非饱和正冻土的三场耦合理论框架

在``饱和正冻土的理论构架'的基础上,假定了冻土体内的空气的流动是一 种Darcy流,进一步考虑了非饱和土中气相的影响,提议了一种综合考虑两种极端 情况：(1) 气体与外界完全相通. (2) 气体与外界完全不相通的相关水、热、力相 耦合的多孔多相介质理论构架------半连通、半封闭非饱和正冻土理论构架. 重点讨论了较简单的气体半连通半封闭的非饱和孔隙冻土体的三场耦合模型. 为 检验三场耦合分析模型及所开发的针对冻土工程三场耦合模型的软件系统3G2001 的合理性与正确性, 与214国道花石峡 试验路基实测的地温变化和路基路面变形 进行了对比验证, 对比结果显示: 路基中分析所得的温度场与实测值变化规律一 致, 量化相差大都在10\%$\sim$20\%以内; 分析所得耦合变形随时间的变化也与 实测值完全一致, 路中的分析变形与实测相差也在10%-20%以内     

青藏铁路路基加宽的变形特征研究

通过青藏铁路清水河冻土站场路基试验段冻土路堤、地基的沉降变形、水平位移、地温及路堤温度等进行较全面的试验和监测,分析了路基加宽对冻土路基温度场及变形产生的影响。     

青藏铁路不同路基工程结构对路基裂缝的影响研究

针对青藏铁路某试验段加筋路堤和站场路基等不同路基工程 ,本文介绍了冻土路基的温度和变形的试验结果 ,分析了加筋路堤和站场路基不同路基工程的地温变化和变形特征 ,并论述了加筋路堤和加宽路基等不同工程结构对路基裂缝的影响     

交通荷载下沥青路面车辙三维非线性有限元分析

建立了半刚性沥青路面和柔性沥青路面的三维有限元模型,采用非线性粘弹塑性理论分析了不同交通荷载对沥青路面车辙变形和切应力的影响,并考虑了刹车、路面纵坡对路面车辙的影响。结果表明:在相同荷载作用下,两种路面结构的车辙变形和切应力分布随着路面深度呈非线性分布,但不同路面结构对交通荷载变化的敏感性存在较大的差异;不同的胎压、轮载以及刹车产生的水平力对路面车辙变形有着较大的影响。当胎压为1 050 kPa及轮载为62.5 kN时,路面产生的车辙都大于在标准荷载及标准胎压时路面产生的车辙;在坡度为1%～6%时,路面纵坡对沥青路面车辙深度的影响不明显;在坡道上行车(特别是下行)时刹车是路面车辙过大的主要原因。     

青藏高原清水河多年冻土区铁路路基沉降变形特征研究

通过埋设在青藏铁路路基中两个断面内的6条沉降观测管3 a来的地基沉降变形资料,研究了高原多年冻土区铁路路基的沉降变形特征,分析了填筑铁路路基对下伏多年冻土融化变形的影响。研究表明,由于受到填筑路基时赋存在路基填料内的热量的影响,铁路路基下伏多年冻土上限在施工初期会有一个明显的下移沉降,铁路路基也随之有一个较大幅度的工后下沉变动,随着时间的推移,路基下降速率会逐渐下降,但在短时间内不会停止下来,而且由于太阳辐射和路基边坡形状的影响,路基向阳面与背阴面的变形有较大的差别,且在近南北向展布的路基上表现最为明显。     

青藏铁路冻土区遮挡式路基结构安全可靠性预测分析

冻土区路基的安全可靠性取决于路基地温场特征和路基面抗自然侵蚀特征。在路基基床上部修筑遮阳棚和在边坡上修筑遮阳板既可阻挡太阳对路基面和路基边坡的直接辐射,改变路基地温场形态,降低土层温度,又可防止降水渗入路基或降雪覆盖路面。这对防止冻土退化,提高冻土区铁路路基安全可靠性是一种非常有效而又简单易行的工程措施。本文以青藏铁路冻土区遮挡式路基结构路基表面温度数据和该地段气象资料为基础,运用带有相变的一维热传导方程模拟分析了青藏铁路长期运营过程中遮挡式路基结构对冻土区路基人为上限的抬升效果及对路基稳定性的影响,认为遮挡式路基结构是一种安全可靠的冻土区路基工程结构形式,同时也是未来铁路运营过程整治路基病害的一种有效工程措施。     

