严重脓毒症与脓毒性休克的若干治疗进展

严重脓毒症（severe sepsis）与脓毒性休克（septic shock）是内外科危重患者常见的并发症,全球每年有数百万人发病,且呈不断增长趋势,死亡率超过25％。面对严重脓毒症与脓毒性休克的挑战,2002年10月欧洲危重病医学会（ESICM）、美国危重病医学会（SC—CM）和国际脓毒症论坛（ISF）在西班牙巴塞罗那共同发起了拯救脓毒症的全球性行动倡议一拯救脓毒症战役（surviving sepsis campaign,SSC）,     

血浆人源性激肽释放酶结合蛋白水平对严重脓毒症患者预后评估的意义

目的:探讨血浆人源性激肽释放酶结合蛋白(Kal)水平对严重脓毒症患者预后评估的意义。方法:选择严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者88例。根据60 d后患者临床结局分为存活组(58例)和死亡组(30例)。比较2组患者在临床特征方面的差异,探讨Kal水平与各临床参数之间相关性及影响严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者预后的因素。结果:2组患者在年龄、急性呼吸窘迫综合征例数、脓毒性休克例数、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、ICU时间、机械通气时间、Kal水平、CRP水平方面差异显著(均P 0. 05)。Kal水平与年龄、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、有创机械通气、脓毒性休克、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、ICU时间、机械通气时间、CRP水平呈负相关(均P 0. 05)。APACHEⅡ评分高、SOFA评分高、Kal水平偏低、CRP水平偏高是影响严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者预后的危险性因素(均P 0. 05)。其中,入住ICU时血浆Kal水平4μg/mL提示患者预后差。结论:入住ICU时血浆Kal水平4μg/m L提示严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者预后不良,血浆Kal水平可作为严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者预后评估的重要指标。     

严重脓毒症及脓毒性休克患者感染部位及血培养结果分析

目的分析严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者的感染部位及血培养的结果。方法采用脓毒症数据库（SS-Cdatabase）标准收集2008年6月-2009年6月于急诊就诊时符合严重脓毒症和（或）脓毒性休克诊断的患者80例,研究其感染部位及来院24 h内送检血培养的结果,讨论影响血培养阳性率的可能原因。结果肺部感染最常见,占67.5%（54/80）,其次为腹腔感染、泌尿系感染、皮肤软组织感染、脑膜炎、心内膜炎等。总的血培养阳性33.8%（27/80）。最多见的致病菌是大肠埃希菌,占40.7%（11/27）;其次为金黄色葡萄球菌22.2%（6/27）。结论严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者以肺部感染为主,阳性致病菌以大肠埃希菌为主。     

血浆人源性激肽释放酶结合蛋白水平变化在严重脓毒症和感染性休克患者预后评估中的研究

目的：探讨血浆人源性激肽释放酶结合蛋白(Kal)水平变化在严重脓毒症和感染性休克患者预后评估中的研究价值。方法：回顾性分析2014年10月~2016年12月来我院接受治疗的严重脓毒症和感染性休克患者88例。根据60d后患者临床结局分为存活组(n=58)和死亡组(n=30)。比较两组患者在临床特征方面的差异,探讨Kal水平与各临床参数之间相关性、影响严重脓毒症和感染性休克患者预后的因素以及不同血浆Kal水平对严重脓毒症和感染性休克患者生存率的影响。结果：两组患者在年龄、急性呼吸窘迫综合征例数、感染性休克例数、APACHE II评分、SOFA评分、ICU时间、机械通气时间、Kal水平、IL-6水平、CRP水平方面差异显著(P＜0.05),在其他临床特征方面差异不显著(P＞0.05)。存活组患者Kal水平呈升高趋势,死亡组患者Kal水平呈下降趋势。Kal水平与年龄、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、有创机械通气、感染性休克、APACHE II评分、SOFA评分、ICU时间、机械通气时间、IL-6水平、CRP水平呈负相关(P＜0.05),与其他指标无相关性(P＞0.05)。APACHE II评分高、SOFA评分高、Kal水平偏低、IL-6水平偏高、CRP水平偏高是影响严重脓毒症和感染性休克患者预后的危险性因素(P＜0.05)。其中,入住ICU时血浆Kal水平＜4ug/mL不利于患者预后。血浆Kal水平≥4.0 ug/mL组生存率显著高于＜4.0 ug/mL组(P＜0.05)。结论：入住ICU时血浆Kal水平＜4.0 ug/mL不利于严重脓毒症和感染性休克患者预后,血浆Kal水平可作为严重脓毒症和感染性休克患者预后的重要预测指标。     

