循环流化床脱除氯化氢研究

在直径200mm、高2560mm自制循环流化床上进行了脱除氯化氢的研究。实验结果表明本实验采用的循环流化床尾气净化装置，在士湿两种状况下的净化效率都比周类型装置有较大提高。当喷水活化增湿以后，净化效率可达90％以上，并考察了停留时间、Ca/Cl 当量比、粒径和入口氯 化氢浓度等因素对氯化氢脱除效率的影响。证实延长停留时间、增大Ca/Cl当量比、减 小粒径和增加入口氯化浓度有利于提高氯化氢脱除效率。     

固定化微藻流化床反应器去除低碳污水中氨氮的潜力

以固定化微藻颗粒为原料,通过搭建流化床反应器强化微藻对氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）的去除,设计了藻种、污水上升流速、光周期和光照强度四组单一变量实验,系统地研究了不同条件下微藻去除NH₄⁺-N的能力.结果表明,当以固定化斜生栅藻为原料、污水上升流速为6.8m/h、光周期为8：16h和光照强度为4800Lux时,NH₄⁺-N去除效果最优（96.7%）.在最优操作条件下,探究了COD为200mg/L时微藻去除NH₄⁺-N的潜力,结果表明,当NH₄⁺-N初始浓度不高于50mg/L时,NH₄⁺-N去除率高于95%.本实验建立了一套半连续微藻流化床实验方法,该方法显著减弱了微藻在生物同化过程中对有机碳源的依赖性,为低COD条件下微藻生物脱氮工艺的设计提供了技术参考和理论基础.     

Internal circulating fluidized bed incineration system and design algorithm

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｍｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｓｏｌｉｄｗａｓｔｅ(ＭＳＷ)ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｉｓｓｕｅｓｉｎｔｅｒｍｓｏｆｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ.ＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｏｆＭＳＷｗｉｔｈｏｕｔｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｄｉｓａｓｔｒｏｕｓｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｃａｎｂｅａｃｈｉｅｖｅｄｏｎｌｙｉｎｍｏｄｅｒｎｉｚｅｄｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓｉｎｃｉｎｅｒａｔｉｎｇａｎｄｅｎｅｒｇｙｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｎｇｃｏｎｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙ(Ｓｈｅｎ…     

Circulating fluidized bed biological reactor for nutrients removal

A new biological nitrogen removal process, which is named herein “The circulating fluidized bed bioreactor (CFBBR)”, was developed for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and organic matter. This process was composed of an anaerobic bed (Riser), aerobic bed (Downer) and connecting device. Influent and nitrified liquid from the aerobic bed enters the anaerobic bed from the bottom of the anaerobic bed, completing the removal of nitrogen and organic matter. The system performance under the conditions of different inflow loadings and nitrified liquid recirculation rates ranging from 200% to 600% was examined. From a technical and economic point of view, the optimum nitrified liquid recirculation ratewas 400%. With a shortest total retention time of 2.5 h (0.8 h in the anaerobic bed and 1.5 h in the aerobic bed) and a nitrified liquid recirculation rate of 400% based on the influent flow rate, the average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen (TN) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were found to be 88% and 95%, respectively. The average effluent concentrations of TN and SCOD were 3.5 mg/L and 16 mg/L, respectively. The volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentration, nitrification rate and denitrification rate in the system were less than 1.0 g/L, 0.026-0.1 g NH₄ ⁺-N/g VSS·d, and 0.016–0.074 g NO_x ⁻-N/g VSS·d, respectively. __________ Translated from Environmental Engineering, 2007, 25(6): 2, 7–10 [译自: 环境工程]     

生物好氧流化床废水处理技术研究进展

介绍生物好氧流化床废水处理技术的早期发展，阐述影响其处理效果的几种重要因素并说明其应用领域，指出了存在的问题和未来的研究方向。     

流化床光催化反应器动力学模式

提出二相流化床光催化反应器的理论计算数学模式,并通过试验对其进行了验证和分析．结果表明,理论计算值与试验值一致该数学模式可用于流化床光催化反应器的设计计算,相对误差小于0.15％．     

厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池处理废水的产电特性

在内径40mm、高600mm的液固厌氧流化床空气阴极单室微生物燃料电池(MFC)中,分别以污水和椰壳活性炭为液相和固相,采用间歇运行方式,考察了接种厌氧污泥条件下流化状态对电池产电性能的影响.实验结果表明,固定床条件下,电池启动迅速.初始电压为200mV,80h后电压急剧上升,100h后电池开路电压稳定在700～900mV之间.对比电压和功率密度随电流强度变化的曲线知,电池启动成功后,固定床状态下,电池最大输出功率密度随污水循环流速的增加而增大.床层颗粒由固定状态转变为流化状态后,电池最大输出功率密度由初始值120mW·m-3增加至220mW·m-3,说明流化床可以改善MFC阳极室内传质效果,加快反应速率,提高MFC产电性能.     

生物流化床去除水中腐殖酸的动力学模式

对腐殖酸的吸附机理作了论述。在Monod方程基础上,结合生物量、世代时间及停留时间之间的关系,推导出稳态条件下腐殖酸（HA）的降解动力学模式ss₀＝11＋a₁s₀＋a₂θ。利用非线性最小二乘法,对动力学模式中的待定参数a₁、a₂进行了优化估计,得出a₁＝0.0171,a₂＝0.079。以实验数据对该动力学模式加以验证,结果令人满意     

生物流化床内亚硝酸积累试验

利用下向流生物流化床反应器研究了生物膜在硝化过程中亚硝酸积累现象．结果表明,挂膜后反应器运行初期出现亚硝酸积累,但氨氮去除率仍可达到97％.随着硝酸菌的适应与增殖,出水中硝化产物以硝酸为主．进水氨氮浓度提高至200mg/L以上时,再次出现亚硝酸积累.在144mg/L和222mg/L进水浓度下,水力停留时间缩短到5h以下,则氨氮去除率下降且出水中亚硝酸所占比例明显上升;容积负荷提高到0.95kgNH₄⁺N/（m³·d）后也会如此反应器中DO降低到0．5～1mg/L会造成亚硝酸积累和氨氮去除率下降．硝化菌适应低氧环境后对氨氮的去除率仍能恢复到85％,但亚硝酸仍积累,这时生物膜中亚硝酸菌成为优势菌.本文还对影响亚硝酸积累的不同因素进行了分析．     

Collecting aerosol in airflow with a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＧｒａｎｕｌａｒｆｉｘｅｄｆｉｌｔｅｒｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｗｉｄｅｌｙｕｓｅｄｉｎｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｄｕｅｔｏｍａｎｙｏｆｔｈｅｉｒａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓｈｉｇｈｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ,ｗｅａｒ,ｃｏｒｒｏｓｉｏｎａｎｄｈｅａｔｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅａｎｄｓｏｏｎ (Ｄ’Ｏｔｔａｖｉｏ ,1978) .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ ,ｏｎｅｄｒａｗｂａｃｋｏｆｇｒａｎｕｌａｒｆｉｘｅｄｆｉｌｔｅｒｓｉｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｙｃａｎｎｏｔｗｏｒｋｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｌｙｆｏｒａｌｏｎｇ…     

沸石复合填料生物流化床在污水处理中的试验

新型沸石复合填料生物流化床的填料为悬浮填料与沸石的有机组合体,该填料表面粗糙比表面积为711～1185m²/m³,是悬浮填料的2～3倍,且在污水处理中,挂膜容易,生物相丰富,且不易脱落;该新型填料生物膜致密,沸石内部的孔穴中长有较多的原生物,有利于氨氮的转化.实验结果表明,当流化床深度处理生活污水处于稳定状态时,出水COD_Cr浓度为15.2～28.7mg/L,去除率为48%～84.5%;出水NH₄⁺-N浓度≤2mg/L,去除率92%～98%.处理后的生活污水达到发电厂循环冷却水水质指标.     