耦合路面损伤的车辆随机动荷载特性研究

为准确分析车辆对不平整路面作用的实际动荷载,在传统计算方法的基础上,进一步考虑了永久变形和平整度劣化等路面损伤累积的影响,提出了耦合损伤的车辆随机动荷载分析方法.通过计算轴载作用下路面各点的永久变形,推导路面不平整度的更新方程,将其引入车-路系统动力方程,采用Matlab编制求解程序,即可得到任意时间路面各点受到的车辆随机动荷载序列.基于该方法分析了车辆随机动荷载沿轮迹的分布变化,研究了随机动荷载系数随轴次的演化规律.结果 表明,车辆随机动荷载是随时间逐渐增大的动态演化过程,其沿轮迹的分布具有空间可重复性,随着轴载作用,动荷载的离散程度增大,将引起路面各点的损伤累积差异增大;而车辆行驶速度越低,新建路面越不平整,动荷载随时间演化速率越快,对路面造成的损伤越大.     

高速公路下伏多层倾斜采空区危害性评价数值模拟

采空区的危害性评价是矿区高速公路建设技术难题之一。应用二维及三维有限单元法对某高速公路下伏一多层倾斜复杂地质条件老采空区的变形与稳定性进行了数值模拟。模拟计算结果表明,研究区多层倾斜采空区对路基的危害性严重,必须对公路路基影响范围内的采空区部位进行处治。     

青藏铁路冻土区路基工程安全可靠性监测技术研究

通过对冻土区路基工程和冻土之间相互作用过程的分析,提出冻土区路基工程的安全可靠性监测关键技术一是监测方法,二是监测手段,三是数据分析。冻土区路基工程的安全可靠性首先取决于工程周围和工程基底多年冻土的热稳定性,其次取决于发生变形的路基填土厚度及其基底融化层厚度。因此,路基顶面以下不同深度地温监测和年际冻融季节时段路基土层变形监测是冻土区工程长期可靠性监测的主要指标。青藏铁路自然条件的严酷性,要求监测手段具有可靠性和耐久性以及对复杂自然条件变化的适应性。文章提出一种自动观测多年冻土地温和路基变形,并能够实现数据无线传输的现场监测系统设计方案,通过现场试验,证明这种监测系统能够适应青藏高原恶劣的自然条件,减轻了人工监测的劳苦,具有可靠性和耐久性。作者还提出了能够简便判断冻土区工程安全可靠性的监测数据分析方法,对目前冻土区工程安全可靠性分析具有一定的理论指导作用。     

胶新铁路砂土液化区路基沉降规律研究

地震液化常给人们带来巨大损失,而剪切振动和循环荷载作用下的动力学效应常被认为是地震液化的主要原因,人们对剪切荷载作用下饱和砂土的液化问题进行了较多的研究,而对循环荷载作用下砂土液化的动力学效应研究较少。胶新铁路在DK39+000开始为高地震烈度区,DK283+550~DK283+770分布有地震可液化层,工程修建后列车动荷载的影响将会有诱发砂土液化的可能性。为了研究通车前自然沉降特征和通车后循环荷载作用下的路基沉降变形规律,本文在具体分析了砂土液化的概念和准则判别的基础上,重点分析了砂土液化区路基沉降特征,包括测试断面竖向分层沉降变形特征分析和路基水平位移特征分析。最后在试验的基础上,从理论上给出了循环荷载下砂土的本构关系。     

Sensor Installation in Rigid Pavement

This unique approach for installing strain gages in PCC pavement sections in the Ohio SHRP Test Road was very successful. All sensors were installed during construction with no delays to the contractor, and all gages performed well in controlled vehicle tests which followed. After two and one-half years, more than 90% of the gages continue to balance electronically and function properly. Data from these sensors are expected to provide engineers with an in-depth understanding of how PCC pavements respond to traffic loads and environmental factors.     

Turbulent flow through bifurcated nozzles

A finite-element model has been used to study steady-state turbulent flow through bifurcated submerged-entry nozzles with oversized ports typical of those used in the continuous casting of steel. Both 2D and 3D simulations have been performed with the commercial code FIDAP, using the standard K–? turbulence model. Predicted velocities from 3D simulations compare reasonably with experimental measurements using a hot-wire anemometer conducted in a physical water model, where severe turbulent fluctuations are present. Results show that a 2D simulation can also capture the main flow characteristics of the jet existing the nozzle and requires two orders of magnitude less computer time than the 3D simulation. A model combining the nozzle and mould was set up to study the effect of the outlet boundary conditions of the nozzle on the jet characteristics. This modelling technique will assist in the design of submerged-entry nozzles, especially as applied to enhance steel quality in the continuous casting process. Further, the model will provide appropriate inlet boundary conditions for a separate numerical model of the mould.     

