2014-2017年山东省部分规模化猪场PRRSV ORF5基因的遗传演化分析

为了解山东省规模化猪场猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)的流行情况及其分子特征,对2014-2017年其省内96个规模化养殖场的236份疑似PRRSV感染猪的肺脏、淋巴结、脾脏等病料进行RT-PCR检测,并对PRRSV阳性样品进行ORF5基因的克隆测序和遗传演化分析。共检测到阳性样品122份,阳性率51. 7%,测序获得122条ORF5基因序列。所检测PRRSV ORF5核苷酸序列同源性与氨基酸同源性分别是:78. 9%～99. 7%和73. 7%～99. 5%。遗传演化分析结果表明,山东地区主要存在4个Lineage的PRRSV毒株,以Lineage 1(NADC30-like)、Lineage 5(VR-2332)和Lineage 8(Hu N4)的毒株为主要流行株,其中Lineage 1检出率最高(46. 7%)。本研究在2014年检测到的Lineage 1毒株是国内首次报道,可能由美国引入,尚未在我国广泛流行。氨基酸比对分析表明,ORF5基因存在较大变异,但各Lineage毒株在ORF5基因的进化上具有保守性,均具有独特的氨基酸特性。通过对PRRSV ORF5遗传演化分析,表明山东地区PRRS的流行具有广泛的毒株变异特性,毒株的持续变异,增大了PRRS临床防控的难度,同时该研究为PRRS的防控提供一定的数据支持。     

我国近5年类NADC30 PRRSV毒株序列的重组及限制性片段长度多态性分析

为了解我国类NADC30猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)毒株的流行和遗传变异情况，本研究利用生物信息学软件对本实验室2016-2020年获得的64条类NADC30毒株序列进行分析。Nsp2氨基酸序列比对结果表明，64株毒株均表现出与NADC30毒株一致的131个不连续的氨基酸缺失。其中，9株在Nsp2区域除该缺失特征外，另含有额外的氨基酸缺失。基于全基因组遗传演化分析结果表明，61株分布在Sublineage 1.8(类NADC30),3株分布在Lineage 8(HP-PRRSV)。而基于ORF5序列的遗传演化分析结果则更分散，56株分布在SubLineage 1.8,5株分布在Lineage 8,2株分布在Lineage 5(类VR2332),1株分布在Sublineage 1.5(类NADC34)。经RFP4和Simplot生物学软件进行重组分析结果表明，64株毒株中可能有44株为重组毒株，共表现出5种重组模式，其中以NADC30提供骨架，HP-PRRSV提供重组片段为主要模式。重组热点分布在非结构蛋白区域5′UTR～1 500 nt(Nsp1)、5 374～8 177 nt...     

2016-2017年我国华北地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒类NADC30毒株分子遗传演化分析

为了解我国华北地区类NADC30流行猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)及遗传变异情况,本研究自2016~2017年采集华北四省市(北京、天津、山东及河北)部分猪场疑似PRRSV样品239份进行RT-PCR检测,对所有阳性样品的ORF5基因测序分析及部分阳性样品病毒分离,并选择1株基因缺失病毒TJjh1602株进行全基因的序列扩增及分析.结果显示:PRRSV检测总阳性率44.35%(106/239),遗传进化显示52.83%(56/106)的流行毒株与类NADC30相近且位于系谱1(lineage 1),其中32.14%(18/56)的类NADC30流行毒株具有相同特征性的氨基酸位点缺失;TJjh1602株全基因长度为15018 nt,与NADC30同源性为95.2%,除具有上述特征性氨基酸位点缺失外,无其他插入或缺失.研究结果推测PRRSV类NADC30毒株在我国华北地区广泛流行,同时已遗传演化成一类具有ORF5缺失分子标签的新型类NADC30毒株,提示需进一步加强对PRRSV新型缺失毒株的流行病学调查及相关致病力研究.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒NADC30-like毒株的分离鉴定

