腔内治疗髂静脉压迫综合征的初步体会(附26例报告)

目的:探讨腔内治疗慢性髂静脉压迫综合征的疗效。方法:总结我院26例血栓后综合征伴髂静脉病变(血栓后综合征组)及原发髂静脉病变(非血栓组)的腔内治疗结果。结果:26例均行球囊扩张术,5例支架置入。技术成功100%。21例(81%)获得随访,随访时间4～52个月,平均17个月。其中支架2年通畅率100%(5/5),单纯球囊扩张16例:血栓后综合征组1年通畅率67%(4/6)。非血栓组1年通畅率100%(10/10)。症状体征改善率:血栓后综合征组与非血栓组分别为,酸胀50%,45%;下肢肿63%,46%;色素沉着改善率零,22%;2组静脉曲张均无改善;2组踝部溃疡3例均治疗后1个月内愈合。结论:腔内治疗髂静脉压迫综合征是微创、安全及有效的方法,单纯球囊扩张非血栓病例较血栓后遗症病例通畅率高。对于髂静脉狭窄闭塞扩张后仍存在明显狭窄时,支架置入是治疗的首选,中期通畅率高。慢性髂静脉高压所致的下肢静脉反流病变,应做相应处理以进一步提高患者的生活质量。     

髂静脉支架在下肢深静脉血栓形成治疗中的应用

目的评价髂静脉支架在急性期下肢深静脉血栓形成伴有髂静脉狭窄或者闭塞的治疗中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年1月山东省潍坊市人民医院收治并行腔内治疗的急性下肢深静脉血栓形成伴髂静脉狭窄或闭塞患者80例。根据手术是否行髂静脉支架植入治疗,分为观察组45例和对照组35例。观察组通过置入下腔静脉滤器+导管接触性溶栓(CDT)+髂静脉支架治疗;对照组采用置入下腔静脉滤器+CDT治疗。对比2组患者术后效果、患肢消肿率、静脉通畅率分别为及流行病学和经济研究-生活质量/症状(VEINES-QOL/SYM)问卷调查评分。采用SPSS 18.0统计软件进行统计分析。结果术前,2组大腿、小腿周径差比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);术后,2组大腿、小腿周径差及消肿率比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。随访1、3、6、12个月后,观察组静脉通畅率分别为45例(100.0%)、43例(95.5%)、41例(91.1%)及41例(91.1%),对照组分别为29例(82.8%)、27例(77.1%)、26例(74.2%)及25例(71.4%),差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。观察组与对照组的下肢深静脉血栓后遗症发生率分别为0(0.00%)与4例(11.43%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组与对照组的DVT复发率分别为4例(8.89%)与5例(14.28%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗前,2组患者VEINES-QOL/SYM评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);治疗后,2组患者VEINES-QOL/SYM评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论髂静脉支架在急性期下肢深静脉血栓形成伴有髂静脉狭窄或者闭塞的治疗中的应用效果优于单纯置管溶栓。     

锁骨下动脉狭窄性疾病的介入治疗

目的探讨锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞性疾病的介入治疗疗效。方法回顾分析55例锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞病变行血管内介入治疗的临床资料。结果46例锁骨下动脉狭窄病变（狭窄率〉70%）成功置入支架,9例闭塞锁骨下动脉中8例成功置入支架。46例经股动脉置入支架,8例经肱动脉逆行置入支架。锁骨下动脉支架成功置入后肱动脉及桡动脉搏动良好,伴有盗血现象的13例患者症状消失。随访发现5例锁骨下动脉支架置入后9~12个月再狭窄,后再置入5枚支架,血管开通良好。结论应用血管内支架治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞是一种微创、安全、有效的治疗方法,有望成为主要的治疗手段。     

Solitaire AB支架置入在颅内动脉闭塞取栓后残余重度狭窄中的初步应用

目的分析Solitaire AB支架置入对急性颅内大动脉闭塞取栓后残余重度狭窄的作用。方法回顾性收集2013年12月至2016年5月在湖北省第三人民医院神经内科行Solitaire AB支架取栓后残余重度狭窄并行Solitaire AB支架置入的9例颅内动脉闭塞患者的资料,其中大脑中动脉闭塞7例,基底动脉闭塞2例。分析9例患者的影像学资料、治疗及术后3个月临床随访结果。以Solitaire AB支架置入后血管再通率[使用改良脑梗死溶栓试验(m TICI)分级评价]、治疗前后美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分及术后3个月改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分评估疗效,以手术相关并发症、病死率评估治疗的安全性。结果 (1)9例行Solitaire支架取栓后残余重度狭窄患者均成功行球囊扩张+Solitaire AB支架置入,m TICI分级Ⅱb级3例和Ⅲ级6例。(2)术后1周NIHSS评分中位数3.5(2.0,9.5),较术前10.5(6.0,12.0)明显下降(Z=2.524,P=0.012)。8例患者中,6例预后良好(mRS为0~2分),2例残疾(mRS为3~4分),1例术后出现大面积脑梗死合并出血转化脑疝死亡。(3)未发生操作相关并发症。4例出现无症状性出血转化。(4)随访期间1例发生无症状性支架内中度再狭窄。结论 Solitaire AB支架治疗取栓后残余重度狭窄近期安全、有效,但远期疗效尚需更大样本的对照研究证实。     

