高位切除治疗肝门胆管癌疗效分析

目的探讨离位切除治疗晚期肝门胆管癌的疗效。方法1995～2004年收治的13例晚期肝门胆管癌均施行高位肝管切除。根据肝门胆管癌向肝内外侵犯方向和范围。分为2组。A组8例，肝门胆管癌向肝内外侵犯，其中7例侵犯肝内2、3级肝管；B组5例，2例左肝内大胆管癌侵犯右肝管，3例侵犯右侧2级肝管。A组采用肝门胆管癌骨骼化切除，中央肝切除7例、左肝叶切除1例，3—9支肝管断端重建新的肝门胆管后与空肠行Y形吻合。B组采用切除肝左叶和肝门胆管，右肝管整形后与空肠Y形吻合。结果1例术后死于肝功能衰竭，高位切除肝管的10例中存活10年1例，4年2例，2年2例。结论骨骼化切除、中央肝切除、高位肝管切除和胆肠引流重建能改善晚期肝门胆管癌的疗效。     

Extensive hilar bile duct resection using a transhepatic approach for patients with hepatic hilar bile duct diseases

BACKGROUND: Extensive hilar bile duct resection beyond the second- or third-order intrahepatic biliary radicals is usually required for patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma as well as those with benign inflammatory stricture. Most hilar cholangiocarcinoma is resected with combined major hepatectomy to obtain free surgical margins. The purpose of this study was to show the surgical procedure and the usefulness of extensive hilar bile duct resection using a transhepatic approach for patients with hilar bile duct diseases. METHODS: Five patients with hepatic hilar bile duct disease and who were unfit for major hepatectomy for several reasons underwent extensive hilar bile duct resection by way of a transhepatic approach. Four of the patients had hilar bile duct cancer, including 1 with mucous-producing bile duct cancer of low-grade malignancy and 1 with a postsurgical benign bile duct stricture. RESULTS: After extensive hilar bile duct resection, bile duct stumps ranged in number from 3 to 7 mm (mean 4.4). Surgical margins at bile duct stump were free of cancer in all 4 cancer patients. The long-term outcomes were as follows: 3 patients are alive at the time of publication, and 2 patients have died. CONCLUSIONS: A transhepatic approach may be useful when performing extensive hilar bile duct resection bile duct stricture of biliary disease at the hepatic hilus, especially in high-risk patients who are unfit for major hepatectomy as well as in those having benign bile duct stricture and low-grade malignancy.     

Hepatolithiasis in the hepatic hilum mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Report of a case

We report a rare case of hepatolithiasis, which was diagnosed as hilar cholangiocarcinoma and treated with hepatectomy and extrahepatic bile duct resection. A 59-year-old woman presented to a local hospital with liver dysfunction. Diagnostic imaging revealed a biliary stricture at the hepatic hilum and middle bile duct. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma was diagnosed, and she was referred to our hospital for definitive surgical treatment. She underwent left hepatic trisectionectomy, total caudate lobectomy, and extrahepatic bile duct resection. Gross examination of the resected specimen revealed intrahepatic stones firmly adherent to the bile duct wall. Pathological examination revealed no malignant lesions. The epithelium of the bile duct was absent underneath the stone, and the boundary between the stone and bile duct wall was ill defined. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of hepatolithiasis with a biliary stricture caused by peculiar stone formation, mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma.     

肝部分切除治疗肝胆管结石316例临床分析

目的总结肝切除术治疗肝胆管结石的经验及疗效评价。方法回顾性分析1985年2月至2004年12月肝部分切除术治疗原发性肝胆管结石316例的临床资料,统计结石的分布、术式选择、术后并发症及治疗效果。结果本组316例中45.25%(143例)入院前经历过1~5次胆道手术,其中12.34%(39例)合并各种类型的胆肠吻合。肝切除术式:左外叶切除192例(60.76%),左半肝切除58例(18.35%),肝方叶切除12例(3.80%),右前叶切除6例(1.90%),右后叶切除25例(7.91%),右半肝切除9例(2.85%),双侧肝段切除14例(4.43%);附加胆肠内引流术184例(58.23%)。合并胆管狭窄138例(43.67%),胆管癌8例(2.53%)。手术并发症56例(17.72%),包括胆漏,膈下脓肿,胆道出血等。术后一月死亡3例(0.95%),258例获11月~18年随访,平均随访10.3年,优良率90.31%。结论肝切除术治疗肝胆管结石是清除病灶的有效手段,特别是早期肝切除治疗效果最佳。     

