钛合金微观位错与整体结构件加工变形的数学模型研究

以钛合金梁整体结构件为研究对象,根据位错动力学理论建立了整体结构件加工变形的运动位错分布模型;通过位错滑移系统模型建立了整体结构件最大塑性变形量与微观位错的理论数学关系.通过对该数学关系模型的分析表明：钛合金梁整体结构件的最大塑性变形量发生在梁中间附近,且最大变形位置由基面滑移和柱面滑移与工件端面之间的夹角确定;最大塑性变形量与已加工表面下不同深度处的应力场、加工变形过程中位错的增殖强度以及工件的长度成正比,与工件的厚度成反比,且仅从宏观尺寸上来看,工件的长度越长,厚度越小,工件的变形量越大.     

Texture evolution in low-C flat rolled steels on the physical properties

Texture evolution and physical properties are studied to investigate effects according to recrystallization treatment and the reduction ratio of temper rolling. Cold rolling texture can be decided by the deformation criteria and slip systems. Texture components develop by different deformation hysteresis in the surface and center layer of low-C flat rolled steels. Predominant γ-fiber is developed by cold rolling in center layer and (α+γ)-fibers which α-fiber is strong are developed in surface layer. This is the result of the different deformation hysteresis of the surface and center layer. After recrystallization the intensity of γ-fiber is clearly developed. γ-fiber is well developed in IF steel, but strong α-fiber together with γ-fiber is developed in AK steel. This is because textures having orientation scattering from γ-fiber are developed from recovery detention by the reaction between carbon and dislocations, inhomogeneity of slip behavior by carbon atoms, and plastic deformation mechanism like slip bands, etc. High permeability and low coercivity can be obtained by developing texture parallel to magnetic easy axis {hkl}〈100〉. Factors having effects on magnetic properties are grain size, chemical composition, texture, etc.     

904L不锈钢形变奥氏体的亚结构演化及其对宏观流变应力的影响

为了揭示动态再结晶行为的本质及其对流变应力的影响,选取904L奥氏体不锈钢为研究对象,针对奥氏体在不同工艺下的热变形行为以及变形组织和再结晶组织的亚结构进行深入研究。结果表明材料的宏观应力-应变曲线在特定条件下不能准确反映微观尺寸上的动态再结晶行为。EBSD分析表明动态再结晶晶粒中亚结构特征以取向差角小于1°为主,呈周期性分布,且这种特征不会随晶粒自身长大或应变的增加而发生明显改变,即具有较好的稳定性;而变形组织中亚结构的取向差角明显增大,频繁出现大于1°的小角晶界,局部取向差角的分布范围也增大至1°～4°,即几何必需位错密度显著增加。尽管无论何种工艺下晶界均为再结晶的优先形核位置,但形核条件是不同的。对于完全再结晶组织来说,新的再结晶晶粒形核只需晶界出现局部“弓出”或弯曲;而在原始变形组织中,出现再结晶形核的晶界均存在微区高应变。     

Friction-induced structural modifications of Mg and Ti surfaces

High-purity magnesium and titanium have been examined in order to study modifications to the near-surface layer during friction. Upsetting tests were conducted under atmospheric and imposed hydrostatic pressure to assess the plasticity and deformability of these metals. It is shown that the deformability of magnesium and to a lesser extent that of titanium can be considerably enhanced by superimposed hydrostatic pressure. Both metals were subjected to uniaxial, constant load, dry friction, pin-on-plate tests in air at room temperature and atmospheric pressure and the near-surface layer examined destructively and non-destructively in order to characterize induced changes. High-resolution X-ray diffraction examination of the worn and unworn surfaces suggested that the deformability of the near-surface layer in magnesium is associated with an increase in 〈a〉 Burgers vector screw dislocations able to cross slip and which contribute to recovery and recrystallization in the deformed region. A similar effect may be present for titanium although no recrystallization was observed.     

SEM imaging of the cell structure of dislocation networks in cold worked cu single crystals

In certain metallurgical applications of SEM, such as the observation of deformation effects, and the recovery and recrystallization processes in bulk specimens, it is of special interest to obtain information about local inhomogeneities of the dislocation densities in a sample. This can be obtained using TEM on thin foils. Previously information on distortion in cold-worked specimens was obtained by measuring the dependence of the deterioration of the resolution of the selected area channelling patterns (SACP) on the degree of deformation. This method, however, is not applicable to highly deformed materials. Direct SEM imaging of the cell structure of the dislocation network has been achieved without resolving single dislocations by using a suitable arrangement of specimen and detector, such that only backscattered electrons (BSE) leaving the surface at a large angle to the normal contribute to the image signals. The signal-to-noise ratio was improved to the degree that it was possible 1) to image the cell structure of the dislocation network and 2) on heating the specimens, to record the growth of recrystallized regions with TV-frame frequency. The imaging of the cell structure gives qualitative information about the degree of crystal deformation and the crystallographic direction of grain boundary motion during recrystallization.     

Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy in situ studies of grain boundary migration in cold-deformed aluminium bicrystals

The crystallography of recrystallization has been investigated in channel‐die deformed pure aluminium bicrystals with {100}<011>/{110}<001> orientations. The microstructural and microtextural changes during the early stages of recrystallization were followed by systematic local orientation measurements using scanning and transmission electron microscopes. In particular, orientation mapping combined with in situ sample heating was used to investigate the formation and growth of new grains at very early stages of recrystallization. Grain boundary migration and ‘consumption’ of the as‐deformed areas was always favoured along directions parallel to the traces of the {111} slip planes that had been most active during deformation.     

Thermomechanical modeling and transient analysis of sliding contacts between an elastic–plastic asperity and a rigid isothermal flat

To investigate thermomechanical contacts between an elastic–plastic sphere and a rigid flat, simulations with slip rates ranging from 0.1 m/s to 10 m/s were performed. As interfaces with strong interfacial bonding but weak substrate were specifically targeted, slip initiation was treated as shear failure of the softer material in numerical simulations. The simulations show that both sliding friction coefficient and friction stress are significantly dependent on slip rate while the maximum static friction coefficient is independent of that. Moreover, the energy release during the transition from full stick to full slip is comparable to the shear fracture energy of the material.     

冷轧双相钢在退火过程中的组织和织构演变

通过模拟双相钢的热镀锌退火处理,研究了钢的组织和织构演变。结果表明:冷轧后试验钢加热到630℃时,在变形铁素体晶界附近出现少量再结晶晶核,当加热温度升高至690℃时,变形组织已基本消失,再结晶过程基本完成;在再结晶过程中析出的细小弥散TiC、NbC相对{111}织构的形核具有促进作用,阻碍了不利织构的形核,从而使得γ织构密度增强,α取向线上的{001}〈110〉至{112}〈110〉范围内的织构密度减弱,甚至消失;在再结晶晶核长大阶段,TiC、NbC相对{111}织构的长大具有阻碍作用,使得{001}〈110〉织构密度升高。     

Recrystallization phenomena in an IF steel observed by in situ EBSD experiments

In situ electron backscatter diffraction microstructural analysis of recrystallizing interstitial free steels deformed to strains of 0.75 and 1.6 has been carried out in a FEG‐SEM. The experimental procedures are discussed, and it is shown that there is no degradation of the electron backscatter diffraction patterns at temperatures up to 800°C. Analysis of the surface and interior microstructures of annealed samples shows only minor difference, which suggests that in situ annealing experiments are of value. In addition, it is shown that in situ measurements allow a detailed comparison between the same areas before and after annealing, thereby providing information about the recrystallization mechanisms. Sequential recrystallization phenomena, such as initiation and growth of new grains, are observed at temperatures over 740°C, and depending on the deformation histories, different recrystallization behaviour is observed. It is found that {111}〈123〉 recrystallized grains are preferentially formed in the highly deformed material, whereas no strong recrystallization texture is formed in the lower strained material.     

裂纹尖端滑移系选择的探讨

本文利用断裂力学知识和张量分析方法得到了外加应力在裂尖滑移系沿滑方向的分解剪切应力,并定义了裂纹尖端Schmid因子。本文还讨论了裂尖应力场对裂尖滑移系开动的影响。当裂纹尖端向外发射位错时,裂尖滑移系的选择由裂尖Schmid因子支配,并且在裂尖附近区域内位错源开动或螺位错交滑移时滑移系的选择也由裂尖Schmid因子支配。     

采用Cellular automaton法模拟动态再结晶过程的研究

结合金属塑性成形过程的冶金学原理,给出了一种新的模拟动态再结晶过程的元胞自动机(Cellular automaton,CA)模型,用来模拟塑性变形过程中动态再结晶过程。再结晶晶粒的生长速度与再结晶驱动力成正比, 再结晶驱动力取决于晶界能和位错密度。在一个增量步内,根据动态再结晶晶粒生长速度确定与其相邻原胞转变 概率。采用本模型对不同温度、应变速度、应变条件下的动态再结晶过程进行了模拟,模拟结果与试验结果以及 经验公式得到的结果相一致。本模型也可用于再结晶动力学、微观组织和织构变化过程的模拟。     

