金铁锁的三萜化合物

金铁锁(Psammosilene tunicoides W.C.Wu et C.Y.Wu)为石竹科金铁锁属植物,该属仅此一种,特产于我国西南部,是云南民间重要药用植物,常用于止血止痛,活血祛瘀等。其根部富含皂甙,有镇痛、抗炎和抑菌等生理活性。我们将金铁锁根总皂甙用酸水解后分离到多种皂甙元成分,本文报告其中六个皂甙元的分离和结构鉴定,它们均为齐墩果烷型五环三萜化合物。     

金铁锁总皂甙的药理研究

金铁锁为石竹科金铁锁属植物,学名Psammosilene tunicoides W.C.Wu et C.Y.Wu,别名麻参、昆明沙参、独丁子、蜈松七、白马分鬃、金丝矮陀陀等。滇南本草记载:“金铁锁、味辛辣、性大温、有小毒、吃之令人多吐。专治面寒疼、胃气心气痛。攻疮痈排脓。”民间以其根配方用于外伤止血及铁打损伤、风湿疼痛及胃痛。贵州省中医研究所曾报导金铁锁乙醇提取物在小鼠实验中有镇痛作用。经中国科学院昆明植物研究所植物化学研究室分析,金铁锁根部主要含五环三萜皂甙,水解所得甙元主     

厚叶美登木的新三萜成分

云南厚叶美登木(Maytenus orbiculata C.Y.Wu)其化学成份尚无报道,作者分离得的化合物A,是从植物中首次发现的新三萜成分。 化合物A,白色羽状针形结晶,mp 230—231℃,IR 3330,1650cm~(-1)处示有羟基及双键,PMR谱显示为有六个叔甲基的羽扇醇型(Lupeol)结构,在δ3.22(1H,m)     

空心莲子草中具杀灭钉螺活性皂甙成分的研究

从空心莲子草全草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)的水溶性部位分离鉴定出五个五环三萜及去甲三萜皂甙类成分(1～5).其中两个皂甙(2和5)显示出强的杀灭钉螺活性.化合物2～5为首次从该属植物中发现.     

粗枝崖摩中一个新的三萜

从粗枝崖摩(Amoora dasyclada (How et T.Chen)C.Y.Wu)中分离到5个化合物.通过波谱方法鉴定为:24,25-epoxy-tirucall-7-ene-3,23-dione(1),24,25,26,27-tetranortirucall-7-ene-3-oxo-23(21)-lactone(2),taraxerone(3),taraxerol(4)andβ-sitosterol(5).其中化合物1为一个新的三萜,3～5为首次从该植物中分离得到.化合物2是首次从天然植物中分离得到的一个四降三萜,对它的碳谱和氢谱数据进行了全归属.此外化合物2在碳7位上的双键和14位上的甲基并未发生变化,以前文献中没有报道过与此类似的四降三萜,据此进一步讨论了四降三萜的生物合成路径.     

紫菀属化学成分及药理活性研究进展

紫菀属所含化学成分主要是三萜皂甙 ,此外还含其它萜类、肽类、香豆素、甾醇等 ;其中一些成分具有抗瘤 ,抗菌 ,消炎等活性。本文对其近 2 0多年来国内外学者分离到的化学成分及其药理活性的研究结果作一综述 ,为该属植物资源的进一步研究和开发提供参考。     

秦岭产珠子参叶的达玛烷型皂甙研究(1)

从陕西省秦岭产珠子参(Panax japonicus C.A.Meyer var.major(Burk.)Wu etFeng)的叶中分离到十个新的达玛烷型四环三萜皂甙,经光谱测定和化学降解,其中四个的化学结构分别为珠子参甙(majoroside)F_1(1)、F_2(2)、F_3(3)和F_4(4)。同时,还分离到已知的人参甙(ginsenoside)Rd(5)、Re(6)、Rg_1(7)、Rg_2(8)和F_2(9)。     