Sulfide oxidation in fluidized bed bioreactor using nylon support material

A continuous fluidized bed bioreactor (FBBR) with nylon support particles was used to treat synthetic sulfide wastewater at different hydraulic retention time of 25, 50 and 75 min and upflow velocity of 14, 17 and 20 m/hr. The effects of upflow velocity, hydraulic retention time and reactor operation time on sulfide oxidation rate were studied using statistical model. Mixed culture obtained from the activated sludge, taken from tannery effluent treatment plant, was used as a source for microorganisms. The diameter and density of the nylon particles were 2-3 mm and 1140 kg/m³, respectively. Experiments were carried out in the reactor at a temperature of (30 ± 2)℃, at a fixed bed height of 16 cm after the formation of biofilm on the surface of support particles. Biofilm thickness reached (42 ± 3) μupm after 15 days from reactor start-up. The sulfide oxidation, sulfate and sulfur formation is examined at all hydraulic retention times and upflow velocities. The results indicated that almost 90%-92% sulfide oxidation was achieved at all hydraulic retention times. Statistical model could explain 94% of the variability and analysis of variance showed that upflow velocity and hydraulic retention time slightly affected the sulfide oxidation rate. The highest sulfide oxidation of 92% with 70% sulfur was obtained at hydraulic retention time of 75 min and upflow velocity of 14 m/hr.     

生物流化床工艺处理生活污水实验的灰色关联分析

采用灰色关联分析理论，阐述了生物流化床工艺处理生活污水实验的灰色关联分析方法，给出了其算法并编制了相关的程序，对实验中的主要条件：填料填充量、水力停留时间及污泥回流比对污水COD、NH3－N去除率的影响程度进行了研究，结果表明各因素的影响强弱顺序依次为：水力停留时间＞污泥回流比＞填料填充量。分析结果对生物流化床反应器的实际运行具有指导意义。     

流化床煤部分气化、热解脱硫过程试验研究

在一小型流化床试验台上进行煤部分气化、热解脱硫过程的试验研究.该试验系统由启动燃烧室、流化床本体、灰循环子系统、加料子系统、排渣子系统、蒸汽发生子系统以及测量控制子系统等组成.流化床本体直径为0.1m,高为4.22m,采用烟气夹套加热的方法维持床体温度.试验结果如下:当风煤质量比从2.5增加到5.0时,脱硫效率先增加后降低;当汽煤比从0.45增加到0.63时,脱硫效率也是先增加后降低;钙硫比增加,脱硫效率增加;床温升高,脱硫效率增加.与此同时,还研究了石灰石种类对脱硫效率的影响,以及气化、热解效率与脱硫效率间的相互关系.     

内循环流化床光催化反应器的数值模拟与结构优化

设计了一种新型三相内循环流化床光催化反应器并采用气、液两相模拟方法对其进行了结构优化.依据模拟结果,明确了挡板的位置、长度、底部曝气面积等因素对反应器流体行为的影响.结果表明,最优反应器升、降流区横截面积比为1:1,挡板距反应器底部的距离为0.175m,挡板顶部与沉降区底部持平,底部曝气面积为升流区面积的1.2倍.将该反应器进行三相数值模拟,模拟结果表明,固相催化剂在反应器内能够很好地流化,反应器内无明显的死区,其固液分界面低于气液分界面,沉降区能够发挥很好的固液分离效果.     

