finite element model is used to establish the stresses in cylinders of different aspect ratio caused by the expansion of zinc as it melts inside of the encapsulation. The amount of void space that must be left inside of the capsule, so that the expansion of the zinc during phase change and the increase in gas pressure inside of the vessel will not cause failure of the shell, is determined from simulations. Results indicate that the cylinder with welded ends could easily contain up to 86% of the initial volume full of zinc with only a very small amount of plastic deformation, less than 0.5% strain, corresponding to an internal pressure of 2.03 MPa.     

Parallel technique of tube to tubeplate welding applied to plugging of heat exchangers

A brief review of the explosive welding of tubes to tubeplates and of the plugging of heat exchangers is given. The problem of designing a plug for plugging the 1·625 in diameter holes in the reheater of the advanced gas-cooled reactor are discussed and the detailed design of the plug is shown. Results of plugging a five hole simulation tubeplate are given.It is concluded that a satisfactory plug design has been achieved which allows welding of plugs in adjoining holes despite the distortion in these holes after one or more plugs have been welded in position. There remains the problem of providing a shield around the plug being welded to collect debris so as to avoid particles becoming embedded in the wall of the header, and also to reduce the pressure felt by the header. Initial work indicates that this is not an insuperable problem.     

月牙肋钢岔管与贴边钢岔管联合受力有限元优化分析

在"Y"型钢岔管旁接一个超压泄压贴边钢岔管进行有限元优化分析时,需采用单管受力计算或联合受力计算,才能确保所选管壁厚度满足现行规范要求。通过三维有限元计算对比联合受力分析与单体受力分析结果,以及超压泄压贴边钢岔管开孔位置对管壁整体应力的影响,找出最不利的受力计算方案及最合适的开孔位置。结果表明,联合计算贴边钢岔管应力大于单独计算时的应力,且开孔设置在第二管节最合理;类似开孔距离及管与管之间距离在2~3倍管节时有必要进行联合受力及开孔位置优选计算。这为钢岔管优化设计提供了借鉴。     

Multi-Objective Optimization of a Row of Film Cooling Holes Using an Evolutionary Algorithm and Surrogate Modeling

Multi-objective shape optimization of a row of laidback fan-shaped film cooling holes has been performed using a hybrid multi-objective evolutionary approach in order to achieve an acceptable compromise between two competing objectives: the enhancement of film cooling effectiveness and the reduction of aerodynamic loss. In order to perform comprehensive optimization of a film cooling hole shape, the injection angle of the hole, lateral expansion angle of the diffuser, forward expansion angle of the hole, and pitch-to-hole diameter ratio are chosen as design variables. Forty experimental designs within the design spaces are selected using the Latin hypercube sampling method. The response surface approximation method is used to construct the surrogate using objective function values calculated at the experimental points using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes analysis. The shear stress transport turbulence model is used as a turbulence closure. The optimization results are processed using the Pareto-optimal method. The Pareto-optimal solutions are obtained using a combination of a evolutionary algorithm and a local search method. The optimum designs are grouped using the k-means clustering technique, and the three optimal points selected in the Pareto-optimal solutions are evaluated by numerical analysis. The optimum designs give enhanced objective function values compared to the experimental designs.     

APPLICATION OF AN ALTERNATING METHOD TO THE THERMOELASTIC PROBLEMS WITH MULTIPLE CIRCULAR HOLES IN AN INFINITE DOMAIN

This paper presents a new efficient procedure to analyze the thermoelastic problems with multiple circular holes in two-dimensional infinite domain using an alternating method. To achieve this purpose, the analytical solutions including the temperature and associated thermal stress for the arbitrary heat flux across the single circular hole boundary in an infinite domain are first derived. Both the temperature and thermal stress fields in the thermal problems are simultaneously solved by these analytical solutions with the successive iterative superposition process. Compared with the solution of the conventional finite-element technique, the present method has been more accurate and has more advantages. Effects of the distributions and sizes of the holes on the stress concentration in the thermal problems also are evaluated in detail herein.     

On asymptotic solutions for thin-walled ellipsoidal shell heads in pressure vessels with a circular hole under transverse force P0 and moment M0

According to the classical shell theory based on the Love-Kirchhoff assumptions, the second-order asymptotic solutions are given for thin-walled ellipsoidal shell heads in pressure vessels with a circular hole under transverse force P₀ and moment M₀. The errors that result are within the margins allowed in the classical shell theory based on the Love-Kirchhoff assumptions.