羽叶三七根茎的三萜皂甙成分及其化学分类学意义

羽叶三七(Panax japonicus C. A. Meyer var. bipinnalifidus (Scem.) Wu et Feng)又称疙瘩七,产我国西北部至西南部山区,是人参届植物中分布海拔和纬度均较高的一个种类。在陕西省秦岭地区主要产于南北坡海拔2100—2900米的针叶林下阴湿处。民间以其根茎入药,具有清热解毒、顺气健胃、活血祛瘀、滋补强壮之效。作为国产人参属植物皂甙成分系统研究的一个部分,本文报告秦岭产羽叶三七根茎的皂甙成分,并讨论其化学分类学意义。     

金铁锁的两个新三萜皂苷

从石竹科植物金铁锁(Psammosilene tunicoides W．C．Wu et C．Y．Wu)根部分离得到4个齐墩果酸型五环三萜皂苷。它们的结构通过波谱和化学方法分别鉴定为：3-O-β-D-galac-topyranosyl-(1→2 )-β-D-6-O-methylgtucuronopymnosyl-quillaic acid (1),3-O-β-D-galactopymnosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-gtucuronopyranosyl-quillaic acid (2),3-O-β-D-galactopyrano-syl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-6-O-methylgtucuronopyranosyl-quillaic acid(3),3-O-β-D-galactopymnosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-6-O-ethylgtucuronopyranosyl-quillaic acid(4)。其中1为木鳖子中发现的次甙,3和4为新化合物。     

珠子参叶的三萜皂甙成分

珠子参(Panax japonicus C.A.Meyer var.major(Burk.)Wu et Feng)是五加科人参属植物,产于东喜马拉雅至我国西部山区。在云南西北部海拔3000—4000米的亚高山针叶林和落叶阔叶林下可呈片生长。民间用其根茎治疗跌打损伤、筋骨疼痛、毒蛇咬伤,及止咳祛痰、止血等。最近,我们从珠子参根茎中分离到七个皂甙成分,经鉴定其中五个为已知化合物,即:人参甙(ginsenside)Ro(9)、竹节参甙(chikuse_tsuaponin)Ⅳ_α(10)、20-O-葡萄糖基-人参甙R_f(20-O-gluco-ginsenoside Rf)(5)、     

The amino acid sequence of human chorionic gonadotropin. The alpha subunit and beta subunit.

The amino acid sequences of both the alpha and beta subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin have been determined. The amino acid sequence of the alpha subunit is: Ala - Asp - Val - Gln - Asp - Cys - Pro - Glu - Cys-10 - Thr - Leu - Gln - Asp - Pro - Phe - Ser - Gln-20 - Pro - Gly - Ala - Pro - Ile - Leu - Gln - Cys - Met - Gly-30 - Cys - Cys - Phe - Ser - Arg - Ala - Tyr - Pro - Thr - Pro-40 - Leu - Arg - Ser - Lys - Lys - Thr - Met - Leu - Val - Gln-50 - Lys - Asn - Val - Thr - Ser - Glu - Ser - Thr - Cys - Cys-60 - Val - Ala - Lys - Ser - Thr - Asn - Arg - Val - Thr - Val-70 - Met - Gly - Gly - Phe - Lys - Val - Glu - Asn - His - Thr-80 - Ala - Cys - His - Cys - Ser - Thr - Cys - Tyr - Tyr - His-90 - Lys - Ser. Oligosaccharide side chains are attached at residues 52 and 78. In the preparations studied approximately 10 and 30% of the chains lack the initial 2 and 3 NH2-terminal residues, respectively. This sequence is almost identical with that of human luteinizing hormone (Sairam, M. R., Papkoff, H., and Li, C. H. (1972) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 48, 530-537). The amino acid sequence of the beta subunit is: Ser - Lys - Glu - Pro - Leu - Arg - Pro - Arg - Cys - Arg-10 - Pro - Ile - Asn - Ala - Thr - Leu - Ala - Val - Glu - Lys-20 - Glu - Gly - Cys - Pro - Val - Cys - Ile - Thr - Val - Asn-30 - Thr - Thr - Ile - Cys - Ala - Gly - Tyr - Cys - Pro - Thr-40 - Met - Thr - Arg - Val - Leu - Gln - Gly - Val - Leu - Pro-50 - Ala - Leu - Pro - Gin - Val - Val - Cys - Asn - Tyr - Arg-60 - Asp - Val - Arg - Phe - Glu - Ser - Ile - Arg - Leu - Pro-70 - Gly - Cys - Pro - Arg - Gly - Val - Asn - Pro - Val - Val-80 - Ser - Tyr - Ala - Val - Ala - Leu - Ser - Cys - Gln - Cys-90 - Ala - Leu - Cys - Arg - Arg - Ser - Thr - Thr - Asp - Cys-100 - Gly - Gly - Pro - Lys - Asp - His - Pro - Leu - Thr - Cys-110 - Asp - Asp - Pro - Arg - Phe - Gln - Asp - Ser - Ser - Ser - Ser - Lys - Ala - Pro - Pro - Pro - Ser - Leu - Pro - Ser-130 - Pro - Ser - Arg - Leu - Pro - Gly - Pro - Ser - Asp - Thr-140 - Pro - Ile - Leu - Pro - Gln. Oligosaccharide side chains are found at residues 13, 30, 121, 127, 132, and 138. The proteolytic enzyme, thrombin, which appears to cleave a limited number of arginyl bonds, proved helpful in the determination of the beta sequence.     

