反倾层状岩体斜坡弯曲-拉裂两种失稳破坏之判据探讨

对反倾层状岩体斜坡弯曲-拉裂的失稳破坏判据,已有研究分别基于两种力学模型进行推导,即竖直压杆弹性屈曲稳定和平直梁弯折破坏模型,但对层间错动阻力及挠度产生附加弯矩等因素未加以考虑,不尽合理。在反倾斜坡岩层受力分析基础上,建立考虑了板侧层间错动阻力的下端嵌固、上端自由的斜置等厚弹性悬臂板梁模型,统一地通过瑞利-里兹能量方法,推导了弹性屈曲临界条件和嵌固端弯折破坏临界条件。实例计算及讨论表明,弹性屈曲判据适用于陡立岩层;而中-陡反倾岩层应主要为弯折破坏,但层间的力学性质对弯折临界判据值具有较大影响。     

反倾层状岩质边坡失稳的断裂力学分析

反倾层状岩质边坡的高危地质灾害承载体在自然界中普遍存在,为研究其失稳破坏机制,将反倾边坡岩层简化为一个带裂缝的悬臂梁,建立了由一组结构面控制边坡稳定性的断裂力学模型,推导了各岩层结构面等效应力强度因子和岩层及边坡稳定性判据。分析了岩层倾角、层厚、结构面长度、内摩擦角和粘聚力5个因素对边坡的稳定性影响。结果表明,随着岩层倾角和结构面长度的增加,边坡不稳定区域增加,坡脚处的抗滑稳定性减小;随着内摩擦角和粘聚力的增大,边坡不稳定区域减小,坡脚处的抗滑稳定性增大;随着岩层厚度的增大,不稳定岩层的范围基本保持不变,但是岩层的抗滑稳定区域随着厚度增加逐渐向坡脚移动,厚度越大,坡脚处的抗滑稳定性越大。实例分析验证了本文理论的合理与可行性,研究结论对工程实践具有一定指导意义。     

反倾岩质边坡变形特征的三维数值模拟研究——以龙滩水电站工程边坡为例进行三维变形特征分析

以龙滩水电站工程边坡三维变形为例,分析了层状反倾岩质边坡当边坡与岩层夹角变化时,边坡的变形特征。并通过数值模拟根据变形曲线对不同范围边坡与岩层走向夹角的变形特征进行了定性描述。     

锦屏水电站解放沟反倾高边坡变形机制的探讨

通过对锦屏水电站某一反倾高边坡的野外调查、室内测试实验及数值模拟计算分析 ,对其变形机制有了进一步的认识。对以往的结论重新进行论证 ,用证据说明问题 ,最终得出新的研究成果。本文认为解放沟左岸深层变形是由河谷快速下切过程中边坡发生深部卸荷松弛和倾内层状体斜坡的深部岩层弯曲倾倒共同作用所引起     

大型反倾库岸岩体变形过程及破坏机制数值模拟

随着边坡地质结构、地层岩性和诱发因素的不同,反倾岩体的主控变形破坏模式都会发生改变。金沙江龙蟠边坡岩体主要为反倾向千板岩和砂岩互层状结构,坡脚河床深厚覆盖层构成了边坡的软弱支座。本文运用离散单元法模拟了大型反倾库岸岩体在漫长的地质历史时期中的变形演化过程,并基于反倾岩体变形的时效性观点,引入强度折减法分析边坡在不同阶段的剪切屈服区扩展情况及相应的稳定性状态。结论表明龙蟠边坡变形岩体是重力弯曲蠕变为主导的成因机制,并归纳提出了软基效应和互层效应共同作用下的大规模反倾岩体的累进性剪切破坏模式,俗称“龙蟠模式”。     

层状反倾边坡变形特征及影响因素分析

借助金沙江某水电站左岸边坡岩体参数,利用离散元软件UDEC/3DEC对层状反倾边坡的主控影响因素(边坡高度、边坡坡度、层面倾角、层面力学参数、坡面与层面夹角等)进行多工况数值模拟分析,揭示了不同影响因素下层状反倾边坡倾倒变形的条件及破坏特征。计算结果表明各影响因素均对边坡倾倒变形有显著影响,边坡层面力学参数的影响尤为显著;边坡在坡角β40°,层面倾角γ50°时发生倾倒破坏的特征并不明显,当边坡坡角β40°,层面倾角γ50°时,随着各影响因素的不同组合与变化,边坡倾倒变形趋势显著增加,边坡的破坏模式主要表现为延性弯曲倾倒和脆性折断倾倒破坏;坡面与层面夹角的变化对边坡倾倒变形及边坡潜在破坏模式均有显著影响,当坡面与层面夹角Ψ在0°~90°时,随Ψ值的增大边坡潜在破坏模式由典型的弯折倾倒破坏模式向圆弧形滑动破坏模式转变。     