Surgical management of proximal bile duct cancers

INTRODUCTION: Tumors arising from the proximal biliary tree remain particularly challenging with respect to their evaluation and treatment. Complete resection with negative histologic margins is the most effective treatment modality. RESULTS: However, the majority of patients are not candidates for surgery. Over the last decades, advances have evolved to improve resectability and morbidity after major liver and bile duct resection. However, these disease processes still pose a management challenge. Herein, we provide an overview of proximal bile duct cancers, hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCa) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICCa).     

"Anatomic" right hepatic trisectionectomy (extended right hepatectomy) with caudate lobectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND: The techniques of right hepatic trisectionectomy are now standardized in patients with hepatocellular or metastatic carcinoma, but not in those with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS: Under preoperative diagnosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, 8 patients underwent "anatomic" right hepatic trisectionectomy with en bloc resection of the caudate lobe and the extrahepatic bile duct, in which the bile ducts of the left lateral section were divided at the left side of the umbilical fissure following complete dissection of the umbilical plate. RESULTS: Liver resection was successfully performed, and all patients were discharged from the hospital in good condition, giving a mortality of 0%. All patients were histologically diagnosed as having cholangiocarcinoma. The proximal resection margins were cancer-negative in 7 patients and cancer-positive in 1 patient. Four patients with multiple lymph node metastases died of cancer recurrence within 3 years after hepatectomy. One patient died of liver failure without recurrence 42 months after hepatectomy. The remaining 3 patients without lymph node metastasis are now alive after more than 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomic right hepatic trisectionectomy with caudate lobectomy can produce a longer proximal resection margin and can offer a better chance of long-term survival in some selected patients with advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma.     

仅保留门静脉血供的肝门部胆管癌根治术

目的 探讨仅保留门静脉血供的肝门部胆管癌根治术的适应证和方法,以进一步提高肝门胆管癌的治疗效果.方法 对2006年7月至2007年12月收治的6例肝门部胆管癌,均采取左半肝切除、肝外胆管切除、肝动脉切除、右肝管空肠吻合术. 结果6例均顺利恢复,术后发生胆漏1例、无肝功能衰竭及围手术期死亡病例;术后随访10～23个月,均存活.结论 仅保留门静脉血供的肝门部胆管癌根治术在严格掌握适应证的前提下是可行的,可提高肝门部胆管癌的根治切除率,改善患者预后.     

Orthotopic liver transplantation after extended bile duct resection as treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma First long-terms results

Abstract Although the surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma represents the only potentially curative option, survival figures remain low over the long term. After hilar and partial hepatic resections for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, loco-regional tumor recurrence appears as the primary site of failure. From April 1992 to April 1996, 14 patients underwent extended bile duct resections. Extended bile duct resections combine total hepatectomy, partial pancreatoduodenectomy, and liver transplantation in an attempt to eradicate the entire biliary tract without dissecting the hepatoduodenal ligament. The postoperative 60-day mortality rate was 14% ( n = 2). The rate of curative resections was 93% (13 of 14 extended bile duct resections). One- and 4-year survival rates after curative resections were 56% and 30%, respectively. The rate of curative resections increased by combining total hepatectomy, partial pancreatoduodenectomy, and liver transplantation, i.e., extended bile duct resection. However, survival figures have not improved accordingly. Therefore, this extended surgical procedure has to be implemented with caution and possibly not without modifications (e.g., multimodal treatment).     