对河南漯河地区某养殖场检出的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)阳性病料进行处理,接种到原代猪肺泡巨噬细胞中,经细胞盲传成功分离出1株PRRSV毒株,命名为HeNLH2017株,并测定了该分离株在原代猪肺泡巨噬细胞上的生长曲线。为进一步分析该分离株的遗传进化特点,扩增测定了ORF5基因和部分Nsp2基因的核酸序列。核酸同源性分析显示,该分离毒株ORF5基因和Nsp2序列与NADC30毒株同源性最高,分别为93.4%和93.8%。遗传进化树分析显示,该分离株与我国2013年以来流行的NADC30-like(Lineage1)毒株处于同一进化分支。氨基酸序列比对分析显示,ORF5基因和Nsp2序列与NADC30-like毒株具有相似的遗传变异特点,且Nsp2序列存在特征性的131个不连续的氨基酸缺失。成功分离到1株NADC30-like毒株,有助于进一步认识NADC30-like毒株在河南地区的流行情况和临床致病特点。     

2016-2017年江西地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒分子流行病学调查及ORF5基因变异分析

为了解近年来江西地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV）分子流行病学和其遗传变异情况,本次调查于2016-2017年从江西省各地区规模化猪场采集453份疑似猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PRRS）的病料,采用RT-PCR方法对所有病料进行检测。结果发现,其中321份病料为PRRSV阳性,阳性率为70.86%,各地区的阳性率在19.15%~84.85%之间。挑选14份阳性样品测序后,经ORF5基因序列分析,江西地区各PRRSV毒株ORF5基因的核苷酸同源性为83%~100%,PRRSV流行毒株与参考毒株的同源性在59.9%~98.5%之间。基于ORF5基因的进化树分析表明,14个测序毒株均为美洲型毒株,其中有4株为基因亚型Ⅰ,即高致病性毒株（HP-PRRSV）;3株为基因亚型Ⅱ,即经典毒株;3株为基因亚型Ⅲ,即NADC30-like毒株;4株为新出现的基因亚型Ⅳ。氨基酸序列比对分析表明,基因亚型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ毒株ORF5基因编码的GP5蛋白氨基酸在3个表位及2个重要的抗原相关区域存在较大变异,其中以NADC30毒株为代表的基因亚型Ⅲ毒株和以GD1404毒株为代表的基因亚型Ⅳ毒株均表现出独有的氨基酸变异,这些变异可能会影响GP5蛋白的免疫原性。本次调查结果表明,2016-2017年江西地区PRRSV流行出现了新形势,美洲型毒株出现了多基因亚型共同存在的局面,以高致病性毒株（HP-PRRSV）为主,NADC30-like毒株和新基因亚型等新毒株的比例较高,同时还存在经典毒株;持续实时监测PRRSV的毒株流行和变异情况,可为临床诊断、药物和疫苗开发及PRRS的科学防控提供依据。     

2014年-2016年广西地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒Nsp2和ORF5基因的遗传多样性分析

为了解广西地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)流行毒株的遗传进化情况,对2014年-2016年来自广西各地的部分PRRSV阳性病料进行Nsp2和ORF5基因的扩增和测序分析.结果获得34个Nsp2基因序列和45个ORF5基因序列,均属于美洲型毒株.Nsp2基因间核苷酸序列的同源性为91.8％~100％,与PRRSV美洲型毒株VR-2332、CH-1a、JXA1及NADC30株核苷酸序列的同源性分别为81.3％~84.3％、88.9％~92.1％、94.3％~99.3％和73.5％~75.1％,而与PRRSV欧洲型毒株LV株核苷酸序列的同源性为51.5％~53.2％.ORF5基因间核苷酸序列的同源性为82.8％~100％,与PRRSV美洲型毒株VR-2332、CH-1a、JXA1及NADC30株核苷酸序列的同源性分别为83.7％~99.5％、85％~95％、83.8％~99.7％和83.2％~86.4％,而与PRRSV欧洲型毒株LV株核苷酸序列的同源性为62.4％~64.5％.基于Nsp2和ORF5基因推导的氨基酸序列绘制的遗传进化树中,广西地区的毒株主要分布在以JXA1为代表的Ⅳ亚群.表明当前广西PRRSV流行毒株以JXA1株为代表的高致病性美洲型毒株为主,各毒株Nsp2和ORF5基因序列存在一定的差异,尚未发现欧洲型毒株和美洲型NADC30类毒株.     