爆破扰动下邻近层状围岩隧道的稳定性与振速阈值

爆炸荷载下邻近既有层状围岩隧道的迎爆侧易发生开裂、破坏,确保既有隧道围岩在爆破扰动下的安全是隧道近接施工中的关键问题。基于弹性力学和结构力学原理,建立了既有层状围岩隧道迎爆侧最危险点的简化力学模型,得到了最危险点的应力计算表达式,分析了隧道半径与岩层厚度的比值、岩层的倾角、岩层所对应的圆心角和隧道埋深等因素对既有隧道围岩稳定性的影响规律,并依据岩体最大拉应力判据确定了既有层状隧道围岩稳定的质点临界振动速度,结合地震波传播时的衰减规律,可以得出爆破施工时的最大单响药量,从而为隧道近接爆破动力扰动施工提供理论依据。     

下伏隧道层状岩质边坡地震响应特性的大型振动台试验研究

针对下伏隧道水平层状岩质边坡,设计并完成比尺1∶10的大型振动台试验。试验选取汶川波、Kobe波和大瑞人工波作为台面输入地震波,研究下伏隧道水平层状岩质边坡的加速度和动位移响应变化规律及地震动参数对边坡动力响应特性的影响。研究表明:在地震荷载作用下,下伏隧道水平层状岩质边坡的加速度响应随着地震波类型、激振强度、激振方向、岩层相对位置等因素呈现出非线性变化特征;在X向或Z向单向激振下,边坡主要在地震波激振方向上产生动力响应;边坡的竖直加速度放大系数沿坡高呈"U"型变化,最小值出现在软弱夹层与上部弱风化岩层的分界面处,软弱夹层对边坡的竖向加速度响应有较大影响。边坡的动位移响应整体上表现为:对于不同类型地震波,Kobe波双向激振下最大、大瑞波次之、汶川波最小;对于同一种地震波,双向激振时较强、单向激振时较弱。边坡软弱夹层与上部弱风化岩层的分界面在耦合地震作用下易发生剪出破坏,应采取相应的预加固措施。     

龙滩水电站左岸边坡工程地质研究及蠕变体B区岩体质量评价

蠕变体B区边坡位于龙滩水库上游侧,是典型的层状反倾岩质边坡。由于风化卸荷以及其他综合营力的作用,边坡已发生了明显的折断错滑变形,因而其稳定性受到极大关注。本文的目的是在研究边坡构造特征的基础上,从岩体质量的角度认识蠕变体B区边坡的稳定性,为进一步边坡定量、定性分析提供科学依据。同时本文还对现有的岩体质量评价方法进行了讨论,并提出了动态岩体质量评价方法的概念。     

凤滩水电站扩建工程进水口反倾层状结构边坡岩体特征与加固处理

凤滩水电站扩建工程进水口边坡为厚层反倾结构边坡,岩体完整性好,由于边坡及进水口段洞室开挖未及时支护,导致进水口段上部边坡岩体产生轻微倾倒变形。本文描述了该进水口部位的地质条件,分析了进水口隧洞上部厚层反倾岩体稳定性。研究了施工过程中岩体发生轻微倾倒变形的原因,并提出了相应的加固处理方案,通过现场监测证明处理后边坡岩体是稳定的。     

船-冰作用中海冰典型破坏模式的离散元数值模拟

在破冰船破冰过程中,冰排主要表现为挤压与弯曲两种破坏模式.本文基于黏结离散单元法对船-冰作用中的这两种典型破坏模式进行数值模拟.海冰离散元数值试样采用随机排布方式生成,采用单轴压缩试验与三点弯曲试验相结合的方式标定模型中的细观参数.将船-冰碰撞中的挤压和弯曲作用方式简化为直立或倾斜 平板与海冰的作用模式,构建挤压与弯曲...     

