基于固有应变的大型焊接结构变形的预测

首先用热弹塑性有限元法研究了铝合金对接焊的固有应变的变化规律，得到了固有应变，即纵向收缩力Tendon Force，横向收缩和角变形与热输入参数Q／h^2之间关系曲线。在掌握了同有应变的变化规律的基础上，通过简化焊接结构，用弹性板单元有限元法，对大型铝合金机车车顶盖的部分结构的焊接变形进行了预测。研究表明，用基于固有应变的弹性板单元有限元法对大型焊接结构的焊后变形预测足可以实现的。     

基于固有应变法的转向架构架焊接变形数值模拟

使用SYSWELD中的固有应变法对转向架构架进行有限元分析。采用三种不同焊接方向的方案对构架变形进行数值模拟,模拟得到每种方案下构架各方向上的焊接变形。结果表明,使用固有应变法能够对大型构件进行焊接模拟;不同方向下的焊接变形趋势一致,但在不同位置上构架的变形不相同;可以设计适当的焊接方向,使产生的变形和弯曲减小。     

基于固有应变法的转向架横梁焊接变形模拟

本研究使用固有应变法,在SYSWELD中对转向架横梁在3种不同焊接顺序方案下的变形进行数值模拟。模拟得到不同顺序方案下各方向上的变形,并分析横梁腹板端部的变形和弯曲。结果表明,使用固有应变法能够对大型构件进行焊接模拟;不同顺序下的焊接变形趋势一致,但在不同位置上不同方向的变形不相同;优化焊接顺序,可以减小变形和弯曲。     

采用固有应变法预测超薄板的焊接变形

文中以汽车制造中常用的1 mm厚的薄板为分析对象,采用热-弹-塑性有限元分析了焊缝长度对固有变形分布特征的影响,通过比较热-弹-塑性有限元法及固有应变法预测的变形结果,定量分析了焊缝长度对固有应变法预测超薄板焊接变形时计算精度的影响.结果表明,当焊缝长度达到一定临界长度时,固有应变法可适用于板厚为1 mm左右超薄板焊接接头的焊接变形预测.     

采用固有应变法预测铝合金焊接变形

伴随焊接过程而产生的焊接变形和残余应力是影响焊接产品精度和性能的重要因素,至今仍然是工业生产中迫切需要解决的重要课题。目前常用的预测焊接变形的方法是三维热弹塑性有限元法,但是由于现有计算机计算能力的限制,还不能预测很多复杂结构的焊接变形。固有应变法是由日本学者提出的解决复杂结构焊接变形的方法,它忽略了整个焊接过程,直接将固有应变施加于壳单元上,经过一次弹性计算就可得到焊接变形。本文用三维热弹塑性有限元和试验相结合的方法获得了平板对接接头形式下的固有应变,运用固有应变法预测铝合金5052平板对接后的焊接变形,通过计算和试验相结合的方法验证了固有应变法预测铝合金焊接变形的可行性,结果表明,固有应变法能够较准确地预测焊接变形,且所用的时间短。     

采用热弹塑性有限元方法预测低碳钢钢管焊接变形

用有限元分析软件ABAQUS Code开发了用于模拟焊接温度场、焊接残余应力和焊接变形的热弹塑性有限元计算方法.通过建立三维有限元模型,预测了低碳钢钢管多层焊接时的温度场和焊接变形,并通过试验验证了所提出计算方法的精度和有效性.结果表明,在多层焊接条件下,采用有限元方法计算得到的焊接变形与试验结果十分吻合.     

考虑热影响的6300kN多向液态模锻液压机机身结构变形分析

液态模锻模具在生产过程中具有一定的温度,使机架同时受到热和力的作用。在研究液态模锻液压机机架结构特点的基础上,以Ansys Workbench软件为平台,综合考虑温度和受力情况对机架的影响,对液压机机架进行了有限元分析。结果表明:采用结构静力分析与热应力耦合分析时,机架的最大变形都出现在上横梁液压缸法兰作用的环形面上,分别为0.9938和1.2735 mm;考虑热影响时液压机工作台的应力应变值明显增加,并且立柱的最大变形部位发生变化,由结构静力分析时的中上部变为中下部,径向变形明显增大,由0.1827 mm上升为0.6148 mm。     

基于固有应变法预测双丝CO_2气体保护焊液压支架顶梁变形

采用双丝CO2气体保护焊方法焊接30 mm厚Q690D钢板全尺寸液压支架顶梁.基于温度热源和热弹塑性算法对局部顶梁结构焊接变形进行计算,获得焊接固有应变,然后将固有应变施加在全尺寸壳单元顶梁模型上进行弹性计算,最终得到液压支架顶梁结构的焊接变形.结果表明,结合小结构模型的热弹塑性法和大结构固有应变法,能高效预测大型结构的焊接变形且能保证一定精度,预测的液压支架顶梁焊接变形结果与试验结果符合较好;液压支架顶梁的焊接变形主要为角变形,且两侧分布不对称.     