合并髂动脉病变的腹主动脉瘤腔内处理方案探讨

目的探讨合并髂动脉病变的腹主动脉瘤(AAA)的腔内处理方案。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2016年12月北京积水潭医院血管外科收治的AAA行腔内治疗的52例患者临床资料,包括性别、年龄、患者临床特点(冠心病、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症)、股深动脉及股浅动脉通畅率,按照是否存在严重髂动脉病变将患者分为髂动脉通畅组和髂动脉狭窄或闭塞组,分别进行腔内治疗,并于术后接受抗凝、抗血小板治疗以防动脉粥样硬化。根据数据类型,组间比较采用t检验或x~2检验(Fisher确切概率法)。结果 52例患者被分为髂动脉通畅组41例和髂动脉狭窄或闭塞组11例,其中通畅组髂动脉严重扭曲2例(3.8%,2/52),狭窄或闭塞组髂动脉狭窄9例(17.3%,9/52)及闭塞2例(3.8%,2/52),术前两组患者性别、年龄、患者临床特点(冠心病、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症)、股深动脉及股浅动脉通畅率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者均成功实施了AAA腔内修复(EVAR)术,其中通常组扭曲者通过特硬导丝纠正髂动脉成角后支架顺利通过,狭窄或闭塞组给予患侧或对侧球囊扩张或逆行开通股动脉进行扩张,支架最终顺利通过。随访了12~24个月,狭窄或闭塞组出现一侧髂动脉腿支的闭塞2例(P0.05),1例行右髂序贯放置髂腿支架1枚+双侧股动脉人工血管转流术,术后双下肢动脉供血良好。结论合并髂动脉病变会导致AAA腔内治疗困难,运用合理的手术技巧和器材的配合,AAA患者行EVAR术均可以获得成功,远期通畅率较好。     

经皮腔血管成形术联合血管内支架治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的临床疗效研究

目的探讨经皮腔血管成形术(PTA)联合血管内支架治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的临床疗效。方法选取2010年12月—2015年10月武汉市第一医院收治的下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者32例。均在DSA室的X线引导下行PTA;对于近两年内有髂动脉严重狭窄的患者,行PTA后置入血管内支架。记录患者的临床疗效。结果 PTA的即时成功率为90.6%(29/32),手术成功的29条患肢中3条踝肱指数(ABI)无明显改善,余26条由术前的(0.42±0.11)恢复至(0.82±0.12)。随访3~45个月,1例患者的胫后动脉在术后第9个月发生再次闭塞,2例患者的腘动脉在术后第12个月发生再次闭塞,手术通畅率为88.5%(23/26)。结论 PTA联合血管内支架治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的临床疗效确切,可有效提高患者病变血管通畅率,值得在临床上推广应用。     

双侧椎动脉起始段狭窄一侧支架置入后血流动力学的变化及其与再狭窄关系

目的 研究双侧椎动脉起始段狭窄患者未置入支架侧椎动脉起始段病变程度对支架置入侧椎动脉血流动力学的影响及其与再狭窄的关系. 方法 纳入155例经DSA证实的一侧椎动脉起始段重度狭窄(70％～99％)并行支架置入术的患者.根据未置入支架侧椎动脉起始段情况,将患者分为正常组(71例)、重度狭窄组(29例)和闭塞组(55例)....     