一株类NADC30猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的全基因组序列分析

为监测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)流行毒株的基因变异情况,采用RT-PCR方法对某猪场疑似患有猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)的猪组织样品进行鉴定,测序获得全基因,并对该毒株的NSP2基因缺失特征同源性和遗传进化及重组情况进行分析。结果显示:该猪场感染猪体的病原体为PRRSV,该毒株被命名为180404-2fei;180404-2fei毒株的NSP2区存在131(111+1+19)个氨基酸的不连续缺失,与报道的类NADC30毒株缺失特征一致;180404-2fei的NSP2基因与NADC30毒株核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为92.2%和90.1%,180404-2fei毒株的ORF5基因与NADC30的核苷酸及氨基酸序列同源性分别为93.5%和92.0%;遗传进化和重组分析结果表明,180404-2fei毒株属于NADC30-Like亚群,可能是由NADC30与HP-PRRSV重组而来。本研究通过对一株类NADC30 PRRSV的全基因组序列进行分析,为研究PRRSV的遗传变异和PRRS的防控提供了参考依据。     

1株NADC30-like重组猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的分离鉴定及遗传变异分析

为研究山东地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)流行病毒株的遗传变异情况,本研究从山东省威海市某疑似猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)发病猪场采集的猪肺脏组织中分离到1株PRRSV,命名为SDwh,并对其进行了全基因组序列测定、遗传演化分析和重组分析.结果显示:该病毒株在Marc-145细胞上生长良好,可见明显细胞病变;全基因组演化分析和同源性比对分析结果显示,SDwh株与美国病毒株NADC30和中国的NADC30-like位于同一分支;与北美病毒株NADC30的同源性最高,为93.1%;与我国分离的NADC30-like病毒株CHsx1401、JL580的同源性分别为91.1%和88.4%;与北美经典病毒株VR2332、中国HP-PRRSV JXA1和HuN4的同源性均为85.3%;与欧洲型病毒株Lelystad-virus(LV)同源性最低,为60.6%.与VR2332相比,Nsp2氨基酸序列比对结果显示,SDwh株存在NADC30-like病毒株典型的131个不连续氨基酸的缺失,同时在584~585位缺失2个氨基酸;GP5氨基酸序列比对结果显示,SDwh在GP5抗原表位上有氨基酸的突变.全基因组重组分析结果显示,SDwh株是一株重组病毒株,为NADC30与JXA1-P80的重组病毒,潜在的重组位点位于Nsp2中(2066 nt).本研究结果为PRRSV流行株的重组、演化分析和防控提供借鉴意义.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒华南株GDjm全基因组测序与遗传进化分析

为监测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)基因变异情况,对广东地区某猪场患有猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)仔猪的肺脏样品进行检测及病毒分离,在猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)上成功分离1株病毒并命名为GDjm株,然而分离的毒株不能感染Marc-145细胞。全基因组进化分析、同源性比对及重组分析结果显示,GDjm属于重组毒株,与GDZS2016的同源性为96.2%,与中国高致病性毒株HUN4同源性为96.0%,与美洲型经典毒株VR-2332的同源性为87.4%,与NADC30同源性为82%,与欧洲型毒株Lelystad-virus同源性为57.9%。NSP2序列比对和同源性分析结果显示,GDjm与高致病性毒株HUN4、JXA1、JXwn06相似,在511、534～562位存在氨基酸缺失。GP5序列比对以及同源性分析结果显示,GDjm毒株在GP5抗原表位存在氨基酸突变。经重组分析得出GDjm株为高致病性毒株HUN4与华南地区流行毒株GDZS2016的重组毒株,重组区域为6 723～9 521 bp、11 998～15 019 bp。     

一株猪蓝耳病毒的分离鉴定及其全基因组序列的比较分析

从湖北省某猪场分离了一株猪蓝耳病毒(CH-WH-19)，其基因组全长是14993 bp。同源性分析结果显示CH-WH-19与NADC30、JXA1、CH-1a、VR-2332和GM2的相似性分别为91.9%、84.3%、83.9%、83.3%和80.5%，但是与欧洲型的毒株Lelystad virus相似性仅有58.9%。GP5基因和全基因组的进化树分析显示，CH-WH-19与NADC30毒株处于同一分支。Nsp2基因氨基酸比对结果发现，CH-WH-19和NADC30毒株与VR2332毒株相比具有不连续的131个氨基酸缺失的特征。同源性和进化树的结果都显示了CH-WH-19属于新变异的类NADC30毒株。GP5序列比对结果表明，CH-WH-19有一些氨基酸的突变，A137是疫苗株VR2332的标志，但CH-WH-19毒株突变成了S，N34是四个潜在的N-糖基化位点之一，突变成了D。试验表明，本研究分离了一株变异的NADC30毒株，生物学特性分析也表明属于类NADC30毒株。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.