海水比重对海带幼苗生长发育的影响

本文提出不同比重海水对海带游孢子的放散、附着,胚孢子的萌发,配子体的生长发育和幼孢子体生长的影响 实验结果表明:(1)海带配子体的生长发育对比重的适应能力较强,在高比重和低比重的海水中虽然死亡率很高、生长发育缓慢,但总有一部分个体能生活下来。配子体对比重的适应范围是1.01010-1.03510;(2)海带的幼孢子体对比重的适应能力较小。其适应范围是1.02000-1.03510.尤其是低比重海水能引起泡烂。本实验结果对指导海带苗种生产有一定意义。     

我国海带和紫菜病害的研究展望

我国是大型海藻养殖大国 ,在海洋生物学的许多方面研究居世界前列 ,但是有关病害方面的基础研究还比较薄弱。海藻养殖过程中也会发生各种各样的病害 ,给生产造成损失。有的育苗场因病害连年亏损 ;有的育苗场时好时坏 ,至今原因不明。因此 ,为了避免象对虾和扇贝养殖过程中由于病害而造成的大规模死亡 ,进行大型经济海藻病害发生及其抗病防御体系的研究 ,重视海藻养殖业的健康可持续发展是非常必要的。本文综述了大型经济海藻养殖过程中的主要病害、研究现状及其展望。１海带养殖过程的主要病害胡敦清、房历生、丛沂滋等人的研究表明 ,人工培…     

孤雌生殖海带对氯霉素和潮霉素的敏感性研究

于１９９７年１－４月,以本所培养的孤雌生殖海带为材料,运用统计不傣对氯霉素、潮纱的敏感性,以期得出氯霉素、潮霉素对不同长度孤雌生殖海带的半致死剂量。结果表明,孤生殖海带长度在０．５－１．５ｃｍ时,氯霉素的半致死剂量与海带的长度相关,而潮霉素的半致死剂量怀长度不相关。孤雌生殖海地潮霉互比对氯霉素更敏感,提示潮霉素磷酸转移麦基因有可能成为工程的另一个选择标记。     

无机氮和磷对海带配子体生长发育的影响

氮(N)是蛋白质和核酸等重要有机物的成份。磷（P）是核酸等重要有机物的成份。它们在细胞代谢中发生重要的作用。海带或其他生物在代谢过程中都必须有一定数量的氮和磷的供应,才能正常地生长和发育。Drew(1910)的实验指出,在天然海水中加入一些无机盐的氮和磷可以促进糖海带配子体的生长,     

海带综合利用的进一步研究

海带类的工业利用在国外从17世纪末就开始,19世纪中叶起陆续出现了一些综合利用的方法。近20年来在这方面进行研究工作较多的国家有日本、英国、苏联等。近几年来,我国由于大力开展了海带的人工养殖,产量猛增,为工业利用提供了必要的基础。我们在研究了海带综合利用中的两个关键性问题一一原料处理和主产品褐藻酸的提取条件——之后,接着开始了综合利用方法的研究。国外所研究的海带综合利用要点和缺点大致是： 1. 从同一份海带中综合考虑的产品大多是褐藻酸、碘和甘露醇,而很少同时考虑氯化鉀、褐藻淀粉等其他产品; 2. 水溶性成分是用稀酸提取,这不仅消耗酸和中和用碱,而且对褐藻酸会带来很不利的影响; 3. 甘露醇和碘的分离也各有不同：高桥等推荐用铜沉淀法;英国则直接用酒精从海藻中提取甘露醇,或从稀酸提取液中加有机药品制成水不溶性甘露醇衍生物。前者所需铜盐量相当大,且对于氯化鉀、褐藻淀粉的分离研究不利;后者直接以酒精煮沸海藻,必将显著减低褐藻酸粘度,而水不溶性甘露醇沉淀的制备则成本太高,无多大实用价值。我们认为,要寻求一个较全面、合理、轻济、简易的综合利用流程,首先应考虑： 1. 各种成分如褐藻酸、甘露醇、碘、氯化鉀、褐藻淀粉等的全面利用的流程; 2. 以水代替稀酸作提取剂;同时确定各种产品的适宜分离条件等。综合利用流程的初步轮廓和结果已于1959年初提出。其后至1960年初这段时间内,我们对于各产品的分离条件和在各步骤中的产率等方面作了比较系统的进一步实验,并且对于先前提出的流程作了部分修正、补充。     

氯化汞对裙带菜和海带雌配子体生长和发育的影响

汞是熟知的毒物(Bidwell 1979)。近二十年来随着工业的发展，海洋重金属的污染在世界许多海区已有发现．关于生物对汞、镉、铅等重金属的吸收、积累和代谢过程，常因生物种类、体重、性别等不同而有差异。如紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)     