可回收下腔静脉滤器联合导管持续溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓疗效观察

目的观察可回收下腔静脉滤器联合导管持续溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的近期疗效和安全性况。方法回顾分析2015年8月~2016年3月于广东省惠州市第三人民医院外周介入科收治的87例急性下肢DVT患者临床资料,所有患者均在DSA引导下置入下腔静脉滤器,然后将溶栓导管放置并固定于血栓段,经导管24 h持续微泵泵入尿激酶5×106 U/d。根据彩色超声显示患者髂股静脉再通情况,记录患者住院天数、治疗前后肢体周径差、并发症等情况,评估近期疗效和安全性。随访12个月,记录患者下肢水肿变化情况、髂股静脉是否闭塞、是否发生色素沉着、是否有皮肤溃疡等,用以评估远期疗效。结果 87例患者下腔静脉滤器均置入成功,14 d后成功回收82例(94.3%),平均溶栓时间(7.36±3.17)d、平均尿激酶总量(2010.2±213.3)万U、平均住院(6.47±3.19)d、便血1例(1.1%)、血尿2例(2.3%);患肢平均周径小于治疗前(P0.05)。在12个月的随访期间,本研究涵盖的患者均无肺栓塞事件,且皮肤未发生溃疡。治疗3个月后,所有患者均无肤色异常与肢体肿胀,未发生静脉闭塞或色素沉着,行走情况恢复正常。下肢静脉彩色超声复查结果提示,第6个月时,3例(3.4%)色素沉着,5例(5.7%)髂股静脉闭塞。随访12个月时9例(10.3%)色素沉着,8例(9.2%)髂股静脉闭塞。但部分患者因为下腔静脉滤器转为了永久性的,因此永久性静脉滤器患者的血栓得到了控制。结论下腔静脉滤器置入联合导管持续微泵注入尿激酶溶栓治疗急性下肢DVT有效、安全、微创、易康复、不易复发。     

以D-二聚体为依据对二期球囊扩张或支架置入治疗髂静脉狭窄伴血栓形成的监测作用

目的 探讨以D-二聚体(D-D)为依据二期球囊扩张或支架置入对髂静脉狭窄伴血栓形成患者的临床疗效。方法 选取2016年8月至2020年8月宜宾市第一人民医院髂静脉狭窄或闭塞伴血栓形成患者33例进行前瞻性研究,通过计算机软件产生随机数字,随机分成2组。试验组患者18例,一期置管溶栓术后,若3d内D-D升高缓慢(极差<10mg/L),第4天行下肢静脉造影并行8cm球囊行髂静脉扩张术。对照组患者15例,一期置管溶栓术后,第7天均行下肢静脉造影,根据造影结果考虑是否行髂静脉球囊扩张或支架置入术。比较2组患者术前及术后第6天D-D、膝下小腿周径、静脉反流时间、支架个数和使用率、出院天数和住院费用等。采用SPSS 19.0软件进行数据分析。根据数据类型,组间比较分别采用t检验或χ²检验。结果 试验组和对照组术前D-D水平比较,差异无统计学意义[(15.62±6.21)和(14.39±7.21)mg/L,P＞0.05)];术后第6天D-D水平比较,差异有统计学意义[(28.37±7.01)和(20.54±5.78)mg/L, P<0.05)];出院时膝下15cm周径比较,差异无统计学意义[(1.2±0.6)和(1.3±0.8)cm,P＞0.05)];出院时静脉反流时间比较,差异无统计学意义[(2.3±1.4)和(2.4±1.6)s,P＞0.05)];住院时间比较,差异有统计学意义[(8.35±1.51)和(9.41±2.36)d,P＜0.05];住院费用比较,差异有统计学意义[(56750.6±12387.8)和(65217.2±13585.7)元,P＜0.05];支架置入情况比较,差异有统计学意义[3例(16.7%)和5例(33.3%),P＜0.05]。治疗过程中2组均未出现如消化道大出血等危及生命的严重并发症。结论 通过D-D水平对髂静脉狭窄伴血栓形成进行监测,可在早期达到同样效果时,提高溶栓效率,降低支架使用率和手术费用,并减少住院时间。     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术后支架功能障碍的原因分析及处理策略

目的探讨经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)术后COOK裸支架、Wallgraft覆膜支架和Fluency覆膜支架3种血管支架出现功能障碍的原因及处理策略。方法收集2011年1月-2017年7月于西部战区总医院随访的支架功能障碍并行TIPS修正术患者54例的临床资料。术中通过造影及门静脉压力的情况,选择球囊扩张术、同轴支架置入术和平行TIPS术修正支架功能障碍。采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较3种支架狭窄或闭塞时间,采用配对t检验比较修正前后PVP。通过影像学资料判断支架功能障碍情况,分析支架狭窄或闭塞的原因。结果 54例患者全部成功实施TIPS修正,狭窄部位分别发生在肝静脉段、肝实质或门静脉段,高发时间窗为术后6～24个月。COOK支架、Wallgraft支架、Fluency支架狭窄或闭塞中位时间分别为17. 0、10. 0、17. 0个月。COOK支架和Fluency支架发生狭窄或闭塞时间晚于Wallgraft支架(P值分别为0. 013、0. 023),COOK支架和Fluency支架发生狭窄或闭塞时间差异无统计学意义(P=0. 893)。应用修正术式方面,球囊扩张4例,同轴支架置入39例,平行TIPS 11例,所有患者术后门静脉压力明显低于术前,差异有统计学意义[(25. 6±4. 8) cm H_2O vs (34. 7±6. 4) cm H_2O,P 0. 001]。结论 TIPS术后Wallgraft支架功能障碍时间明显早于COOK祼支架、Fluency支架,提示Wallgraft支架不适用于TIPS分流道的初始创建。术中根据具体状况选择适宜的修正术式,均能够修复支架功能障碍,恢复分流道通畅。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