ICU严重脓毒症患者死亡原因分析

目的分析严重脓毒症患者的死亡情况及主要原因。方法选择首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院2009年全年ICU收治的497例患者,对其中发生严重脓毒症的患者主要临床资料进行统计学分析。结果入选的497例患者中发生脓毒症168例（33.8%）,其中139例（28.0%）为严重脓毒症;139例严重脓毒症患者死亡33例,死亡原因为脓毒性休克12例、难治性心力衰竭7例、难治性呼吸衰竭5例、放弃治疗6例、其他3例。Logistic回归分析提示,急性肾损伤、呼吸功能衰竭、中枢神经系统衰竭是ICU患者死亡的独立危险因素（P均〈0.05）。结论脓毒性休克是严重脓毒症患的首要死因,但严重脓毒症患者死亡首要的独立危险因素为急性肾损伤,其次为中枢神经系统及呼吸系统衰竭。     

血小板减少症对脓毒症患者预后的影响:系统回顾和Meta分析

目的 探讨血小板减少症与脓毒症患者不同时期病死率的相关性.方法 截至2020年5月31日,通过检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方等数据库发表的关于血小板减少症与脓毒症预后相关性的文献,主要结局指标包括不同时期病死率.使用STATA 14.0和Review manager 5.3软件进行统...     

严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克的治疗新进展

一、严重脓毒症的流行和研究状况 脓毒症是指感染合并全身炎症反应,严重脓毒症是指脓毒症合并脓毒症诱导的器官功能障碍或组织低灌注。组织低灌注是指收缩压（SBP）〈90mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）或平均动脉压〈70mmHg或收缩压下降〉40mmHg,或在缺乏其他低灌注原因下按年龄下降〉2个标准差,脓毒性休克是指在充分液体复苏后仍表现低灌注。脓毒症引起的组织低灌注的临床表现包括脓毒性休克、乳酸增高或少尿。     

老年重症肺炎合并脓毒性休克病人预后影响因素分析

目的探讨老年重症肺炎合并脓毒性休克病人预后的影响因素。方法采用回顾性研究方法,纳入148例老年重症肺炎合并脓毒性休克病人的临床资料,根据第28天是否死亡分成死亡组和生存组。分析2组病人临床指标的差异,应用单因素分析、Logistic回归分析影响预后的危险因素,并采用ROC曲线评价这些指标对老年重症肺炎合并脓毒性休克病人预后的预测价值。结果单因素分析显示,2组合并DM、高血压及脑血管疾病人数,初始APACHEⅡ评分、初始全身性感染相关性器官功能衰竭(SOFA)评分、第1小时乳酸(Lac1)水平、6 h血乳酸清除率、第1天降钙素原(PCT1)水平、第5天PCT清除率(△PCT5)、第7天PCT清除率(△PCT7)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0. 05)。高APACHEⅡ评分、高SOFA评分、高Lac1是老年重症肺炎病人并脓毒性休克病人28 d死亡的独立危险因素。高6 h血乳酸清除率、高△PCT5是老年重症肺炎合并脓毒性休克病人28 d死亡的保护因素(P均<0. 01)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、Lac1水平、6 h乳酸清除率和△PCT5预测病...     

经皮氧分压/经皮二氧化碳分压比值联合乳酸检测对脓毒性休克患者预后的评估价值

目的 探讨经皮氧分压/经皮二氧化碳分压比值(PtcO2/PtcCO2)、乳酸(Lac)单独及联合检测对脓毒性休克患者预后的评估价值.方法 收集2018年1月 ～2020年8月在我院治疗的脓毒性休克患者103例,根据28 d生存状况将其分为存活组(80例)和死亡组(23例).比较两组患者的一般资料、临床资料、接受治疗的情...     

早期集束化治疗对急性重症胰腺炎并发脓毒症休克患者预后的影响

目的:观察早期集束化治疗对于急性重症胰腺炎并发脓毒症休克患者预后的影响.方法:63例急性重症胰腺炎并发脓毒症休克患者分为2组,所有患者进行生命体征监测,并且均在入院72h内进行手术治疗,后返回重症监护室进行加强治疗.A组(n=31)进行一般性抗感染和补液升压治疗,维持血压在90/60mmHg以上;B组(n=32)进行集束化治疗.1h内给予抗生素治疗;补液20mL/kg;维持平均动脉压≥65mmHg,中心静脉压≥8mmHg,控制血糖8.3mmol/L内,应用甲强龙、机械通气等.观察抗休克治疗24h的疗效和1mo内死亡率.结果:两组患者在性别、年龄、APACHEII评分方面没有统计学差异(P>0.05),具有可比性.A组患者抗休克治疗有效率38.71%(12/31),死亡率70.97%(22/31),B组患者抗休克治疗有效率68.75%(22/32),死亡率43.75%(14/32,P<0.05).结论:早期集束化治疗可以改善急性重症胰腺炎并发脓毒症休克患者预后.     