四种强度准则在高聚物粘结炸药强度分析中的适应性

强度准则是炸药材料破坏力学的重要组成部分,是炸药部件承载能力评估的基础。基于单轴加载技术,设计了圆柱试件的端部约束压溃试验方法,对HMX基PBX和TATB基PBX两种材料进行了复杂应力下的强度失效试验。依据试验边界条件和平均测试结果,利用有限元方法定量分析了试件内部的应力场分布,最后采用最先破坏处的三向主应力数据分析了四种典型强度准则在PBX强度分析中的适应性。就描述精度来看,Mohr-Coulomb准则最优,误差在15%以内,Twin-shear准则和Drucker-Prager准则次之,现常用的Uniaxial-strength准则相对最差。就安全阈度来看,Uniaxial-strength准则最优,两种材料中安全阈度均超过75%,Mohr-Coulomb准则和双剪Twin-shear准则次之,Drucker-Prager准则相对最差。总的来讲,Mohr-Coulomb准则可用于描述HMX基PBX的表观强度上限和TATB基PBX的表观强度下限,Twin-shear准则可用于描述TATB基PBX的表观强度上限。     

A new approach for failure criterion for sheet metals

The interpretation of sheet forming simulations relies on failure criteria to define the limits of metal deformation. The common requirements for these criteria across a broad range of application areas have not yet been satisfied or fully identified, and a single criterion to satisfy all needs has not been developed. Areas where existing criteria appear to be lacking are in the comprehension of the effects of non-proportional loading, general non-planar and triaxial stress loading, and process and material mechanisms that differentiate between necking and fracture. This study was mainly motivated to provide an efficient method for the analysis of necking and fracture limits for sheet metals. In this paper, a model for the necking limit is combined with a model for the fracture limit in the principal stress space by employing a stress-based forming limit curve (FLC) and the maximum shear stress (MSS) criterion. A new metal failure criterion for in-plane isotropic metals is described, based on and validated by a set of critical experiments. This criterion also takes into consideration of the stress distribution through the thickness of the sheet metal to identify the mode of failure, including localized necking prior to fracture, surface cracking, and through-thickness fracture, with or without a preceding neck. The fracture model is also applied to the openability of a food can for AA 5182. The predicted results show very good agreement with the experimentally observed data.     

基于非关联流动规律的Gotoh屈服准则的参数确定方法

屈服准则对板料成形过程的理论解析、工艺优化和有限元模拟有着重要的影响. 通过提高屈服准则的各向异性表征能力, 可以确保成形过程的可靠性及实际预测的准确性. 本文基于非关联流动法则, 给出了Gotoh屈服准则一套全新的参数求解方法. 在结合常用屈服准则并考虑流动规律的基础上, 分别以5754O铝合金、DP980先进高强钢和SAPH440结构钢作为研究对象, 进行了不同加载路径下各向异性变形行为的预测. 根据Gotoh屈服准则推导的屈服函数、塑性势函数以及基于关联流动的理论函数计算出屈服应力和各向异性指数$r$值随加载角度的分布趋势, 进而针对平面应力状态的屈服轨迹展开分析, 验证了不同屈服准则和流动规律对各向异性屈服行为的预测精度. 理论与实验数据对比结果表明: 不同屈服准则针对同种板料在流动规律一致的情形下其表征各向异性的能力有显著差异; 相同屈服准则基于不同流动规律其表征能力也具有明显差别. 基于非关联流动的屈服准则能极大地提高精度, 各向异性表征能力显著加强. 相关结果能够为各向异性屈服准则在塑性成形领域的实际应用方案提供重要参考.      

Failure criterion for reinforced concrete beams and plates subjected to membrane force,bending and shear

In this paper, a failure criterion for reinforced concrete plates is derived through the kinematic method in the framework of the limit analysis theory. This criterion is expressed in terms of the stress resultant variables: membrane force, shear force and bending moment at once. The aim of the authors is to be able to predict the failure of reinforced concrete plate structures in statics or in slow dynamics using directly the internal forces (membrane and shear forces and moment) resulting from a finite-element computation.In a first step, a beam criterion is derived. The closed form expression of the criterion shows that it is made up of two parts, one independent of the moment (i.e. depending only on the normal force and the shear force) and one depending on the normal force, the shear force and the bending moment. This structure of the criterion allows to determine two failure modes: shear failure and bending failure.Then in a second step, the beam criterion is extended to the case of reinforced concrete plates. The obtained criterion is partly numerical and partly a close form expression. It gives an upper bound of the load, and when this limit load is reached, the criterion is able to supply, on one hand, the failure mode (as seen in the beam case) and, on the other hand, the angles of the failure plane in the reinforced concrete plate section.Thirdly, the criterion is implemented in the finite element software Europlexus and validated with respect to punching experimental tests. We show that the criterion must be used with an effectiveness factor applied on the concrete compressive strength.     

