氮肥施入量对水稻新品系盐粳377产量的影响

采用小区对比试验方法,探讨了氮肥施入量12.0、15.0、18.0、21.0、24.0 kg/667 m2对水稻新品系盐粳377产量的影响。结果表明,施氮量21.0 kg/667 m2的处理获得单产629.2 kg/667 m2,比5、3、2、1处理分别增产了0.7%、3.1%、7.6%、13.5%。随着施氮量的增加,各处理主茎叶片数、单位面积最高茎蘖数与收获穗数、齐穗期叶面积指数与剑叶净光合速率、成熟期干物质积累量随之增加,各处理茎蘖成穗率、有效叶面积率、齐穗后干物质积累量占籽粒产量百分比、收获指数、结实率、千粒重随之降低,各处理每穗成粒数、齐穗期高效叶面积率则表现为先增后减。结合该品种的大面积示范结果,与盐粳377高产高效栽培技术相配套的适宜施氮量(N)20.0 kg/667 m2左右。     

氮肥不同施入量对水稻新品种盐粳1403产量的影响

采用随机区组试验方法,探讨了氮肥施入量180、225、270、315、360 kg/hm~2对水稻新品种盐粳1403产量的影响。结果表明,施氮量为315 kg/hm~2处理获得单产8 709 kg/hm~2,比360、270、225、180 kg/hm~2处理分别增加了0.78%、3.09%、7.62%、13.51%。随着施氮量的增加,各处理主茎叶片数、单位面积最高茎蘖数、收获穗数、齐穗期叶面积指数、剑叶净光合速率及成熟期干物质积累量随之增加;各处理茎蘖成穗率、有效叶面积率、齐穗后干物质积累量占籽粒产量百分比、收获指数、结实率、千粒重随之降低;各处理每穗成粒数、齐穗期高效叶面积率则表现为先增后减。上述结果为盐粳1403高产高效栽培技术提供了技术支撑。     

氮肥后移对滨海盐碱地水稻产量的影响

以水稻品种盐粳456为材料,采用小区对比方法,探讨了氮素基蘖穗肥不同施用比例对滨海盐碱地水稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,在确保水稻有效分蘖临界叶龄期茎蘖数达到收获穗数的前提下,氮肥适当后移,增加穗肥的比例,可协调水稻的群体指标,有效控制分蘖高峰期群体茎蘖数,提高茎蘖成穗率与单位面积颖花量;有利于提高齐穗期群体叶面积指数、高效叶面积率、成熟期干物质积累量以及齐穗后干物质积累量占籽粒产量的比例。基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6∶4时,可获得最高单产788.2 kg/667 m2,比5.5∶4.5和7∶3的处理分别增产1.2%和11.9%。     

不同移栽基本苗对水稻新品种富友33生育及产量的影响

采用小区对比试验方法,探讨了不同移栽基本苗对水稻新品种富友33生育及产量的影响。结果表明,该品种单位面积收获穗数、齐穗期叶面积指数、齐穗期干物质积累量与移栽基本苗数呈正相关,茎蘖成穗率、齐穗期有效叶面积率及高效叶面积率、齐穗后干物质积累量占籽粒产量的百分比、收获指数与移栽基本苗数呈负相关,单位面积颖花量、成熟期干物质积累量与移栽基本苗数呈多元相关。移栽基本苗80.85万/hm2的K4处理单产9.61 t/hm2,比处理K3、K5、K2、K6分别增产了0.6%、0.9%、3.7%、6.7%。     

不同移栽基本苗对机插水稻生育及产量的影响

以超级稻“盐丰47”为材料,采用小区对比试验方法,探讨了不同移栽基本苗对机插水稻生育性状、产量的影响。结果表明,增加移栽基本苗,有利于单位面积最高茎蘖数与收获穗数、齐穗期群体叶面积指数与有效叶面积率以及齐穗期与成熟期干物质积累量的增加;不利于茎蘖成穗率、齐穗期高效叶面积率以及齐穗后干物质积累量占籽粒产量百分比的提高。移栽基本苗86.71×104／hm。的处理B3获得单产10.27t／hm^2,比处理B4、B2、B5、B1分别增产0.7％、2.0％、2.4％、5.1％。     

氮肥不同施入量对水稻新品种富友33生育及产量的影响

采用小区对比试验方法,探讨了氮肥不同施入量对水稻新品种富友33生育及产量的影响。结果表明,增加氮肥施入量,可促进富友33单位面积收获穗数、齐穗期叶面积指数与剑叶净光合速率、成熟期干物质积累量的增加;不利于其成穗率、齐穗期高效叶面积率与有效叶面积率、齐穗后干物质积累量占籽粒产量百分比以及收获指数的提高。在本试验条件下,施氮量(N)240.0 kg/hm2的处理E3获得单产9.22 t/hm2,比E4、E2、E5、E1处理分别增产了0.2%、3.1%、3.4%和7.3%。     