肝部分切除治疗肝胆管结石414例

目的总结肝部分切除治疗原发性肝胆管结石的经验。方法回顾性分析1981年1月至2001年12月肝部分切除治疗原发性肝胆管结石414例的临床资料,统计结石的分布、术式的选择、术后并发症情况及治疗效果。结果414例中发生术后并发症72例(17·4%),手术死亡3例(0·7%),305例获得2~22年随访,随访率73·7%,疗效优良率88·9%,残石率15·7%,结石复发率4·6%。结论正确掌握肝部分切除是治疗原发性肝胆管结石的有效方法之一。     

结石与非结石性肝内胆管癌肝切除术的围手术期管理差异

肝胆管结石是指发生在左右肝管汇合部以上的结石病。该病可引起胆道梗阻及胆汁淤积,继而增加结石的发生率,而机械梗阻及反复炎症刺激将加重胆道梗阻,从而引起一系列严重的并发症,如胆管炎、肝萎缩、肝硬化等,甚至诱发胆管癌变。肝内胆管癌（ICC）是常见的肝脏恶性肿瘤,其起源于肝内胆管上皮,有着恶性程度高、手术根治率低、术后复发率高、预后差等特点,因此也成为影响国民健康的重大疾病。ICC的病因目前尚未明确,众多研究表明,肝胆管结石是ICC的高危因素之一,在结石长期的机械刺激及慢性炎症刺激下,胆管上皮沿着增生修复、不典型性增生、癌前病变的方向发展,并在此基础上,最终演变成ICC。因此,根据致病因素与结石相关程度将ICC分为结石性肝内胆管癌（HICC）和非结石性肝内胆管癌（NHICC）。外科手术仍是ICC的主要治疗方式,早期根治性肝切除术可有效提高ICC患者的总体生存率,改善预后。作为肝内胆管结石的高发地区,近年来HICC在我国的发病率也随之攀升,因而针对HICC的综合管理具有十分重要的临床意义。基于上述背景,本文以HICC为中心,归纳出HICC与NHICC的围手术期处理要点差异,以期为HICC患者在整个肝切除术的围手术期内提供个体化、精准化的围手术期管理方式,从而达到提高诊断率、精准治疗、加速康复、改善预后的目的。     

Right trisectionectomy of the liver for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with bile duct invasion in a Jehovah's Witness

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is well known to have a very poor prognosis. Aggressive surgical strategies in the treatment of ICC, including major hepatectomy, have been reported to afford patients the best chance for significant survival. Recent advancements in surgical techniques concerning live donor liver transplantation have dramatically improved the results of major hepatectomy. However, surgical treatment of biliary malignancy is complex and is known to increase the likelihood of blood transfusion. We describe a Jehovah's Witness patient with ICC and concomitant bile duct invasion who had a successful right trisectionectomy with bile duct resection, lymph node dissection, and Rouxen-Y hepatico-jejunostomy without blood transfusion. A multidisciplinary preparation was crucial in obtaining this positive outcome. Importantly, bloodless liver transection techniques with inflow clamping, meticulous dissection, and hemostasis should be utilized for major hepatectomy in a Jehovah's Witness. The success of this case may alert clinicians to consider a hepatectomy as a possible option in the treatment of ICC in a Jehovah's Witness.     

Management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is a rare disease departing from the biliary convergence. It is primarily revealed by the onset of retention jaundice. Only 20%-30% of patients can undergo resection at diagnosis. The only chance for survival for these patients is R0 resection, which requires hepatectomy associated with resection of the common bile duct and pedicle lymph node removal, whatever the classification of the cholangiocarcinoma. No adjuvant treatment has been shown to be effective to date. Palliative treatment is most often based on implanting a biliary stent. Dynamic phototherapy may be beneficial in these situations. Improvements in survival for selected N0 hilar cholangiocarcinoma may be obtained with neoadjuvant treatment with radiochemotherapy followed by liver transplantation.     

Prognostic factors and long term outcome after surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Univariate and multivariate analysis

Aim of the study was to evaluate the surgical strategy for the treatment of the hilar cholangiocarcinoma, focusing on the clinicopathological factors influencing the outcome. Between January 2001 and December 2003 23 patients out of 33 underwent surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. All patients underwent resection of the extrahepatic biliary duct. This was the only treatment in patients with Bismuth-Corlette type I cholangiocarcinoma, or in patients not suitable for hepatic resection. In the other cases, resection of extrahepatic bile duct was associated to right or left hepatectomy. The univariate and multivariate analysis evaluated multiple clinicopathological factors in order to assess long term survival. Major hepatic resection was carried out in 19 (82%) patients. Hepatic resection extended to the segment 4 was performed in 5 patients. Also, left hepatectomy was carried out in 14 patients, while resection of the caudate lobe in 7 (30%) patients. No hospital mortality was recorded, while the overall morbidity was 43%. The 1 year survival rate was 63.2%, and the median survival rate 19 months. Recurrencies showed up in 12 patients (52%). Among the other factors, low level of albumin (p = 0.006), positive resection margins (p = 0.003) and T (p = 0.02) mostly affected the long term survival. Surgery is the gold standard for achieving curative treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The bile duct resection, along with hepatic resection, the best option to increase long term survival of these patients. The univariate and multivariate analysis showed that low albumin levels, positive resection margins and T are the most important factors influencing long term survival.     