Statins in prevention and treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock

Severe sepsis is an infection-induced inflammatory syndrome that can lead to multi-organ dysfunction and continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Because numerous cascades are triggered during sepsis, selective blocking of inflammatory mediators may be insufficient to arrest this process, and recent therapeutic approaches have proven controversial. Statins are the most commonly prescribed agents for hypercholesterolaemia and dominate the area of cardiovascular risk reduction. Moreover, these drugs have a variety of actions that are independent of their lipid lowering effect. Such anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antiapoptotic features have been collectively referred to as pleiotropic effects. By virtue of their pleiotropic effects, statins have also emerged as potentially useful in various critical care areas such as bacteraemia, the early phases of sepsis and septic shock, as well as the management of serious infections. This review outlines current evidence on the use of statins for preventing and treating sepsis.     

The use of steroids in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock

Sepsis and septic shock remain major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Previously, high dose corticosteroids were used to dampen the inflammatory response but studies and meta-analyses showed this to be of no benefit and possibly detrimental. Subsequently, low dose corticosteroids were used in the treatment of sepsis and septic shock with the hypothesis that these conditions are associated with relative adrenal insufficiency. Although some studies showed promising results larger studies and meta-analyses have failed to reproduce these effects and the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of sepsis and septic shock remains controversial. We review the current literature and guidelines regarding low dose corticosteroid use in the management of sepsis and septic shock.     

Impaired platelet reactivity in patients with septic shock: a proof-of-concept study

Abstract

Coagulation disorders and thrombocytopenia are common in patients with septic shock, but only few studies have focused on platelet variables beyond platelet count. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether platelets reactivity predicts sepsis-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with septic shock.

We therefore enrolled consecutive patients with septic shock and platelets count >150*10³/μL on the day of the diagnosis. Platelets reactivity tests were performed daily from the diagnosis of septic shock until day five; platelet volume distribution and mean platelet volume were also recorded daily. Sepsis-induced thrombocytopenia was defined as a platelet count <150*10³/μL.

Thirty patients were included; sepsis-induced thrombocytopenia occurred in 11 (31%) patients. Platelets reactivity and platelet count at day of septic shock diagnosis were not correlated. Patients who experienced thrombocytopenia had lower maximal aggregation at diagnosis than others. Maximal aggregation tests were predictors of thrombocytopenia (AUROC from 0.756 to 0.797, depending on the agonist used). Both platelet volume distribution width and mean platelet volume were predictors of 90-day mortality (AUROC 0.866 and 0.735, respectively).

In this pilot study, impaired platelets reactivity was more common in patients who subsequently developed sepsis-induced thrombocytopenia; also, platelet volume distribution width and mean platelet volume were predictors of 90-day mortality.     

急诊脓毒症合并急性肾功能损伤患者的危险因素及预后分析

目的：研究急诊脓毒症合并急性肾功能损伤（AKI）患者的临床特征和AKI发生的危险因素,并进一步探讨AKI患者的预后及AKI严重程度对临床预后的影响。材料及方法：2013年3月~2016年5月连续纳入245例脓毒症患者,分为AKI组与非AKI组,比较两组基础的临床特征及实验室检查结果。AKI患者依据KDIGO（the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes）诊断标准进行分级并进行生存分析。结果：245例脓毒症患者中161例发生了AKI,发生率为65.7%。84例AKI患者死亡,死亡率52.2%。多元回归分析显示,年龄、序贯器官衰竭评分（SOFA）、利尿剂使用、脓毒症分级是脓毒症患者并发AKI的独立危险因素。年龄、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统II（APACHEII）评分和AKI分级是脓毒症并发AKI患者28天死亡的危险因素。结论：年龄、SOFA评分、利尿剂使用、脓毒症分级与脓毒症患者AKI的发生相关,年龄、APACHII评分和AKI分级与脓毒症AKI患者的预后相关。     

Risk factors of septic shock in patients with hematologic malignancies and Pseudomonas infections

Abstract

Pseudomonas is a clinically significant and opportunist pathogen, usually associated in causing high mortality nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with septic shock in patients diagnosed with hematologic malignancies and Pseudomonas infections. A total of 80 Pseudomonas isolates (77 Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were collected from 66 patients aged 2–64 years: 52 with acute leukemia (79%), 7 with lymphoma (10·5%), and 7 with other hematologic disorders (10·5%), between 2001 and 2009. The median age of the patients was 30 years. Isolates were collected mostly from bloodstreams (45%) and skin lesions (31·5%). The median time for microbiologic documentation was 8 days (range 0–35 days) from onset of neutropenia. At least 11 patients (16·6%) had recurrent (?2) infections. The clinical symptoms observed were skin lesions (34%), diarrhea (20%), isolated fever (18%), and respiratory symptoms (14%). The isolates tested were found resistant to piperacillin/tazobactam (43%), ceftazidime (31%), imipenem-cilastatin (26%), ciprofloxacin (25%), and amikacin (26%). Septic shock occurred in 16·2% of episodes (13/80). Crude mortality due to septic shock occurred in 19·6% of patients (13/66). The median time for response to antibiotic therapy in the remaining 80·4% of patients (53/66) was 2·5 days.