无机砷在海带中的富集及氧化胁迫效应

本研究采用海带孢子体幼苗为实验材料,分别用不同浓度的As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)(0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6μmol/L)培养液进行循环水养殖,以研究不同价态无机砷在海带中的积累以及对其抗氧化防御系统的影响。结果表明,高浓度砷暴露组中海带总砷含量较高,As(Ⅲ)暴露下海带中总砷含量随时间增加,在28 d时达到最大值;As(V)暴露下海带中总砷含量则呈先升高后下降的趋势,但28 d时除最高浓度组外均显著高于初始值(P<0.05)。实验结束时As(V)暴露组海带中总砷含量显著低于As(Ⅲ),说明无机砷暴露下海带孢子体幼苗对亚砷酸盐的积累大于砷酸盐。无机砷暴露下海带中过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和丙二醛(MDA)含量随时间的延长分别呈先降低后升高和先降低后升高再降低的趋势,但所有处理组海带中H₂O₂和MDA含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且随浓度的升高而升高。细胞中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在砷暴露下升高,但随暴露时间的延长,无机砷对酶活性产生了一定程度的抑制作用,酶活性降低。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD...     

海带孤雌生殖和染色体自然加倍的研究

以野生杂种海带雌配子体为材料,对孤雌生殖和染色体的自然加倍进行了研究.结果表明,来自野生杂种海带的雌配子体并非都能孤雌生殖.孤雌生殖的孢子体大多数均能成熟.成熟的孢子体产生的孢子全部发育成雌配子体,形成雌孢子体.海带孤雌生殖的孢子体,染色体的自然加倍,主要发生在第1、2次细胞分裂时期.研究者认为,海带的孤雌生殖是遗传的,其有关基因与控制染色体自然加倍和雌性的基因是紧密联系在一起的.     

海带雌配子体对碘的反应

藻类对碘的吸收和利用已有不少研究,Fries观察到碘对多管藻(Polysiphonia)的生活是绝对必要的。Iwasaki观察到碘对紫菜某一阶段的生长有刺激作用．Pedersen观察到碘对水云等褐藻的生长是必要的。     

铜对海带雌配子体和幼孢子体生长发育的影响

用不同浓度的铜来处理海带(Laminaria japomca Aresch)雌配子体和幼孢子体中,发现：①海带雌配子体和幼孢子体对微量的铜是很敏感的,在铜浓度为10ppb的情况下,营养生长和发育排卵受到了明显的抑制。②．50ppb的铜可以完全抑制海带雌配子体的排卵。③在铜浓度为250ppb的情况下,雌配子体和幼孢子体不能健康生长,而趋于死亡。④海带幼孢子体对同一浓度铜的敏感性高于雌配子体。     

Bald kelp: natural and harvesting-induced frond loss in the South African kelp Ecklonia maxima

Ecklonia maxima dominates kelp beds on the west coast of southern Africa, and is commercially and ecologically valuable. Some plants lose all their secondary blades (fronds), leaving only the gas-filled bulb and short primary blade at the top of the stipe. These ‘bald’ kelps may persist for months or longer, occupying substratum space but contributing little to productivity. We investigated natural causes of balding in five kelp beds in False Bay, South Africa, and the effect of simulated commercial frond-harvesting on loss of fronds. Densities of sporophytes with and without fronds were measured at the water surface during low tides. Generalised linear modelling analysis showed a significant relationship between balding and site (whether sheltered from or exposed to swell/wind), position in the kelp bed (shoreward or seaward) and total E. maxima density. We conclude that balding is caused mainly by drying of meristematic basal regions of fronds during emersion of kelp heads at low tide. After partial harvesting of fronds, kelp heads floated higher out of the water, but after 95 days frond loss was significantly higher only when fronds were cut too close to the primary blade, possibly because of damage to meristematic tissue. Nevertheless, increased emersion that results from frond-harvesting may increase desiccation and blade loss and we suggest caution in setting harvest limits for this kelp.     

硒对钝顶螺旋藻生长的影响及其在细胞中的累积和分布

本文研究了硒对纯顶螺旋藻（Spirulinaplatensis）生长的影响及其在细胞生化组成中的分布。结果表明,当硒浓度低于50mg／dm3时,对钝顶螺旋藻生长的抑制作用不明显,在低浓度下（＜10mg／dm3）可促进其生长;当硒浓度超过50mg／dm3时则起抑制作用,高浓度对藻体起毒害作用。藻细胞中总硒含量与培养液中的硒浓度有关,在0～40mg／dm3范围内,硒含量随着培养液中硒浓度的增加而增加：从0mg／dm3的2．50×10-5（m／m,dw）到40mg／dm3的231．45×10-6（m／m,dw）,至50mg／dm3,又开始降低为174.26×10-6（m／m,dw）;硒在S．platensis生化组成中的分布,以蛋白质含量为最高,可达总硒的49．22％～71．49％,而脂类及碳水化合物-氨基酸中的含量则较低,分别为总硒含量的3．59％～6．18％和1．45％～2．56％,硒在各组成中的含量与培养液中的硒浓度有关,其变化趋势与总硒含量的一致。     