Distribution of NT-IR perikarya in the brain of the guinea pig with special reference to cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata

Summary The occurrence and distribution of neurotensin-immunoreactive (NT-IR) perikarya was studied in the central nervous system of the guinea pig using a newly raised antibody (KN 1). Numerous NT-IR perikarya were found in the nuclei amygdaloidei, nuclei septi interventriculare, hypothalamus, nucleus parafascicularis thalami, substantia grisea centralis mesencephali, ventral medulla oblongata, nucleus solitarius and spinal cord. The distribution of NT-IR perikarya was similar to that previously described in the rat and monkey. In the gyrus cinguli, hippocampus and nucleus olfactorius, though, no NT-IR neurons were detected in this investigation. Additional immunoreactive perikarya, however, were observed in areas of the ventral medulla oblongata, namely in the nucleus paragigantocellularis, nucleus retrofacialis and nucleus raphe obscurus.The relevance of the NT-IR perikarya within the ventral medulla oblongata is discussed with respect to other neuropeptides, which are found in this area, and to cardiovascular regulation.Abbreviations abl nucleus amygdaloideus basalis lateralis - abm nucleus amygdaloideus basalis medialis - acc nucleus amygdaloideus centralis - aco nucleus amygdaloideus corticalis - ahp area posterior hypothalami - ala nucleus amygdaloideus lateralis anterior - alp nucleus amygdaloideus lateralis posterior - ame nucleus amygdaloideus medialis - atv area tegmentalis ventralis - bst nucleus proprius striae terminalis - CA commissura anterior - CC corpus callosum - cgld corpus geniculatum laterale dorsale - cglv corpus geniculatum laterale ventrale - cgm corpus geniculatum mediale - CHO chiasma opticum - CI capsula interna - co nucleus commissuralis - cod nucleus cochlearis dorsalis - cp nucleus caudatus/Putamen - cs colliculus superior - cu nucleus cuneatus - dmh nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami - DP decussatio pyramidum - em eminentia mediana - ent cortex entorhinalis - epi epiphysis - FLM fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - fm nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami pars filiformis - FX fornix - gd gyrus dentatus - gp globus pallidus - gr nucleus gracilis - hl nucleus habenulae lateralis - hm nucleus habenulae medialis - hpe hippocampus - ift nucleus infratrigeminalis - io oliva inferior - ip nucleus interpeduncularis - LM lemniscus medialis - MT tractus mamillo-thalamicus - na nucleus arcuatus - nls nucleus lateralis septi - nms nucleus medialis septi - npca nucleus proprius commissurae anterioris - ns nucleus solitarius - n III nucleus nervi oculomotorii - nt V nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini - ntm nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini - osc organum subcommissurale - P tractus cortico-spinalis - PC pedunculus cerebri - PCI pedunculus cerebellaris inferior - pir cortex piriformis - pol area praeoptica lateralis - pom area praeoptica medialis - prt area praetectalis - pt nucleus parataenialis - pvh nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami - pvt nucleus paraventricularis thalami - r nucleus ruber - re nucleus reuniens - rgi nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis - rl nucleus reticularis lateralis - rm nucleus raphe magnus - ro nucleus raphe obscurus - rp nucleus raphe pallidus - rpc nucleus reticularis parvocellularis - rpgc nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis - sch nucleus suprachiasmaticus - SM stria medullaris thalami - snc substantia nigra compacta - snl substantia nigra lateralis - snr substantia nigra reticularis - ST stria terminalis - tad nucleus anterior dorsalis thalami - tam nucleus anterior medialis thalami - tav nucleus anterior ventralis thalami - tbl nucleus tuberolateralis - tc nucleus centralis thalami - tl nucleus lateralis thalami - tmd nucleus medialis dorsalis thalami - TO tractus opticus - TOL tractus olfactorium lateralis - tpo nucleus posterior thalami - tr nucleus reticularis thalami - trs nucleus triangularis septi - TS tractus solitarius - TS V tractus spinalis nervi trigemini - tvl nucleus ventrolateralis thalami - vmh nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami - vh ventral horn, Columna anterior - zi zona incerta Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG) SFB 90, Carvas     

