340例结核病患者一线抗结核药的耐药监测结果分析

目的 了解我院结核分枝杆菌耐药情况,为我院结核病诊治提供科学依据.方法 依据(WHO/IU-ALD)结核病耐药指南,将宁夏第四人民医院2008年8月1日-2010年12月31日期间所有新涂阳和新登记的复治涂阳的肺结核作为研究对象,对340例成功分离的结核分枝杆菌菌株,用比例法进行药物敏感试验.结果 总耐药率38.5％,初始耐药率13％,获得性耐药率51.8％;耐多药率21.7％,初始和获得性耐多药率分别为5.2％和30.3％;初治和复治患者的耐单药率以H为主;初治患者单药耐药频率以H为主,复治患者单药耐药频率以H、R和S为主;初治病例组耐R病例共6例,6例同时耐HR,占100％;复治病例组耐R者共75例,其中耐HR者68例,占90％.结论 我院耐药结核病的发生率较高,耐药现状应该引起重视.     

A research on 1297 cases of tuberculosis drug resistance and clinical characteristics

目的 探讨本地区结核病的耐药情况,为制定和完善结核病控制提供科学依据.方法 2005年1月至2011年12月在本所诊断的涂阳结核病患者均作痰抗酸杆菌培养,培养阳性的均作H、R、E、S药敏试验.结果 初治涂阳患者的任一耐药率为32.4％,复治涂阳患者的任一耐药率为48.6％,P＜0.05;初治涂阳患者耐药率是S＞H＞R＞E,复治患者耐药率是H＞S＞R＞E;初治涂阳患者耐多药率为5.3％,复治涂阳患者耐多药率为26.6％,P＜0.05;在复治涂阳患者中,中断治疗2次的耐多药率为55.3％,中断治疗1次的耐多药率为12.4％,P＜0.05.复治涂阳耐多药患者中,药物性肝损害者的构成比高达54.7％.结论 应加强对初治患者的督导管理,避免患者中断治疗,从而避免和减少耐多药病例的产生.应加强培训,提高医生对抗结核药物不良反应的预防和处理能力,尤其是提高对药物性肝损害的预防和处理能力.     

166例复治肺结核药敏状况及成因分析

目的探讨复治肺结核患者的药敏状况及成因,为今后结核病控制工作提供参考依据。方法收集广东省40个结核病耐药监测点研究的复治菌阳肺结核病例资料进行分析。结果166例复治肺结核病例中,耐药56例,耐药率为33.7%;对4种抗结核药物的耐药率分别为:H(22.3%),R(19.9%),S(17.5%),E(7.8%);耐多药(MDR)26例,耐多药率为15.7%。166例复治患者中,初诊就诊于综合医院及乡镇卫生院各占27.7%和27.1%,个体诊所占7.8%;间断不规则治疗者占10.8%,未完成疗程者占37.4%。结论加强防痨宣教工作,加强结核病归口管理,严格实施直接督导下的短程化疗(DOTS)方案,确保患者规范化治疗,以便减少复治病例及耐多药病例的产生。     

海南省三亚市2013-2015年肺结核患者耐药状况

目的 了解三亚市结核分支杆菌耐药情况,为今后结核病防治策略提供参考依据.方法 对三亚市2013年11月-2015年12月确诊登记的涂阳肺结核患者痰标本进行分离培养,对经鉴定为结核分支杆菌的菌株进行异烟肼(H)、利福平(R)、乙胺丁醇(E)、链霉素(S)、氧氟沙星(Ofx)和卡那霉素(Km)等6种抗结核药物敏感性试验. 结果 276例肺结核患者痰标本培养阳性252例,经菌型鉴定249株(初治216例,复治33例)为结核分枝杆菌,其中耐药51株,总耐药率为20.48％,初治及复治患者总耐药率分别为18.06％、36.36％;耐多药14株,耐多药率为5.62％,初治及复治患者耐多药率分别为4.63％、12.12％.单耐药29例,单耐药率为11.65％,多耐药8例,多耐药率为3.21％;任何耐药顺位是S(11.24％)、H(10.04％)、R(7.63％)、Ofx(5.22％)、E(0％)、Km(0％);初、复治患者耐药率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 三亚市结核病耐药情况低于全国平均水平,但需要进一步加强初治和复治肺结核患者治疗管理,以减少耐药结核病的发生.     

滨州市流动人口的结核病耐药状况及相关因素分析

目的：了解滨州市流动人口的结核病耐药状况及相关因素,为制定流动人口的结核病控制策略提供依据。方法：将滨州市各区县结核病定点医院2004年2月～2005年1月诊治的流动人口中所有新发及复治的痰培养阳性肺结核病例作为研究对象,并对所有分离培养阳性菌株进行菌型鉴定及利福平、异烟肼、链霉素及乙胺丁醇敏感性测试,分析流动人口耐药结核病的流行状况及相关因素。结果：入组493例培养阳性肺结核患者,最后获得431例（占87．4％）患者的菌型鉴定及药敏结果,其中结核分枝杆菌427例（占99．1％）,非结核分枝杆菌4例（占0．9％）。肺结核患者的总耐药率为18．3（78／427）,耐多药率为5．9％（25／427）;新发患者的耐药率为16．0％（62／387）,耐多药率为4．1％（16／387）;复治患者的耐药率为40．0％（16／40）,耐多药率为22．5％（9／40）。经单因素及多因素分析,45～60岁及复治病例是耐药及耐多药结核病的相关因素．结论：滨州市流动人口的结核病耐药率较高,今后要根据流动人口的特点加强防治措施。     

