奇台双泉金矿成矿模式研究

双泉金矿是东准噶尔卡拉麦里成矿带上一个中型的与韧性剪切带有关的变质热液型金矿,赋矿地层为下石炭统南明水组,矿石主要类型为蚀变岩型。在漫长地质演化过程中,形成的构造模式、沉积环境、岩浆演化等,为双泉金矿的形成提供了有利条件。对成矿构造、成矿环境、物探、化探异常等条件进行归纳总结,建立了双泉金矿成矿模式,以期指导该成矿带上其它韧性剪切带型矿床的研究合找矿工作。     

南秦岭汉阴北部金矿田长沟金矿区控矿构造解析

南秦岭汉阴北部金矿田含矿岩系主要是志留系梅子垭岩组中浅变质岩层，该套地层经历了中生代的构造变形，复杂多样，其中发育的脆-韧性剪切带成为梅子垭岩组发育蚀变岩型金矿富集的良好场所。通过对汉阴北部金矿田近年新发现的长沟金矿区及周邻区带成矿地质背景、控矿构造特征等进行解析研究，结合以往资料，总结汉阴北部金矿田该类型金矿床的控矿构造特征和成矿规律，初步探讨长沟金矿床的热液成因类型。研究发现汉阴北部金矿田区发育有五条脆-韧性剪切带，其构造样式、变质作用具多样性和多期性，其中第二期变形与金成矿作用关系密切；长沟金矿区受区域DSZ3(≈RF5)脆-韧性剪切带及多期构造置换中的S₂面理控制，控矿构造样式具有斜列排布特征。含矿流体包裹体研究认为其在低—中温热液环境形成，主要是在退变质作用下易于在局部两种岩性差异界面附近、片理面之间薄弱变形带、密集剪切节理带或劈理化带等有利构造部位含金热液发生富集成矿。因此，脆-韧性剪切带及其多期面理置换与密集片理、剪切节理带及热液蚀变岩是主要的控矿构造类型。进一步的找矿预测工作主要应该紧抓其脆-韧性剪切带的走向延伸和倾向延深，更应重视侧向斜列富集规律。      

小宛南山金矿地质特征及成因

小宛南山金矿是产于太古宙花岗岩-绿岩地体,受敦煌群D岩组上部层位和韧性剪切带控制的变质热液型金矿床.矿源岩为绿岩带的镁铁质火山岩,成矿流体主要为变质热液,主成矿期属中元古宙.基于金矿床区域地质背景、矿床地质特征、微量元素特征、硫铅同位素组成和包裹体特征,以金赋存层位、容矿岩石、韧性剪切构造、蚀变作用为基础,通过分析成矿地质条件,证明金矿床应属变质热液成因.     

北祁连红土沟——川刺沟金矿与韧性剪切带的成矿关系

通过对北祁连红土沟川刺沟金矿及韧性剪切带的基本特征和成矿关系等研究,发现该区韧性剪切带形成过程中韧性、韧脆性剪切作用形成的构造蚀变岩控制了金矿的产出.韧脆性剪切带构成了该矿床的富矿和储矿构造,为矿液的迁移、富集提供了较好的条件,也是深部流体的通道.位于中、下地壳中的超临界流体能够以硫络合物形式溶解大量金和其他成矿元素,这种含金的超临界成矿流体沿韧性剪切带向浅部迁移.流体中金的溶解度迅速降低,导致金大量沉淀而形成金矿.北祁连地区的红土沟川刺沟金矿床产于早古生代碰撞造山带中,是该造山带形成和演化的阶段性产物.红土沟川刺沟金矿是一种典型的造山带中的韧性剪切带型金矿床,其主要的矿石类型为构造破碎蚀变岩型金矿石.     

新疆东天山康古尔塔格金矿带成矿作用的构造制约

康古尔塔格金矿带呈东西向展布于新疆东天山晚古生代造山带的中部，发育在秋格明塔什-黄山韧性剪切带的南缘，阿奇山-雅满苏火山岩带的北缘，形成的金矿床可划分为三种主要端元类型，即浅成低温热液型（热泉型）、剪切带交代蚀变岩型、与中浅成花岗岩类有关的石英脉型。金的成矿作用主要受控于二叠纪后碰撞阶段秋格明塔什-黄山大型韧性剪切带形成的右行走滑剪切系统，在剪切系统的不同构造部位由于应力应变状态的不同、岩石渗透率的不同、构造层次（深度）的不同等，导致成矿流体和成矿物质在组成比例上的差异，从而形成不同类型的金矿床。所有类型的金矿资源是在同一构造环境下相同区域成矿事件的产物，在不同构造部位产出的金矿床类型可以组成一个连续的金矿化系列。区域一级剪切构造带控制金矿带成矿物质和成矿流体的主要来源，二级剪切构造控制金矿床的发育，三级剪切裂隙系统控制金矿体（脉）的产出，从而构成三级构造控矿系统。     