基于FE/EFG耦合方法的沥青路面裂纹扩展模拟

沥青路面裂纹在行车荷载下的裂纹扩展规律对于沥青路面的设计、维护具有重要的指导意义.通过预切口沥青混合料小梁疲劳试验,利用无网格伽辽金/有限元耦合方法,对沥青路面表面裂纹扩展进行了数值模拟,研究了面层厚度、面层模量、基层厚度、基层模量对裂纹扩展的影响规律.结果显示:随着预切口距离加载中心距离的增大,沥青混合料小梁的疲劳寿命增大,裂纹尖端的Ⅰ型应力强度因子减小,裂纹所表现出的Ⅱ型特性增 强;在沥青路面表面裂纹扩展过程中,应力强度因子经历一个急剧上升,达到一个极值后缓慢下降,然后又缓慢上升,最后急剧增加的过程;随面层、基层厚度的增加,表面裂纹尖端的应力强度因子降低;面层、基层模量对裂纹扩展路径的影响较大.     

纳米压痕过程的三维有限元数值试验研究

采用有限元方法模拟了纳米压痕仪的加、卸载过程，三维有限元模型考虑了纳米压痕仪的标准Berkovich压头．介绍了有限元模型的几何参数、边界条件、材料特性与加载方式，讨论了摩擦、滑动机制、试件模型的大小对计算结果的影响，进行了计算结果与标准试样实验结果的比较，证实了模拟的可靠性．在此基础上，重点研究了压头尖端曲率半径对纳米压痕实验数据的影响．对比分析了尖端曲率半径r＝0与r＝100nm两种压头的材料压痕载荷—位移曲线．结果表明，当压头尖端曲率半径r≠0时，基于经典的均匀连续介质力学本构理论、传统的实验手段与数据处理方法，压痕硬度值会随着压痕深度的减小而升高．     

长距离叠交隧道施工过程三维有限元模拟研究

浦东南路站～南浦大桥站区间隧道工程全长2000米,在浦西段位于南浦大桥桩基间施工,为确保线型同时避让南浦大桥桥桩,采用长距离叠交隧道施工工艺,叠交距离达437．7米,为国际罕见。为了优化盾构施工的各项施工参数,有效进行施工过程控制,完善施工技术方案,保证科学合理、安全优质地完成隧道的设计与施工,同时为以后叠交隧道工艺及隧道线路规划、设计的优化提供借鉴,为类似工程施工提供经验积累,对盾构隧道长距离叠交施工进行三维非线性静力应力应变分析。通过模拟研究建立了三维有限元模型,经过计算分析,国内首次分析了长距离叠交过程中后建隧道盾构施工对已建隧道的影响,摸索出隧道推进过程中的周围土体的移动规律、地表面水平位移及地面沉降规律、已建隧道管片位移和变形及应力变化规律。     

Rapid Learning-Based and Geologically Consistent History Matching

Various types of data become available at different stages of a reservoir’s life. The production data are integrated into the flow simulation models through a process referred to as history matching. The history-matching process is iterative, and it usually involves a large number of simulation runs. Hence, this process requires significant computational time. In most history-matching methods, the initial geological assumptions in the reservoir model are destroyed or significantly altered in the process. Furthermore, they do not account for the information obtained during the previous trials, and lack learning from the previous failures. In this paper, we introduce a new methodology that maintains the geological realism. The candidate realizations are selected through a learning-based history-matching (LHM) algorithm by which all the previously successful patterns are preserved and used to assist the construction of the next realizations. The various pieces of matching regions are assembled together to make a pool of the successful candidates. Such regions are then utilized for making an auxiliary dataset in a multiscale framework by which the next model is generated. To prevent from trapping in local minima, ideas from the genetic algorithm is adapted. The LHM algorithm can be applied to both categorical and continuous distributions. The LHM provides a conditional map by which the new production data are immediately incorporated into the existing reservoir models. We apply the LHM algorithm to various 2D and 3D examples with very complex binary and continuous properties. The algorithm is shown to produce history-matched models with significantly smaller CPU times.     