“901”海带新品种培育的研究

选择性状差异较大的日本长海带（Laminaria longissima)和当地早厚成品系一号（Liaponica)为母父本，通过杂交获得F1，F1经连续玩弄年的自交选育获得“901”海带新品种，该品种具有生长速度快、耐高温的经济性状和色泽浓褐、个体宽大、纵沟较明显、基部终身楔形，近基部1m处呈微弧形的形态性状，经两年生产实践证明：“901”性状遗传较稳定，产量高，质量优。     

The temporal and spatial distribution of underwater quantum irradiation in a southern California kelp forest

The weekly integrals of underwater photon flux density were measured for a two and a half year period in a southern California kelp forest. Photon flux densities were lowest from January to April and peaked in summer. On average, about 2% of the surface irradiation reached the bottom (depth of 13·2 m in an area without a kelp canopy). Photon flux densities under a canopy of giant kelp were reduced by 70% compared to a nearby site cleared of kelp. A significant portion of temporal variability in underwater photon flux density was explained by vertical sediment flux. Surface irradiation did not contribute significantly to the variance in weekly values of underwater irradiation.     

Relationships between recruits of abalone Haliotis midae,encrusting corallines and the sea urchin Parechinus angulosus

In kelp beds of the South-Western Cape, South Africa, a strong positive relationship exists between the sea urchin Parechinus angulosus and juveniles of the abalone Haliotis midae. Field surveys reported here revealed a positive, but weak, association between this urchin and H. midae recruits (i.e. individuals <3 mm shell length). Selectivity indices showed that recruits occurred exclusively on encrusting coralline algae and showed preferences for strongly textured corallines, rather than those with smooth texture. On smooth corallines, around 80% of recruits were under urchins, compared with about 25% on textured corallines, suggesting that any need for shelter beneath urchins is greatest on smooth surfaces.     

Colonisation of South African kelp-bed canopies by the alien mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis: extent and implications of a novel bioinvasion

The Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is the most significant invasive alien marine species in South Africa and, although not normally found subtidally, has recently been observed colonising heads and stipes of the kelp species Ecklonia maxima in False Bay. We quantified this invasion and explored its ecological implications. Transects laid across kelp beds revealed that 10.34% of kelp individuals surveyed bore canopy mussels, with kelp heads (10.07%) being far more commonly infected than stipes (0.27%). Twenty kelp individuals with infected heads and 20 with infected stipes were separately collected for more-detailed examination. Wet mass of mussels on these kelp heads ranged from 2.5 to 2 462 g (median 86.4 g, interquartile range 14.8–353.8 g) and that of mussels on the stipes from 7.6 to 3 492 g (median 595.5 g, interquartile range 194.0–955.0 g). Mussel clumps consisted mostly of individuals <40 mm in length. Mussel clumps supported a rich biota of 80 invertebrate and 13 algal species. Larger clumps supported more epibiotic species, and those on stipes more species than those of comparable mass on kelp heads. The mussels and their associated epibiotic species negatively affected kelp buoyancy, but rarely enough to overcome natural buoyancy. Some kelp individuals that had been toppled by the weight of mussels and their epibiotic species, however, were encountered in situ. Implications of this invasion include large increases in animal biomass and species richness in the kelp canopy, plus reductions in kelp buoyancy and increased hydrodynamic drag on infected kelps, increasing their probability of being uprooted. Uprooted kelp individuals can raft long distances, potentially transporting both native and alien species to distant sites.     

山东荣成临洛北湾夏季大型底栖动物群落生态学初步研究

利用2010年7月在山东荣成临洛北湾所获得大型底栖动物定量分析资料,研究了夏季该海域海带养殖区和邻近水域大型底栖动物在物种组成、生物量、丰度、优势种以及物种多样性等方面的特征和空间差异,并采用MDS和CLUSTER分析了大型底栖动物的群落结构,以期为该地区以后的科学研究提供基础数据。结果表明,本次调查通过采泥和拖网共采集到大型底栖动物88种,其中采泥得到大型底栖动物51种,拖网采得大型底栖动物45种,各站位的物种多样性差异明显,物种数量从2种到21种。与环境因子的相关性分析显示,各站的物种数和丰度与DO存在明显的负相关。在所有大型底栖动物中,甲壳动物26种,多毛类环节动物24种,软体动物23种,棘皮动物8种,其他类群动物6种(鱼类5种,尾索动物1种)。该海域的优势种为多丝独毛虫和短叶索沙蚕。将CLUSTER结果以43%的群落结构相似性来划分,组内的相似性为50%~60%。该海域大型底栖动物的平均丰度为854个/m²,平均生物量为134.73g/m²,与研究海域附近的历史研究结果相比较,该海域的平均丰度和生物量仍处于较高的水平。