AFMBR处理低浓度废水的运行特性

采用厌氧流化床膜生物反应器（AFMBR）处理模拟生活污水,研究其启动运行的特性.结果表明,在室温、进水COD 270mg/L的条件下,AFMBR系统经过驯化富集后,其出水SCOD能稳定维持在30mg/L以下,冬季温度降低时,系统产甲烷菌的活性会受到抑制,出水SCOD在30~40mg/L,但仍可满足一级A排放标准.系统的总甲烷转化量在0.182L/g COD去除左右,温度越高气体甲烷的转化量越大,进水COD约有45%转化为甲烷.AFMBR系统连续运行218d的污泥产量为0.071g VSS/g COD,其值要远远低于典型好氧系统的污泥产量.系统的能耗及产能,若只考虑气态甲烷产能,本研究中当HRT降至10h时产能才能满足能耗需求;若考虑所有的甲烷产能,当HRT降至20h时产能即能满足能耗需求,当HRT降至10h时产能是能耗需求的2倍.因此,AFMBR作为一个低耗高效的废水处理系统,具有良好应用潜力.     

Enhanced struvite recovery from wastewater using a novel cone-inserted fluidized bed reactor

The feasibility of struvite recovery at low （12.5 mg/L） and high （120 mg[L） phosphorus concentrations was studied by constructing a novel fluidized bed reactor with cones （FBRwc） and without cones （FBRwoc）. The crystallization process was continuously operated for 133 days under different hydraulic retention times （HRT = 1-10 hr）, pH （7.5-10）, and molar ratios of Mg/P （0.75-1.75）, N/P （1-10） and Ca/Mg （0-2）. The optimum operating conditions of HRT, pH, Mg/P and N/P molar ratios were found to be 2 hr, 9, 1.25, and 7.5, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the phosphorus precipitation efficiencies of FBRwc were 93% for low and 98% for high phosphorus influent; however, the efficiencies were 78% and 81% for FBRwoc, respectively. Due to crystal losses at each junction （17%-31%）, the crystal recovery efficiency of FBRwoc was relatively low （47%-65%） for both influent concentrations. However, the losses were minimal in FBRwc, which showed 75% and 92% crystal recovery for low and high phosphorus concentrations, respectively. At low calcium concentration, crystal chemical analysis showed the product to be pure struvite （〉 99%）. The scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction results further confirmed that the crystal recovered from FBRwc contained pure struvite, which could be considered a high quality fertilizer. Except HRT, all parameters （pH, Mg/P, N/P and Ca/Mg） were found to be influencing factors for FBRwc performance. Overall, inserting cones in each part of the reactor played a significant role in enhancing struvite recovery from a wide range of phosphorus-containing wastewater.     

AFMBR处理生活污水的功能菌群特性研究

厌氧流化床膜生物反应器(AFMBR)作为一种低耗产能的高效厌氧反应器,在处理生活污水中有着巨大的潜力.本研究主要利用宏基因组测序技术对AFMBR系统内的微生物菌群进行探究,结果表明:与接种菌群相比,AFMBR经过一段时间的连续运行后,在属水平上古菌优势菌属由接种时的甲烷囊菌属变为甲烷八叠球菌属、甲烷杆菌属,细菌的整体菌属结构发生了较大变化;在种水平上,系统内不存在较明显的优势菌种.从相对丰度比例≥1%的菌种来看:水解发酵菌群产氢产乙酸菌群产甲烷菌群,但各菌群之间相对丰度的差距较小.从基因水平来看,系统内与碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、能量代谢相关的基因丰度较高,二氧化碳、乙酸转化为甲烷是系统产甲烷的主要途径.     

Nitrogen removal and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a fluidized bed step-feed process

For urban wastewater treatment, we conducted a novel four-stage step-feed wastewater treatment system combined with a fluidized bed laboratory experiment to investigate chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH₄⁺-N, and total nitrogen (TN) removal performance. The removal rates of COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN were 88.2%, 95.7%, and 86.4% with effluent concentrations of COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN less than 50, 8, and 10 mg/L, respectively. Biomass and bacterial activities were also measured, with results showing more nitrobacteria in the activated sludge than in the biofilm; however, bacterial activity of the biofilm biomass and the activated sludge were similar. Nitrogen concentrations during the process were also detected, with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification found to be obvious.