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Surgical resection has been reported to be only hope for cure for the patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Therefore, first of all, radical surgical resection should be considered to be a therapeutic option for hilar cholangiocarcinoma as much as possible. In preoperative staging for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, various extensive patterns of cancer such as the involvements of bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery and lymph node etc, should be evaluated in each patient. As most patients are associated with obstructive jaundice at presentation, liver function has to be evaluated by appropriate tests for deciding the suitable surgical procedure. When the future remnant liver volume is less than 40% or severe liver functional damage exists or greater surgical stress is expected, preoperative portal vein embolization might have to be selected. On the other hand, if hilar cholangiocarcinoma involves limited region of the hilar bile duct confluence, parenchyma preserving hepatectomy such as S1 resection and S1 + S4 resection should be selected for avoiding the occurrence of liver failure. Combined portal vein resection should be done for the case of the cancer involvement of the portal vein without hesitation to improve the prognosis. However, hepatic artery resection and reconstruction in the involved case should be carefully performed only in severely selected cases. By using several useful pre-operative and intra-operative therapeutic modalities, hilar cholangiocarcinoma should be surgically resected with curative intent and without increasing surgical morbidity and mortality rates.     

肝切除在肝门胆管癌根治术中应用

目的 总结肝切除在肝门部胆管癌根治术中应用经验.方法 回顾分析1993年1月至2007年12月手术切除的肝门部胆管癌病人临床资料及随访结果.结果 全组共有69例肝门胆管癌,切除率66.4%(69/104).其中局部切除31例;合并肝叶部分切除38例;合并胰头十二指肠切除3例;合并门静脉壁部分切除2例.根治手术为44例.手术根治切除率由28.2%(2000年以前)提高到50.8%(2000年后),肝功能衰竭、感染等严重并发症以及围术期死亡率均控制较好.总体1,2,3年生存率为73.9%,38.4%和14.9%,根治手术1,2,3年生存率分别为87.1%,58.2%和23.6%,非根治切除1,2,3年生存率分别为44.0%,21.6%和11.4%.结论 根治性切除的生存率比非根治切除显著提高,联合肝部分切除能明显提高根治性手术的切除率,可考虑为首要的治疗选择.     

不能切除的胆管癌的胆道引流术（附80例临床分析）

目的：了解胆道引流治疗不能切除的胆管癌的治疗效果。方法：分析经胆道引流手术治疗的不能切除的胆管癌80例的临床资料及生存情况，其中肝门部胆管癌49例（61.3％），胆总管中上段癌9例（11．2％），胆总管下段癌22例（27．5％）.手术方式包括胆肠吻合的内引流术，U或T管外引流，或两者联用。结果：15％的病例术后早期出现并发症，手术死亡率为10％。术后随访：肝门部胆管癌、胆总管中上段癌及胆总管下段癌中位生存期分别为6．10、5．50和9．50个月。胆总管中上段癌无1年以上生存者，肝门部胆管癌和胆总管下段癌1、2、3年生存率分别为27．39％、38．54％，6．59％、8．97％和2．10％、0。结论：胆道引流手术是治疗不能切除胆管癌的一种重要方法，可获良好的姑息治疗效果。     

Major hepatic resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: analysis of 46 patients