T cell requirement for development of chronic ulcerative dermatitis in E- and P-selectin-deficient mice

C57BL/6 mice deficient in E- and P-selectin (E(-/-)P(-/-)) kept under specific pathogen-free barrier conditions have high circulating neutrophil counts and develop hypercellular cervical lymph nodes with substantial plasma cell infiltrates, severe ulcerative dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and lung pathology, which eventually lead to premature death. To test the hypothesis that the pathology in E(-/-)P(-/-) mice may be caused by dysfunctional lymphocyte activity, we crossed E(-/-)P(-/-) mice with recombination activation gene (Rag)-1(-/-) mice to generate E(-/-)P(-/-)Rag-1(-/-) mice lacking mature T and B lymphocytes. E(-/-)P(-/-)Rag-1(-/-) mice had circulating neutrophil counts and plasma G-CSF levels similar to E(-/-)P(-/-) mice. Remarkably, none of the E(-/-)P(-/-)Rag-1(-/-) mice developed conjunctivitis or ulcerative dermatitis typical of E(-/-)P(-/-) mice. These mice were overall healthier in appearance than E(-/-)P(-/-) mice, and histopathologic changes in the lung were reduced. Cervical lymph nodes in E(-/-)P(-/-)Rag-1(-/-) mice were much smaller than those of E(-/-)P(-/-) mice, containing few mononuclear cells and no plasma cells. These data show that the severe disease phenotype of E(-/-)P(-/-) mice depends on lymphocyte function. We conclude that a dysregulated immune response in E(-/-)P(-/-) mice causes disease development, but is not necessary for elevated neutrophil counts.     

Protection of atherogenesis in thromboxane A2 receptor-deficient mice is not associated with thromboxane A2 receptor in bone marrow-derived cells

In the previous study, we generated mice lacking thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) and apolipoprotein E, apoE(-/-)TP(-/-) mice, and reported that the double knockout mice developed markedly smaller atherosclerotic lesions than those in apoE(-/-) mice. To investigate the mechanism responsible for reduced atherosclerosis in apoE(-/-)TP(-/-) mice, we examined the role of TP in bone marrow (BM)-derived cells in the development of the atherosclerotic lesions. When we compared the function of macrophages in apoE(-/-) and in apoE(-/-)TP(-/-) mouse in vitro, there was no difference in the expression levels of cytokines and chemokines after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. We then transplanted the BM from either apoE(-/-) or apoE(-/-)TP(-/-) mice to either apoE(-/-) or apoE(-/-)TP(-/-) mice after sublethal irradiation. After 12 weeks with high fat diet, we analyzed the atherosclerotic lesion of aortic sinus. When the BM from apoE(-/-) or apoE(-/-)TP(-/-) mice was transplanted to apoE(-/-) mice, the lesion size was almost the same as that of apoE(-/-) mice without BM transplantation. In contrast, when the BM from apoE(-/-) or apoE(-/-)TP(-/-) mice was transplanted to apoE(-/-)TP(-/-) mice, the lesion size was markedly reduced. These results indicate that the protection of atherogenesis in TP(-/-) mice is not associated with TP in BM-derived cells.     