阿坝州人民医院101株结核分枝杆菌耐药情况分析

目的 通过药敏实验,探讨马尔康地区藏族肺结核患者的结核分枝杆菌对抗结核药物的敏感性和耐药性情况,指导临床制定合理的化疗方案.方法 采用绝对浓度间接法检测101株结核分枝杆菌对五种抗结核药物:异烟肼(INH,H)1μg/ml和10μ g/ml,利福平(RFP,R)50μg/ml和250μg/ml,链霉素(SM,S)10μg/ml和20μg/ml,乙胺丁醇(EMB,E)5μg/ml和50μg/ml,氧氟沙星(OFLX,O)5μg/ml和50μg/ml的敏感性.药物依赖判定:在含抗结核药物的培养基上生长旺盛程度和菌量,高浓度药物培养基≥低浓度药物培养基≥对照培养基.结果 101株结核分枝杆菌总耐药率为50.50%,初治耐药率为45.46%,其中耐多药(含 H和R)耐药率22.22%;复治耐药率为72.72%,其中耐多药(含H和R)耐药率45.45%.结论 马尔康地区属高耐药区,应加强结核菌的耐药监测,强化用药及严格管理,预防控制耐药菌株的传播.     

西安地区结核耐药性现状调查研究

目的:了解西安地区结核病的最新耐药状况。方法:采用960分枝杆菌检测/药敏系统对菌株进行检测,并做H、R、E、S四种药物的敏感试验。结果:2005年9月至2006年9月间进行痰耐药监测共269例,总耐药率为48.3%,初治耐药率为26.9%,复治耐药率83.3%;耐多药率为27.5%,初治耐多药率为6.6%;复治耐多药率为61.8%,4种抗结核药的耐药率由高到低依次为H、S、R、E。结论:积极推行结核病归口管理和实施DOTS策略,结核病疫情明显下降,但各项耐药指标在国内仍处于较高水平。     

耐多药结核病防治进展

耐多药结核病（MDR-TB）指由异烟肼和利福平和（或）其他抗结核药物耐药的结核杆菌所致的结核病（通常指肺结核病人）。耐多药结核病是当今耐药结核病中耐药最严重的类型。世界各国对结核病都存在不合理的化疗，使MDR-TB成为全球性问题，近年来发达国家MDR-TB也在不断增加。对于MDR-TB如何早期发现、快速诊断、有效预防、合理治疗和提高治愈率，是临床医生面临的严峻挑战，研究有效的抗结核病治疗方案关系到耐多药结核病的治疗效果。自20世纪90年代初期以来，由于主要抗结核病药应用不当，在世界几个不同地区已有数起耐多药结核病暴发的报导。根据世界卫生组织最近统计，初始耐药率为28．1％，继发耐药率为41．4％。我国1990年流行病调查结果显示，耐多药结核病已达到一定的严重程度，即初治病例耐多药率10．1％，MDR-TB率2．0％；复治病例耐多药率23．7％，MDR-TB率11．2％，耐药结核病例中MDR-TB占47．3％。1996年-1999年WHO耐药性监测中，我国河南、广东、山东、浙江省和香港地区的耐多药结核病和MDR-TB情况非常严重。2000年后的流行病调查发现，MDR-TB病人数较1990年又有所上升。为此，笔者对耐多药结核病流行病学原因、生物学基础、防治原则研究进展综述如下。     

耐多药结核病耐药状况分析

目的：探讨耐多药结核病（MDR—TB）的耐药状况。方法：对136例痰培养阳性的标本采用绝对浓度间接法试验进行耐药性测定，筛选出57例耐多药性肺结核病例，结合病例分析其耐药种类及意义。结果：57例MDR—TB患者中，获得性耐多药率为72％，青年组最多：原发性耐多药率为28％，以老年组为主。耐药原因以各种原因导致的不规则用药为主，占80．5％。耐药组合中以同时耐H、R、S三种药物为主，占40．4％。结论：本组病例获得性耐多药率高于原发性耐多药率，并以青年组为高，提示过去一段时间本地的结核病治疗上可能存在不足之处，耐多药的原因主要为不规则治疗所致，今后应加强宣教，加强督导管理。     

80株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株耐药性特点

目的 分析结核分枝杆菌临床分离株对5种抗结核药物的药物敏感性。方法用改良罗氏培养法测定结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的耐药性（MIC）、耐药率。结果80株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株对INH、RFP、EMB、SM和LVFX的平均MIC分别为9．7μg／mL、30．1μg／mL、16．4μg／mL、38．7μg／mL和0．9μg／mL;耐药率分别是67．2％、35．0％、53．8％、63．8％和16．3％。总耐药率为83．75％;耐单药率为17．5％;耐多药率为66.3％;耐多药株占总耐药株的79．1％。结论80株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株耐药率和耐多药率都较高,结核病的防治将面临更大的困难。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.