Constitutive analysis of 6013 aluminum alloy in hot plane strain compression process considering deformation heating integrated with heat transfer

Hot plane strain compression tests of 6013 aluminum alloy were conducted at temperatures ranging from 613 to 773 K and strain rates ranging from 10^-3 to 10 s^-1. A novel model is developed to describe the temperature rise considering deformation heating integrated with heat transfer in tests. The experimental flow stress data are corrected by the proposed novel model. Based on the corrected flow stress, the modified power function constitutive model is developed considering the coupled effects of deformation temperature and strain rate on flow stress. Meanwhile, another two widely used models, temperature-compensated power function and straincompensated hyperbolic sine constitutive model, are also established for the studied 6013 aluminum alloy. Finally, the three constitutive models are compared from the aspects of accuracy, stability and efficiency. It is found that the experimental flow stress is significantly affected by the temperature rise. Furthermore, the influence of heat transfer on temperature rise cannot be ignored. When the constitutive model is established, the coupled effects of deformation temperature and strain rate on flow stress should be considered. The modified power function constitutive model is the best one in describing the flow behavior among the three models.     

Prediction of workpiece deformation in a fixture system using the finite element method

Knowledge of workpiece deformations induced by loading in a fixture–workpiece system is important to ensure quality part production. Suitable methods for accurately predicting such deformations are essential to the design and operation of fixtures. In this regard, finite element modeling has been widely applied by researchers and practitioners. However, these studies generally neglect the role of compliance of the fixture body on workpiece deformation. Also lacking is knowledge of the effects of different finite element model parameters on workpiece deformation. This study uses finite element analysis (FEA) to model a fixture–workpiece system and to explore the influence of compliance of the fixture body on workpiece deformation. In addition, the effects of certain finite element model parameters on the prediction accuracy are also examined. Experimental verification of the workpiece deformations and locator reaction forces predicted by the FEA model shows agreement within 5% of the experimental data. For the fixture–workpiece system analyzed in this study, it was found that 98% of all system compliance is captured by modeling just the workpiece and fixture contact tips. The remainder of deformation occurred in the other fixture components. The accuracy and computational time tradeoffs are given for various fixture models.     

In situ analysis of the strain evolution during welding using low transformation temperature filler materials

ABSTRACT

Compared to conventional welding consumables using low transformation temperature (LTT) filler materials is an innovative method to mitigate tensile residual stresses due to delayed martensite transformation of the weld. For the effective usage of LTT filler materials, a deeper understanding of the complex processes that lead to the final residual stress state during multi-pass welding is necessary. Transformation kinetics and the strain evolution of multi-pass welds during welding were investigated in situ at the beamline HEMS@PETRAIII, Germany. Compared to conventional welds, the total strain was reduced and compression strain was achieved when using LTT filler materials. For an optimal use of the LTT effect in the root of multi-pass welds, the alloying concept must be adapted taking care of dilution.     

The effect of an atmospheric pressure plasma treated MgO layer on the discharge performance of an AC plasma display panel

The effect of an atmospheric pressure plasma treated MgO layer on the discharge performance of an alternating current plasma display panel (AC PDP) was investigated by measuring the contact angle, the surface roughness, the composition, the breakdown and sustaining voltages. The plasma cleaning was performed using the He/O₂/Ar gas mixture. Higher contact angle (35°) of water droplet on the MgO surface and the MgO surface roughness (90 nm, R_max) after one day duration in the air was significantly reduced to 4° and 54 nm (R_max) after the plasma cleaning. After the plasma treatment, the adsorbed CO₂, CO, H₂O impurities on the MgO surface are effectively removed. The breakdown and sustaining voltages were reduced probably due to the increase of secondary electron emission coefficient of MgO, implying that the plasma cleaning process of the MgO layer is beneficial for the improvement of the discharge performance of the AC PDPs.     

Quantitative analysis of the effect of heat treatment on microstructural evolution and microhardness of an isothermally forged Ti–22Al–25Nb (at.%) orthorhombic alloy

The microstructural features of the 980 °C isothermally forged Ti–22Al–25Nb (at.%) orthorhombic alloy during heat treatment were quantitatively investigated. The volume fraction of the O phase precipitates, the width and length of the lath O phase, and the diameter of equiaxed grains at different heat treatment temperatures were measured using an image analysis software. Quantitative relationships among heat treatment temperature, microstructure parameters, and microhardness were established. The relationship between microstructure parameters and microhardness was analyzed with a multiple regression analysis technique. The results indicate that the microstructure of this alloy is mainly depended on the heat treatment schedule. Only equiaxed O/α₂ grains and B2 matrix existed when the samples were solution-treated above 980 °C, while equiaxed α₂ grains, rim O around α₂, and equiaxed/lath O could be obtained after the samples were solution treated below 980 °C. The width of lath and acicular O phases, and volume fraction of total precipitates could be controlled in the range of 0.37–0.88 μm, 0.09–0.48 μm and 10.91–60.18%, respectively. Experimental and statistical analysis showed a linear relationship between the microstructure parameters and microhardness.     

Acoustic microscopy measurement of elastic constants by using an optimization method on measured and calculated SAW velocities: effect of initial cij values on the calculation convergence and influence of the LFI transducer parameters on the determination of the SAW velocity

The determination of elastic constants in anisotropic solids by line-focus acoustic microscopy (LFAM) is discussed. The velocity of leaky surface acoustic waves (SAWs) has been obtained for different directions of propagation (φ) from the V(z) curves. The elastic constants are determined from the comparison of measured and calculated velocities. The principle is based on the minimization of the summation of the square difference ∑|V_Φ^c−V_Φ^m|², by using a Simplex method. This paper deals with the case of cubic-crystallite solids defined by three independent elastic constants. The influence of the initial values of c_ij on the final result is discussed in the case of MgO substrate and TiN deposited on MgO substrate. Experimental SAW velocity profile is measured on (100) silicon substrate as a function of φ between [100] and [010] directions. The influence of the transducer parameters and defocusing distance are also discussed.