Synthesis of enantiopure 2-aryl-2-methoxypropionic acids and determination of their absolute configurations by X-ray crystallography

Racemic 2-aryl-2-methoxypropionic acids were enantioresolved by the use of (S)-(-)-phenylalaninol 4. For instance, racemic 2-methoxy-2-phenylpropionic acid (+/-)-7 was condensed with phenylalaninol (S)-(-)-4 yielding a diastereomeric mixture of amides, which was easily separated by HPLC on silica gel affording the first-eluted amide (-)-13a and the second-eluted amide (+)-13b: alpha = 3.19, Rs = 3.49. The absolute configuration of amide (-)-13a was determined to be (R;S) by X-ray crystallography by reference to the S configuration of the phenylalaninol moiety. Amide (R;S)-(-)-13a was converted to oxazoline (R;S)-(-)-14a, from which enantiopure 2-methoxy-2-phenylpropionic acid (R)-(-)-7 was recovered. Other 2-aryl-2-methoxypropionic acids, (R)-(-)-8, (R)-(-)-9, (R)-(+)-10, (R)-(-)-11, and (R)-(-)-12, were similarly prepared in enantiopure forms with the use of phenylalaninol (S)-(-)-4, and their absolute configurations were clearly determined by X-ray crystallography or by chemical correlation.     

Isolation and characterization of linear polylactosamines containing one and two site-specifically positioned Lewis x determinants: WGA agarose chromatography in fractionation of mixtures generated by random, partial enzymatic alpha3-fucosylation of pure polylactosamines

We report that isomeric monofucosylhexasaccharides, Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1- 3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3) GlcNAc, Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3) GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4 GlcNAc and Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1- 4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4 GlcNAc, and bifucosylhexasaccharides Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3) GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc, Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1- 4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4 (Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc and Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4( Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc can be isolated in pure form from reaction mixtures of the linear hexasaccharide Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1- 3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc with GDP-fucose and alpha1,3-fucosyltransferases of human milk. The pure isomers were characterized in several ways;1H-NMR spectroscopy, for instance, revealed distinct resonances associated with the Lewis x group [Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc] located at the proximal, middle, and distal positions of the polylactosamine chain. Chromatography on immobilized wheat germ agglutinin was crucial in the separation process used; the isomers carrying the fucose at the reducing end GlcNAc possessed particularly low affinities for the lectin. Isomeric monofucosyl derivatives of the pentasaccharides GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1- 4Gl cNAc and Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4G lcN Ac and the tetrasaccharide Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc were also obtained in pure form, implying that the methods used are widely applicable. The isomeric Lewis x glycans proved to be recognized in highly variable binding modes by polylactosamine-metabolizing enzymes, e.g., the midchain beta1,6-GlcNAc transferase (Lepp?nen et al., Biochemistry, 36, 13729-13735, 1997).     

Patterns of Starchy Endosperm Acidification and Protease Gene Expression in Wheat Grains following Germination

The family of 14-3-3 proteins is ubiquitous in eukaryotes and has been shown to exert an array of functions. We were interested in the possible role of 14-3-3 proteins in seed germination. Therefore, we studied the expression of 14-3-3 mRNA and protein in barley (Hordeum distichum L.) embryos during germination. With the use of specific cDNA probes and antibodies, we could detect individual expression of three 14-3-3 isoforms, 14-3-3A, 14-3-3B, and 14-3-3C. Each homolog was found to be expressed in barley embryos. Whereas protein levels of all three isoforms were constant during germination, mRNA expression was found to be induced upon imbibition of the grains. The induction of 14-3-3A gene expression during germination was different from that of 14-3-3B and 14-3-3C. In situ immunolocalization analysis showed similar spatial expression for 14-3-3A and 14-3-3B, while 14-3-3C expression was markedly different. Whereas 14-3-3A and 14-3-3B were expressed throughout the embryo, 14-3-3C expression was tissue specific, with the strongest expression observed in the scutellum and the L2 layer of the shoot apical meristem. These results show that 14-3-3 homologs are differently regulated in barley embryos, and provide a first step in acquiring more knowledge about the role of 14-3-3 proteins in the germination process.     