不同加载速率下砂岩弯曲破坏的细观机理

岩石细观破裂形貌是岩石破坏机制的重要反映,为研究不同加载速率对砂岩弯曲破坏的影响,通过三点弯曲实验和扫描电镜方法,对某煤矿关键层砂岩弯曲破断裂纹细观形态以及裂纹的自相似性进行了研究。选取6个不同加载速率对岩样进行三点弯曲实验,观察其宏观断裂情况,并利用扫描电镜对弯曲断裂面表面裂纹细观结构进行观察,并拍摄不同倍数下的扫描电镜图片。对图片进行图像处理后得到砂岩弯曲断裂破坏细观裂纹信息,并计算得到微裂纹的分形盒维数值。结果显示:随着加载速率的提高,砂岩穿晶断裂的比例也随之升高,裂纹分形维数亦随着加载速率的增大而增加,同时,分形维数还与弯曲断裂破坏荷载和抗弯强度成正比。可见,加载速率对断裂方式有一定的影响,且加载速率越大断裂所需的破坏能越大,裂纹分布越广,表明开采速度与岩爆等岩体动力灾变有密切关系。     

Failure criterion of collagen fiber: Viscoelastic behavior simulated by using load control data

A nonlinear Zener model is developed to model the viscoelastic behavior of collagen fibers, a building block of the biological soft tissues in the skeletal system. The effects of the strain rate dependency, the loading history, rest, and recovery on the stress-strain relationship of collagen fibers were investigated using the Zener model. The following loading conditions were simulated: (1) the stress relaxation after cyclic loading, (2) the constant strain rate loading before and after cyclic loading (stabilization) and post recovery, and (3) the constant strain rate loading over a wide range of loading rates. In addition, we explored the critical values of stress and strain using different failure criteria at different strain rates. Four major findings were derived from these simulations. First of all, the stress relaxation is larger with a smaller number cycles of preloading. Second, the strain rate sensitivity diminishes after the stabilization and recovery from resting. Third, the stress-strain curve is dependent on the strain rate except for extreme loading conditions (very fast or slow rates of loading). Finally, the strain energy density (SED) criteria may be a more practical failure criterion than the ultimate stress or strain criterion for collagen fiber. These results provide the basis for interpretation of the viscoelastic and failure behaviors of complex structures such as spinal functional units with more economical CPU than full finite element modeling of the whole structure would have required.     

First-ply failure of laminated composite plates

Composite laminates offer superior load carrying capacity. Reliable application of structures requires a knowledge of their stress/strain and failure behavior. past treatments involved assumptions in both the stress and failure analyses; they become increasingly more difficult when the failure of the microstructure constituents is to be included in the continuum analysis of the laminates. Recognizing the conventional failure criteria used for composite material analyses, this work adopts the first-ply failure criterion by application of a polynomial function and the finite element procedure.The laminates are modeled by the Reissner-Mindlin plate theory that accounts for moderate rotation. This is because shear effects are more pronounced in composite laminates whose transverse shear modulus is low relative to the Young's modulus. Failure loads are obtained for different laminate thicknesses, stacking sequences and aspect ratios and different failure criteria. The results show that predictions made from the maximum stress criterion are nearly the same as the others, except for those obtained by the Hill criterion.     

A new distortion energy-based equivalent stress for multiaxial fatigue life prediction

A new equivalent stress amplitude expression has been developed for the assessment of fatigue life in components under multiaxial loading. The expression was generated by incorporating non-linear/plastic stress–strain relation into a mechanical energy calculation, and then applying the calculation to the distortion energy theory for a cyclic loading case. Therefore, the new uniaxial equivalent stress expression determines an appropriate stress amplitude value for multiaxial cyclic loading. The purpose of the equivalent stress value is to determine multiaxial fatigue failure using an energy-based fatigue life prediction criterion. The governing understanding behind the criterion states that the physical damage quantity for failure is equal to the accumulated strain energy in a monotonic fracture, which is also equal to the accumulated strain energy during fatigue failure. Using the new equivalent stress amplitude expression and the energy-based life prediction method, a comparison is made between prediction results and multiaxial empirical data. The multiaxial data was acquired by a vibration-based biaxial bending fatigue test and a torsion fatigue test with an assumed axial misalignment. The results of the comparison provide encouragement regarding the capability of the newly developed equivalent stress amplitude expression for fatigue life prediction.