施氮量与行距互作对小麦群体质量的调控效应

为了解施氮量与行距互作对小麦群体质量的调控效应,于2013-2014年在中国农业科学院中圃场试验田进行裂区试验,以强筋小麦济麦20和中筋小麦中麦8号为试验材料,设置三个施氮水平(150、210和270kg·hm-2)和两个行距水平(12和20cm),比较分析了不同施氮量和行距组合下旱茬强、中筋小麦群体茎蘖数、茎蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、干物质积累量及产量差异。结果表明,在行距一定的条件下,适当增加施氮量,济麦20和中麦8号生育后期群体茎蘖数和茎蘖成穗率均显著升高。两个小麦品种各生育时期叶面积指数均不同程度提升。随施氮量的增加,中麦8号干物质积累量显著增加,而济麦20生育后期干物质积累量显著下降。在210kg·hm-2施氮量下,增大行距后,济麦20和中麦8号各主要生育时期群体茎蘖数和叶面积指数均显著升高。在中高氮条件下,济麦20和中麦8号生育后期干物质积累量随行距的增大而增加。综合来看,旱茬条件下济麦20和中麦8号分别在210kg·hm-2施氮量、20cm行距和270kg·hm-2施氮量、20cm行距下能够获得较高的群体质量和产量。     

滨海稻区磷肥运筹对富友33物质生产的影响

试验以富友33为材料,比较不同施磷量对水稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,成熟期处理3的单位面积收获穗数最高,为29.26万/667 m~2;各处理的有效叶面积率均高于95%,处理间差异较小;处理2成熟期干物质产量最高为1 126.71 kg/667 m~2,产量最高为724.3 kg/667 m~2。     

不同施肥方式对不同密度下直播稻的产量及群体光合物质生产的影响

以常规粳稻品种云粳41为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,研究不同密度下水稻一次性施用控释肥和分次施用尿素对直播稻产量及其构成因素、群体光合物质生产的影响,并探讨了不同施肥方式对不同密度下直播稻的产量性状和产量之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)不同施肥方式下,密度相同时,分次施肥的处理比控释肥一次性基施的处理和不施肥对照增产,产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,分次施肥处理的产量显著高于控释肥一次性基施的处理;在相同氮肥条件下,直播稻产量随着直播密度的增加而降低,以基本苗2万/667 m~2的处理产量最高,6万/667 m~2的处理产量居中,10万/667 m~2的处理产量最低。(2)在施用控释肥的处理中,密度相同时,增加施氮量能够显著提高直播稻的有效穗数和每穗颖花数;施氮量相同时,单位面积有效穗数随密度的增加而提高,每穗颖花数刚好相反。单位面积颖花量和实际产量之间呈极显著正相关关系。在形成适宜穗数的基础上提高每穗颖花量,从而增加单位面积的颖花量是提高直播稻产量的主要途径。(3)当密度相同时,抽穗至成熟期总干物质积累量、群体生长率、群体叶面积和总颖花数都随着施氮量的增加而提高。本试验中,以精确定量栽培技术为核心的分次施肥A1RPQ4处理的群体结构优于其他处理,群体茎蘖消长动态最为平稳,抽穗期至成熟期的总干物质积累量、颖花/叶比和粒质量/叶比最大,产量最高,达到875.14 kg/667 m~2。     

秸秆还田耦合施氮水平对水稻光合特性、氮素吸收及产量形成的影响

在田间定位试验条件下,研究了4个秸秆还田量水平[0kg/hm2(S0)、4000kg/hm2(S4)、6000kg/hm2(S6)、8000kg/hm2(S8)]耦合4个施氮水平[0kg/hm2(N0)、90kg/hm2(N90)、180kg/hm2(N180)、270kg/hm2(N270)]对水稻茎蘖动态、生育后期光合特性、干物质积累特征、氮素吸收和产量形成的影响。结果表明:1)不施氮条件下,秸秆还田明显抑制水稻生育前期茎蘖的发生和茎蘖高峰的形成,促进水稻后期的干物质积累、氮素吸收,提高剑叶光合速率,稻谷产量增加2.22%~4.44%。2)氮肥单施条件下,随着施氮量的增加水稻茎蘖数和最高苗数显著增加,分蘖高峰提前7~14d;施氮显著增加水稻各生育期干物质积累量、氮素吸收量和稻谷产量,明显延缓水稻生育后期剑叶光合速率的下降。3)同等施氮条件下,与S0相比,秸秆还田S4、S6处理促进水稻茎蘖发生,成熟期植株吸氮量显著增加,以S6处理增幅最大,平均增加36.58%,生育后期剑叶光合速率维持在较高水平;S8处理则对水稻茎蘖发生、光合作用和氮素吸收表现出负面影响。4)秸秆还田耦合施氮量显著影响单位面积有效穗数和稻谷产量,与N0S0相比,两者配施水稻显著增产9.59%~23.51%,以N180S6处理产量最高,达10.56t/hm2。适宜的秸秆还田量耦合施氮量可促进水稻茎蘖发生和有效穗形成,增加氮素和光合同化物积累,从而增加稻谷产量。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。