Fluorogenic substrates of glycogen debranching enzyme for assaying debranching activity

Glycogen debranching enzyme (GDE) degrades glycogen in concert with glycogen phosphorylase. GDE has two distinct active sites for maltooligosaccharide transferase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase activities. Phosphorylase limit dextrin from glycogen is debranched by cooperation of the two activities. Fluorogenic branched dextrins were prepared as substrates of GDE from pyridylaminated maltooctaose (PA-maltooctaose) and maltotetraose, taking advantage of the synthetic action of Klebsiella pneumoniae pullulanase. Their structures were as follows: Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4(Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-6)Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4GlcPA (B3), Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4(Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-6)Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4GlcPA (B4), Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4(Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-6)Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4GlcPA (B5), Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4(Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-6)Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4GlcPA (B6), Glcalpha1-4(Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-6)Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4GlcPA (B7), and Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-6Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4Glcalpha1-4GlcPA (B8). These dextrins were incubated with porcine skeletal muscle GDE. No fluorogenic product was found in the digest of B8. The fluorogenic products from B3, B4, and B5 were PA-maltooctaose only. PA-maltooctaose, PA-maltoundecaose, and 6(7)-O-alpha-glucosyl-PA-maltooctaose were from B7. PA-maltooctaose and 6(6)-O-alpha-glucosyl-PA-maltooctaose were from B6. These results indicate that the maltooligosaccharide transferase removed the maltotriosyl residues from the maltotetraosyl branches by hydrolysis or intramolecular transglycosylation to expose 6-O-alpha-glucosyl residues, and then the amylo-1,6-glucosidase hydrolyzed the alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages of the products rapidly. Probably, 6-O-alpha-glucosyl-PA-maltooctaoses from B7 and B6 were less susceptible to the amylo-1,6-glucosidase than were those from B3, B4, and B5. Taking this into account, B3, B4, and B5 are suitable substrates for GDE assay.     

Genetic mapping and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants defective in the formation of extracellular proteins.

We isolated 15 mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO which were defective in the formation of certain extracellular proteins, such as elastase, staphylolytic enzyme, and lipase ( Xcp mutants). The mutations were mapped on the chromosome by conjugation and transduction. The locations were xcp -1 near 0', with the gene order cys-59- xcp -1- proB , and loci xcp -2, xcp -3, and xcp -31 at 35', with the gene order trpC , D- xcp -3/ xcp -31- xcp -2- argC . Loci xcp -4 and xcp -41 through xcp -44 were cotransducible with proA at 40'; loci xcp -5, xcp -51, xcp -52, and xcp53 were located at 55', with the gene order leu-10- trpF -met-9010- xcp -53- xcp -5/ xcp -51/ xcp+ ++-52, and xcp -6 was located at 65' to 70', between catA and mtu-9002. Nine mutations ( xcp -2, xcp -3, xcp -31, xcp -4, and xcp -41 through xcp -45) caused decreased production of extracellular enzymes. Six strains with mutations xcp -1, xcp -5, xcp -51, xcp -52, xcp -53, and xcp -6 produced cell-bound exoproteins and had defective release mechanisms. The regulation of production of alkaline phosphatase and phospholipase C is different from other exoproteins , such as elastase, but they all seem to share a common release mechanism. Alkaline protease had separate mechanisms for regulation and release, since this protease was found in culture supernatants of all but one of the mutants, and none of the strains had cell-bound enzyme.     

Monoterpene ketones in the synthesis of optically active insect pheromones

This review considers the synthetic possibilities of monoterpene ketones, such as (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-pulegones, (-)-menthone, (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-carvones, (2R,5S)-dihydrocarvone, (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-camphors, (R)-(-)-nopinone, (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-verbenones by the examples of synthesis of optically pure and enantiomerically enriched insect pheromones.