HYPOTHESIS: Major hepatectomy, bile duct resection, and regional lymphadenectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma are associated with actual long-term (>5 years) survival. DESIGN: Retrospective outcome study. SETTING: Single tertiary referral institution. PATIENTS: Between 1979 and 1997, 46 consecutive patients had resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma by major hepatectomy, bile duct resection, and regional lymphadenectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall survival and tumor recurrence were correlated to clinicopathological factors, operative morbidity, and mortality. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients underwent left hepatectomy, 17 underwent right hepatectomy, and 4 had extended right hepatectomy. Eighteen patients underwent resection of segment 1. Negative (R0) resection margins were achieved in 37 patients (80%). The operative mortality rate was 9%, and the surgical morbidity rate was 52%. Actual 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates were 80%, 39%, and 26%, respectively. Factors adversely associated with patient survival rates included: male sex, lymph node metastases, tumor grade 3 or 4, elevated direct serum bilirubin level at diagnosis, elevated preoperative activated partial thromboplastin time, and more than 4 U of red blood cells transfused perioperatively. Tumor size and R0 resection approached significance for survival. Factors associated with tumor recurrence included: male sex, tumor grade 3 or 4, a low hemoglobin level both at diagnosis and preoperatively, and a low preoperative prothrombin time and low alkaline phosphatase level at diagnosis and preoperatively. Median time to recurrence was 3.6 years. Tumor recurrence was predominantly local and regional. CONCLUSIONS: The actual 5-year survival rate of 26% justifies major partial hepatectomy, bile duct resection, and regional lymphadenectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The high frequency of local and regional recurrence warrants investigation of adjuvant therapy.     

围肝门部分肝切除处理高位胆道良恶性狭窄

目的 探讨以围绕第一肝门的经肝途径处理高位胆道狭窄的技术方法.方法 本组25例,其中良性胆道狭窄16例,恶性狭窄9例,围绕第一肝门行部分肝切除,去除或旷置病变胆管,到达健康近侧肝管后重建胆汁流出道,对治疗结果进行回顾性分析.结果 本组无住院死亡.5例病人出现包括应激性溃疡出血、膈下感染、十二指肠漏在内的并发症.所有病人黄疸均完全消退.结论 围绕第一肝门行部分肝切除,可更为有效地处理高位胆道病变,并可更直接地到达健康的近侧胆管以重建胆道,以获得更好的远期疗效.     

Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗（附35例分析）

目的总结Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的手术经验。方法回顾性分析我院1999年1月至2006年12月，行手术切除的35例Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的临床资料。Ⅲa型16例，行肝门部胆管切除8例，行联合右半肝＋右侧尾状叶切除7例，行联合右半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干左支吻合1例。Ⅲb型19例，行肝门部胆管切除8例，行联合左半肝＋左侧尾状叶切除9例，行联合左半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合1例．行联合左半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合、肝固有动脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合1例。结果本组32例获得随访，随访时间18～113个月。肝门部胆管切除病例术后病理根治性切除率为37．5％，联合肝叶切除病例术后病理根治性切除率73．7％，3例联合肝叶切除＋血管切除病例均获术后病理根治性切除。肝门部胆管切除术后并发症发生率为31．3％，联合肝叶切除组术后并发症发生率为31．6％。3例联合肝叶切除＋血管切除病例术后均无胆肠吻合口漏、肝断面坏死、胆漏等严重并发症。结论联合肝叶切除，必要时行受累分叉部血管切除重建，有益于提高Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的根治性切除率，且不增加术后并发症的发生率。     

Extended right hepatectomy with total caudate lobe resection and biliary tree resection for a large colorectal liver metastasis involving both the right and left hepatic lobes and the umbilical fissure: a case report

Very large right-sided liver tumors may grow up to the base of the umbilical fissure and involve the left hepatic duct and can occasionally reach the bile duct confluence. This kind of involvement has often been considered a contraindication to resection. We report a patient who presented with a large hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer that reached the umbilical fissure and involved the left hepatic duct just above the bile duct confluence. An extended right hepatectomy including complete resection of caudate lobe was performed. We resected the left and common hepatic ducts, as well as both the entire hepatic and the proximal third of common bile duct. A long jejunal limb Roux-en-Y (45 cm) single-layer left intrahepatic hepaticojejunostomy was constructed. She is still well 14 months postoperatively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such a procedure employed for the treatment of a liver metastasis from colorectal cancer. Extended right hepatectomy including complete caudate lobe resection can be feasible even when the majority of the extrahepatic biliary system needs to be resected. Our approach probably offers the only chance to prevent early death from liver failure in these patients.