Low angle boundary migration of shot‐peened pure nickel investigated by electron channeling contrast imaging and electron backscatter diffraction

Study on recrystallization of deformed metal is important for practical industrial applications. Most of studies about recrystallization behavior focused on the migration of the high‐angle grain boundaries, resulting in lack of information of the kinetics of the low angle grain boundary migration. In this study, we focused on the migration of the low angle grain boundaries during recrystallization process. Pure nickel deformed by shot peening which induced plastic deformation at the surface was investigated. The surface of the specimen was prepared by mechanical polishing using diamond slurry and colloidal silica down to 0.02 μm. Sequential heat treatment under a moderate annealing temperature facilitates to observe the migration of low angle grain boundaries. The threshold energy for low angle boundary migration during recrystallization as a function of misorientation angle was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy techniques. A combination of electron channeling contrast imaging and electron backscatter diffraction was used to measure the average dislocation density and a quantitative estimation of the stored energy near the boundary. It was observed that the migration of the low angle grain boundaries during recrystallization was strongly affected by both the stored energy of the deformed matrix and the misorientation angle of the boundary. Through the combination of electron channeling contrast imaging and electron backscatter diffraction, the threshold stored energy for the migration of the low angle grain boundaries was estimated as a function of the boundary misorientation.     

Texture characteristics of a warm rolled 0.085 wt%-P interstitial free (IF) steel with and without lubrication

A 0.085 wt% P micro - alloyed and Ti-stabilized high strength IF (interstitial free) steel was warm rolled under two conditions: One with lubrication and the other without. The results show that lubrication has a significant effect on texture evolution during warm rolling and the subsequent annealing process. Without lubrication, severe shear deformation occurs in the surface layer, which results in recrystallization and the formation of a <110>//ND (normal direction) texture, while the central layer undergoes plane strain deformation and forms a weak <111>//ND deformation texture (typical of bcc iron). With good lubrication, both the surface and central layer experience plane strain deformation and a strong <111>//ND texture is normally formed. The warm rolling texture (which contains both recrystallized and deformed grains) has a profound effect on the subsequent annealing texture. The final textures influence the draw - ability of the plates, i.e. the r - value (r-value: The ratio of the true width strain to the true thickness strain in a sheet tensile test) and |Dr|-value (planar anisotropy coefficient). After annealing, the lubricated plates are characterized by a higher r - value (1.27) and a much lower |Dr|-value (0.075) than those rolled without lubrication (i.e. 0.96 for the r - value and 0.465 for the |Dr|-value).     

A new concept for producing ultrafine-grained metallic structures via an intermediate strain rate: Experiments and modeling

A novel experimental methodology to produce ultrafine-grained metallic microstructures, which is applied on aluminum is proposed in this work. In fact, the ultrafine-grained aluminum polycrystal is made from commercial purity powder by a combination of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and dynamic severe plastic deformation (DSPD). After the first step, the bulk consolidated material showed a random texture and homogeneous microstructure of equiaxed grains with an average size of 2 μm. The material is then subsequently impacted, using a falling weight at a maximum impact velocity of 9.2 m/sec. The resulting material shows a microstructure having an average grain size of about 500 nm with a strong gradient of fiber-like crystallographic texture perpendicular to the impact direction. The mechanical properties of the impacted material are then characterized under compression tests at room temperature under a strain rate of 10^?4 s^?1. The effect of the change of the deformation path on the mechanical response parallel and perpendicular to the impact direction is also investigated. These results are discussed in relation with microstructure. Further, a new extension of a micromechanical approach developed by Abdul-Latif et al., [2] is proposed to predict the grain size effect on the enhancement of the mechanical strength of polycrystals. Within the framework of small strain hypothesis, the elastic anisotropy of the grain and grain rotation are neglected for the sake of simplicity. The local inelastic deformation heterogeneity is determined through the slip theory. It is assumed that the yield strength increases linearly with decreasing grain size as in Hall–Petch relationship. It is obviously recognized that the model with its new extension describes fairly well the effect of the grain size on the strain–stress behavior of the sub-micrometer aluminum.     