CagA-Hp抗体IgG与胃炎的组织学分析

研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与胃炎的关系。方法对204例慢性胃炎患者胃粘膜进行观察分析,并测定其中137例Hp阳性患者血清CagA-Hp抗体IgG水平,与组织学对照。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生患者血清CagA抗体IgG明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);其他类型胃炎患者血清CagA抗体IgG水平无明显增高(P＞0.05)。结论CagA-Hp可能是导致慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生的因素之一,对这类患者应密切随访观察。     

慢阻肺急性加重期患者预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者预后的相关危险因素。方法回顾性调查、收集58例AECOPD患者可能影响其预后的相关因素,并对其分别进行单因素分析。并进行Logistic多元逐步回归进行多因素分析,筛选影响AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素。结果单因素分析后将结果 P0.1的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归,分析发现是否合并呼吸衰竭、气促程度、白细胞计数、APACHEⅡ、应用抗氧化剂、慢阻肺治疗依从性为影响AECOPD患者预后不佳的独立因素(P0.05)。结论根据AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素,及早判断,选择合适的后续治疗方案,对提高其生存率及生存质量具有重要意义。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

Results of treatment of fistula-in-ano

To evaluate the application of Parks' classification in the management of patients with fistula-in-ano, a study was undertaken to assess the outcome of surgery, especially with respect to the recurrence rate and alteration of continence. A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive patients who were classified at the time of operation was conducted. The distribution of fistulas was as follows: intersphincteric, 41.9 percent, transsphincteric, 52.1 percent, suprasphincteric, 1.3 percent, extrasphincteric, 0. A horseshoe extension occurred in 8.8 percent of the fistulas and 3.8 percent did not exactly conform to the classification as they were either complex or combinations of more than one type of fistula. The sole immediate postoperative complication was bleeding, which occurred one week postoperatively and ceased spontaneously (0.7 percent). Alteration in continence occurred in 6 percent of patients with 2.6 percent experiencing temporary incontinence to flatus, 1.3 percent to liquid stool, and 0.7 percent to solid stool. Permanent loss of control for flatus occurred in one patient (0.7 percent) and for liquid stool in one patient (0.7 percent). No patients suffered loss of control for solid stool. Recurrence developed in 6.3 percent of patients, all between five and 25 months postoperatively. Classifcation was found to be a useful guide in the operative management of patients with fistula-in-ano. Read at the joint meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons with the Section of Colo-Proctology, Royal Society of Medicine, and the Section of Colonic and Rectal Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 6 to 11, 1984.     

Intake of energy drinks in association with alcoholic beverages in a cohort of students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks (ED) are a widely used group of beverages known for their stimulant effects on central nervous system (CNS). The main components of ED are caffeine, taurine, carbohydrates, glucuronolactone, inositol, niacin, pantenol, and beta-complex vitamins. The studies evaluating the effects of ED describe improvements in attention and/or reaction times and indices of alertness. It has been also shown that combination of caffeine and glucose, fundamental constituents of ED, can ameliorate deficits in cognitive performance and subjective fatigue during extended periods of cognitive demand. Moreover, the associated ingestion of alcohol and ED has recently been observed to be becoming more and more widespread. METHODS: With the aim to know the habits and uses of students, we administered a questionnaire containing questions regarding ED drinking alone or in association with alcoholic beverages. Five hundred students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina were interviewed, and 450 filled the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 56.9% of students declared using ED. A great part of users (48.4%) associate frequently ED and alcohol. In particular, 35.8% of ED + alcohol users have used ED + alcohol more than 3 times in the last month. Distinguishing the users into 2 groups (users of ED + alcohol and users of both ED and ED + alcohol), we observed in the second group a major use of cocktail containing a mix of ED and alcoholic beverages. This difference between the 2 groups is less represented about the ingestion of ED + alcohol in the night. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that association of ED + alcohol is very popular among students. This behavior can be dangerous. In fact, the combination of ED + alcoholic drinks can reduce adversive symptoms of alcohol intoxication including the depressant effects. As consequence, users of ED + alcoholic beverages might not feel the signs of alcohol intoxication, thus increasing the probability of accidents and/or favoring the possibility of development of alcohol dependence.