Two and three dimensional modeling of fluidized bed with multiple jets in a DEM-CFD framework

Fluidized beds with multiple jets have widespread industrial applications. The objective of this paper is to investigate the jet interactions and hydrodynamics of a fluidized bed with multiple jets. Discrete element modeling coupled with in-house CFD code GenlDLEST has been used to simulate a bed with nine jets. The results are compared with published experiments. Mono dispersed particles of size 550 ~m are used with 1.4 times the minimum fluidization velocity of the particles. Both two and three dimensional computations have been performed. To the best of our knowledge, the results presented in this paper are the first full 3D simulations of a fluidized bed performed with multiple jets. Discrepancies between the experiment and simulations are discussed in the context of the dimensionality of the simulations. The 2D solid fraction profile compares well with the experiment close to the distributor plate. At higher heights, the 2D simulation over-predicts the solid fraction profiles near the walls. The 3D simulation on the other hand is better able to capture the solid fraction profile higher up in the bed compared to that near the distributor plate. Similarly, the normalized particle velocities and the particle fluxes compare well with the experiment closer to the distributor plate for the 2D simulation and the freeboard for the 3D simulation, respectively. A lower expanded bed height is predicted in the 2D simulation compared to the 3D simulation and the experiment. The results obtained from DEM computations show that a 2D simulation can be used to capture essential jetting trends near the distributor plate regions, whereas a full scale 3D simulation is needed to capture the bubbles near the freeboard regions. These serve as validations for the experiment and help us understand the complex jet interaction and solid circulation patterns in a multiple jet fluidized bed system.     

三维自适应FE-SPH耦合算法在多层间隔金属靶侵彻问题中的应用

鉴于有限元算法不能有效地模拟侵彻过程所产生的金属碎片, 本文中基于三维自适应FE-SPH耦合算法的基本理论, 自主开发了模拟多层间隔金属靶侵彻问题的三维FE-SPH耦合计算程序。该程序采用四面体单元对多层间隔金属靶侵彻模型进行初始离散, 计算过程中, 当四面体单元等效塑性应变超过某一设定值时, 单元自动转化为SPH粒子, 并引入有限单元-粒子接触算法和耦合算法, 实现大变形和破碎区域采用SPH方法计算, 克服有限元法单元畸变存在的问题。多层间隔靶侵彻算例分析表明, 三维FE-SPH耦合计算程序采用等效塑性应变作为转化判据计算结果较稳定, 并且能够有效地再现侵彻过程中所产生的碎片, 能够模拟侵彻碎片对后层靶的毁伤效应。     

花键轴冷挤压成形后的三维光塑性模拟研究

本文利用光塑性方法,以聚碳酸酯（Ｐｏｌｙｃａｒｂｏｎａｔｅ）为材料研究了矩形花键轴冷挤压成形过程,获得了花键挤压成形的三维塑性应变场分布,提出其变形的应变分布特征,并对典型截面的应变进行了计算分析;文中还通过对聚碳酸酯材料的实验,得到了使花键齿形充满的最佳坯料尺寸,为实际工艺生产优选出合理的工艺参数。     

Inverse problems of 3D ultrasonic tomography with complete and incomplete range data

The paper focuses on the development of efficient methods for solving inverse problems of 3D ultrasound tomography as coefficient inverse problems for the wave equation. The idea of standard tomographic approaches to solving tomography problems is to analyze the 3D objects by their two-dimensional cross sections. This scheme is perfectly implemented in the case of X-ray tomography. Unlike X-ray tomography, ultrasonic tomography has to deal with diffraction and refraction effects, which limit the possibility of solving 3D problems by analyzing 2D cross sections. We propose efficient methods for solving inverse problems of ultrasound tomography directly in the 3D formulation. The proposed algorithms are based on the direct computation of the gradient of the residual functional. The algorithms are primarily oriented toward the development of ultrasound tomographs for differential diagnosis of breast cancer. Computer simulations demonstrated the high efficiency of the developed algorithms. The algorithms are implemented on GPU-based supercomputers. We analyze various schemes of 3D ultrasonic tomographs including those without rotating elements and with fixed positions of the sources and receivers. The algorithms developed can be used for solving inverse problems of seismology, acoustics, and electromagnetic sounding.