Atomic-scale finite-element model of tension in nanoscale thin film

In this paper, a 2D atomic-scale finite-element model of tension in nanoscale thin film is developed in which Morse’s potential energy function is used to model the interactive forces between atoms. The model is fed into the finite-element package LS-DYNA and both a single integration point and an explicit solution method are used for solving the tension process rapidly to investigate the size effect of different film thicknesses and the effect of different atomic vacancy ratios on nanoscale thin film under tension. The results show that since the applied displacement is exerted at both ends for different thickness of a perfect crystal, a neutral line is formed at the middle of the material. The material slides along the easiest slip direction to cause a “necking” feature on both sides. The stress initially increases with the gradual increase of strain and thicker film shows a larger tensile stress. After the film experiences the peak stress, the stress then decreases with the gradual increase of strain. While the applied displacement is applied at both ends for different vacancies, a neutral line is formed at the middle of material, but this is not apparent due to the random scattered vacancies. The material slides along the easiest slip direction from left to right, and the stress concentration areas near the constrained ends form “necking” features. Stresses are not zero at zero strain. Tension tests for different vacancy ratios show different maximum stresses. Film with a larger vacancy ratio shows a lower stress at the same strain. As the vacancy ratio of the film under tension increases, the strength and elastic modulus reduces.     

10B06冷镦钢连铸坯的热压缩流变行为

利用MMS-200型热力模拟试验机研究了10B06冷镦钢连铸坯在750～1 100℃、应变速率为0.01～20s-1条件下的热压缩流变行为,并且通过线性回归确定了该钢的应变硬化指数以及热激活能,获得了其在变形条件下的流变应力本构方程。结果表明:该钢在热压缩变形时的流变软化行为是动态再结晶、动态回复与加工硬化联合作用的结果;当变形温度较低、应变速率较小时,软化效应以动态再结晶为主;而当变形温度较高、应变速率较大时,软化效应是动态再结晶和动态回复共同作用的结果;该钢的流变应力可采用Zener-Hollomon参数的函数来描述,其热激活能为220.132 3kJ.mol-1。     

Microstructural investigation of ice surfaces after rubber–ice and sand–ice sliding friction tests

The dual process of etching and replicating technique revealing lattice dislocations, dislocation cells, grain and sub-grain boundaries, etc., in ice has been applied to investigate the microstructure of freshly deformed ice surfaces after rubber–ice and sand–ice sliding friction tests. Features related to the generation, multiplication and mobility of dislocations were observed in ice subjected to rubber–ice friction even at high speeds and high ice temperatures, involving low friction. During sand–ice friction, deformation took place at the surfaces as well as deeper within the ice by ploughing sand particle, and was accompanied with recrystallization. The deformation features in ice found in the laboratory were also observed in full-scale tire–ice interactions on ice covered runway pavements.     

H型钢轧制过程摩擦力分布的数值分析

为了分析万能法轧制H型钢过程中不同接触区内摩擦力分布的规律,利用数值模拟法建立了H型钢的轧制模型。以铅为坯料,在给定轧制规程的前提下,系统地模拟了H型钢轧制的全过程;分析了翼缘和腹板变形区的长度、宽度等参数;最终获得了稳态轧制过程中摩擦力在不同接触区域内的矢量分布规律。研究结果表明:H型钢翼缘表层金属受到的摩擦力的方向指向变形区的中部,翼缘变形区存在前滑区和后滑区;H型钢腹板表面金属受到的摩擦力的方向一致,与轧制的方向相反,使得接触区基本为后滑区。     

Study of anomalous hardening in NiAL single crystals at intermediate temperatures by FEA

The hardening model based on the dislocation mechanics is employed to study the experimentally observed high tensile elongations of NiAl along the [1 1 0] orientation at intermediate temperatures. In the hardening model proposed, a mobility of dislocation is assumed to be restricted to glide through the slip plane by forest dislocation and thermally activated cross-slip event. Overall deformation behavior of NiAl was greatly influenced by temperature-dependent dislocation mobility that both experimental and simulated yield stresses decreased as temperature increased. The results of simulation showed anomalous hardening behaviors analogous to those of experiment at certain circumstances. This behavior occurred due to the hardening contributions generated by cross-slip events that disable the dislocation motion in the primary slip systems. By comparing simulation results with experiments, it is confirmed that the proposed hardening model can represent anomalous tensile elongations due to the hardening by forest dislocations and cross-slip events.