Univariate analysis revealed that factors associated with septic shock were: fever for ?3 days in patients on antibiotic therapy (P?=?0·019), serum lactate >5 mmol (P?=?0·05), hemoglobin level <50 g/l (P?=?0·042), hypoproteinemia <50 g/l (P?=?0·01), procalcitonin >10 ng/ml (P?=?0·031), and hypophosphatemia (P?=?0·001). Multivariate analysis revealed that hypophosphatemia (P?=?0·018), hypoproteinemia (P?=?0·028), and high serum lactate (P?=?0·012) are significant factors, independently associated with increased risk of septic shock in patients with hematologic malignancies and Pseudomonas infections.     

Prognostic factors in the survival of patients with blood disorders recovering from septic shock

Background: Septic shock is one of the major direct causes of death in patients in hematology departments.

Objectives: The knowledge about clinical outcomes and factors associated with negative outcome in these patients can be important and useful for physicians to identify the patients who are most likely to benefit from ICU therapy.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed records of 214 episodes of septic shock in patients with different blood diseases hospitalized between 1998 and 2011 in the Department of Hematology, Oncology and Internal Medicine, the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.

Results: Direct survival with resolution of septic shock was 46%. Among these survivors, 75% continued to live at 30 days, 49% at 6 months, and 12% at 5 years after shock resolution. It was found that the most important prognostic factors for direct (short-term) mortality were multiorgan failure, lack of concordance of empiric antibiotic treatment with results of in vitro sensitivity testing, the Karnofsky score below 60%, presence of more than two comorbidities. Long-term prognosis (3-year follow-up) was affected by multiple factors with the most significant being Karnofsky score, higher organ failure score, hematologic disease relapse or resistance to treatment.

Discussion: Septic shock in patients with blood disorders treated in the hematology ward was associated with very high risk of mortality in all periods after its completion. However, although the results of treatment of septic shock in patients with blood diseases are poor, they were comparable to the results of treatment of septic shock in mixed populations treated in intensive care units.     

血栓弹力图评价严重脓毒症凝血功能紊乱的研究

目的:研究严重脓毒症患者各阶段的血栓弹力图(thromboelastography,TEG)和常规凝血功能表现,评价TEG对严重脓毒症并发弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)的诊断价值。方法:选择北京安贞医院EICU和RICU严重脓毒症患者37例,根据显性DIC评分结果,分为DIC组17例、非DIC组20例,正常对照组20例,所有患者均行常规凝血功能、血常规及TEG检测。应用ROC曲线对TEG各指标进行分析评价。结果:1.严重脓毒症DIC组PLT显著低于非DIC组及正常对照组,PT、APTT显著高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。严重脓毒症非DIC组PLT与正常对照组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),PT、APTT、FBG均显著高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2.严重脓毒症DIC组R时间、K时间显著高于正常对照组,α角、MA值及CI值显著低于正常对照组。严重脓毒症非DIC组K时间显著低于正常对照组,α角、MA值及CI值显著高于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3.R时间、K时间、α角、MA值、CI值的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.790,0.932,0.915和0.915,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);以最佳诊断临界点计算各诊断指标的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比、阴性似然比,结果显示各指标阴性预测值较高。结论:TEG可识别严重脓毒症的凝血状态,协助诊断严重脓毒症并发DIC,评估血栓、出血风险,并指导治疗。     

重型病毒性肝炎患者肺部感染情况及其危险因素探讨

了解重型病毒性肝炎(重肝)并发肺部感染的情况，并探讨其危险因素。对160例重肝患者合并肺部感染的临床资料进行前瞻性和回顾性研究。160例重肝患者发生肺部感染48例(30．0％)，肺部感染者死亡率为83．3％。14例患者存在两种或两种以上病原菌混合感染，其中以真菌混合其它细菌感染为最常见。重肝患者并发肺部感染与重肝的病期、是否存在严重合并症和并发症、是否有侵袭性操作以及抗生素的应用等有关。如对上述危险因素采取相应的措施，有可能减少肺部感染的发生。