北祁连西段牛毛泉东金矿地质特征、成矿时代及成因分析

牛毛泉东金矿位于北祁连造山带与阿尔金断裂的结合部位,该地区被誉为西北的"金三角"。牛毛泉东金矿为该地区近年来新发现的受脆韧性剪切带控制的金矿床,金矿体产于阴沟群安山质凝灰岩、安山质凝灰熔岩中的近东西向脆韧性剪切蚀变带,矿化受构造控制显著,成矿具有多阶段性,金主要形成于硫化物-石英-金矿化阶段。矿脉两侧热液蚀变强烈,与成矿有关的蚀变主要为硅化。通过石英流体包裹体测得金矿石中流体包裹体的均一温度112～191℃;成矿流体盐度0.35%～7.86%,平均4.77%;密度为0.92～0.96 g/cm^3,平均0.95 g/cm^3,显示成矿流体具有浅层低温热液特征。对黄铁绢英岩型矿石中绢云母⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar测年获得坪年龄为(296.7±2.8) Ma,对应于北祁连陆内伸展拉张构造演化过程。矿床的地质特征及成矿时代与邻近的寒山金矿类似,并受同一条韧性脆性断裂构造带控制,均为低硫浅成低温热液型金矿,主成矿时代为华力西晚期。牛毛泉东金矿的发现及成因研究对指导区域找矿方向具有重要的意义。     

河南桐柏上上河金矿地质特征及综合成矿模型

上上河金矿位于秦岭褶皱系东段,南秦岭褶皱带北缘,老湾金矿带中部。本研究依托接替资源勘查项目上上河矿段外围及深部找矿的最新成果,开展对矿床的综合评价。在总结矿床地质特征的基础上,对控矿地质条件进行了分析,进而探讨了矿床的综合成矿模型。研究成果表明,上上河金矿赋矿层位为中元古界龟山岩组,矿体受NWW—NW向断裂带控制、斜切地层产出,矿石类型以蚀变岩(黄铁绢英岩)型、含黄铁矿石英脉型为主,黄铁矿为金的主要载体矿物;矿床成因类型为矿体形态受断裂控制的中、低温热液蚀变岩型金矿床;其综合成矿模型为：区域变质作用使龟山岩组中Au活化、迁移,在韧性剪切变质变形作用下形成与早期韧性剪切带有关的矿源层;后续构造热运动形成与早期韧性剪切带具有一定继承演化关系的晚期脆性走滑断裂体系;最后燕山期花岗岩浆析出的含矿岩浆热液通过水/岩反应使赋存在早期韧性剪切带的金活化、迁移,进入到成矿流体中,在近地表脆性断裂带内沉淀成矿。研究成果可为该区深部地质找矿提供一定参考。     

北祁连红土沟─川刺沟金矿与韧性剪切带的成矿关系

通过对北祁连红土沟川刺沟金矿及韧性剪切带的基本特征和成矿关系等研究,发现该区韧性剪切带形成过程中韧性、韧脆性剪切作用形成的构造蚀变岩控制了金矿的产出。韧脆性剪切带构成了该矿床的富矿和储矿构造,为矿液的迁移、富集提供了较好的条件,也是深部流体的通道。位于中、下地壳中的超临界流体能够以硫络合物形式溶解大量金和其他成矿元素,这种含金的超临界成矿流体沿韧性剪切带向浅部迁移。流体中金的溶解度迅速降低,导致金大量沉淀而形成金矿。北祁连地区的红土沟川刺沟金矿床产于早古生代碰撞造山带中,是该造山带形成和演化的阶段性产物。红土沟川刺沟金矿是一种典型的造山带中的韧性剪切带型金矿床,其主要的矿石类型为构造破碎蚀变岩型金矿石。     

北淮阳构造带老湾金矿区构造与成矿作用的关系

通过对北淮阳构造带内老湾金矿区构造变形过程中的物质迁移、流体变化及其与成矿关系的初步研究,提出老湾金矿是一受韧性剪切带控制、与岩浆作用有关的构造蚀变岩(-岩浆热液)型金矿床。在龟山—梅山断裂带的韧性推覆、右行走滑、脆性变形3阶段过程中,金元素随差应力和流体变化存在不同的变化。在韧性变形阶段,水/岩比值相对较低的变质热液作用使金元素发生初步富集;在脆性变形阶段,岩浆活动和强烈的水 岩相互作用使金元素富集成矿。因此老湾金矿区构造蚀变岩型金矿床是一经历了早期韧性变形(低水/岩比值)和晚期脆性变形(伴随岩浆活动、高水/岩比值)两阶段金元素富集的成矿过程的产物。     

桂北地区剪切带型金矿成矿机理研究

桂北地区金矿划分为石英脉型、石英细脉带型和构造蚀变岩型金矿.不同级别剪切带构造控制矿化集中区、矿床、矿体分布以及矿脉形态、产状和矿化类型,具有上部石英脉型、中部石英细脉带型、下部构造蚀变岩型金矿的矿化分带模式.金质矿源主要来源于上地壳围岩,硫源主要来自深部,金矿成矿溶液主要来源于大气降水,热源来自变质和构造运动,成矿时代主要为燕山期.矿床成因属是产于前寒武纪浅变质碎屑岩系的与脆一韧性剪切带有关的中低温热液脉状金矿.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).