新型冠状病毒肺炎相关性急性胰腺炎：证据，挑战与思考

由新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）感染引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）自2019年12月发病以来,现已全球大流行。COVID-19除影响呼吸系统外,还可造成全身多系统、多脏器的损害。目前关于COVID-19累及胰腺的证据十分有限,COVID-19患者中急性胰腺炎（AP）的发病率存在不确定性,其临床特征和发病机制也存在诸多疑问。在全球COVID-19流行仍未得到完全控制的背景下,由于目前对COVID-19与AP之间相互作用知之甚少,我们必须警惕他们之间可能存在的联系。临床上诸多治疗程序需要合理化,应采取有效的防护措施,在科学诊治患者的同时有效避免医护人员SARS-CoV-2感染。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者血清SARS-CoV-2 抗体的检测分析

目的 分析新型冠状病毒肺炎（corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19） 患者血清新型冠状病毒（severeacute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2）IgM 和IgG 抗体的变化规律及临床应用。方法 收集2020 年1 ～ 2 月初温州医科大学附属乐清医院收治的28 例SARS-CoV-2 核酸检测阳性的COVID-19 患者作为病例组,排除COVID-19 的30 例其他疾病患者作为对照组。利用全自动化学发光免疫分析技术检测所有研究对象的血清SARS-CoV-2IgM 和IgG,分析SARS-CoV-2 抗体的变化规律。结果 SARS-CoV-2 IgM,发病第1 ～ 6 天均阴性,发病第7 ～ 10 天,2 例患者阳性,发病第18 天后均转阳性,一个月左右达峰值,2 例患者分别在第49 天和第55 天出现9.80AU/ml（阴性）和10.79AU/ml（弱阳性）。SARS-CoV-2 IgG,发病第1 ～ 6 天均阴性,发病第8 天后均阳性。结论 发病10 天内SARS-CoV-2 IgM 阴性的患者不能排除SARS-CoV-2 感染,发病超过一周或多次核酸检测阴性的疑似患者检测SARSCoV-2 IgM 和IgG 具有重要意义。     

补充维生素D在新型冠状病毒肺炎辅助治疗中的作用研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）引起的大流行给全球公共卫生健康带来了严峻的挑战。维生素D作为免疫调节剂,在增强免疫、抗呼吸道病毒感染方面具有重要作用。研究表明维生素D可通过影响血管紧张素转换酶2/血管紧张素（1~7）/Mas受体轴信号通路,抑制肾素-血管紧张素系统信号的过度激活而抗严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染和抑制炎症因子风暴产生,从而减少COVID-19患者ARDS、心源性梗阻的发生和血栓的形成。该文对维生素D在SARS-CoV-2感染及临床表现中的作用机制进行综述,推测维生素D在预防或辅助治疗COVID-19、减轻COVID-19患者临床症状方面发挥重要作用。     

新型冠状病毒气溶胶传播及实验室检测的最新研究进展

自新型冠状病毒肺炎（corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19）疫情暴发以来,气溶胶传播新型冠状病毒（2019novel coronavirus,SARS-CoV-2）的案例相继被报道。SARS-CoV-2 气溶胶作为一种存在于空气中能够进行短期和远程运输的细小颗粒,具有很强的传播能力。提前预测或者实时监测气溶胶中的SARS-CoV-2 是控制COVID-19 疫情大流行的有效措施。该文通过对SARS-CoV-2 气溶胶的特点、构建数学模型预测、采集检测的研究进展进行综述,为疫情理论研究和实际防控提供有效的帮助。     

SARS-CoV-2抗体动态监测在COVID-19诊断中的价值

目的探讨严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)免疫球蛋白(Ig)M和IgG抗体检测在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)诊断中的价值。方法选取COVID-19患者80例,以排除COVID-19的患者20例作为对照组。采用胶体金法检测SARS-CoV-2 IgM抗体和IgG抗体。收集23例COVID-19患者不同时间点采集的样本,并进行SARS-CoV-2抗体检测。结果 SARS-CoV-2 IgM抗体、IgG抗体和IgM+IgG抗体联用的特异性均为100%,敏感性分别为76.3%、81.3%、90.0%,总体符合率分别为81.0%、85.0%、92.0%。在发病7 d内,SARS-CoV-2 IgM抗体、IgG抗体和IgM+IgG抗体联用的敏感性分别为65.0%、70.0%、70.0%;在发病8～14 d,三者的敏感性分别为72.7%、95.5%、95.5%;在发病15 d后,三者的敏感性分别为84.2%、97.4%、97.4%。SARS-CoV-2IgM抗体在发病后第5～13天出现转阳趋势,在发病第18天后可观察到转阴趋势;SARS-CoV-2IgG抗体在第5天出现转阳趋势,之后持续阳性。结论血清SARS-CoV-2 IgM抗体和IgG抗体可作为COVID-19的辅助诊断指标,对其连续监测有助于判断疾病进程。     

SARS-CoV-2抗体检测在新型冠状病毒肺炎诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨血清严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)IgM和IgG抗体检测在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)诊断中的价值。方法选取COVID-19患者173例(COVID-19组),其中140例SARSCoV-2首次核酸检测阳性,33例多次检测后呈阳性。以101例排除COVID-19的患者作为对照组。采用胶体金免疫层析法(CGIA)检测SARS-CoV-2 IgM和IgG抗体,采用荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测SARS-CoV-2核酸。以临床诊断为金标准,分析SARS-CoV-2 IgM和IgG抗体诊断COVID-19的效能。结果 SARS-CoV-2 IgM和IgG抗体的敏感性分别为76.9%、74.6%,特异性分别为94.0%、95.1%,临床总符合率分别为83.2%、82.1%,与临床诊断的一致性均较好(kappa值分别为0.663、0.644)。受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析结果显示,SARS-CoV-2 IgM和IgG抗体诊断COVID-19的曲线下面积(AUC)均为0.85。结论 SARS-CoV-2抗体检测具有较高的敏感性、特异性和临床总符合率,可用于COVID-19的辅助诊断。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者肝功能异常的相关临床分析

目的　探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者肝功能异常的相关性因素。方法　回顾性分析湖南省岳阳市 第一人民医院2020 年1~3 月收治的新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）感染患者80 例，根据肝功能情况分为肝功能异常 组45 例，对照组35 例，对其进行病例对照研究，选择与肝损伤有关指标进行单因素及多因素分析，探讨COVID-19 患者肝功能异常的发生机制。结果　研究显示肺炎严重程度是COVID-19 患者发生肝损伤的主要危险因素（P=0.009， OR=3.826，95%CI 1.388~10.544），而基础疾病、炎症因子水平与COVID-19 患者出现肝损伤无统计学相关性（P>0.05）。 结论　COVID-19 患者发生肝功能损害与病情进展密切相关，临床医生诊治患者时，应当遵从早发现、早治疗的原则， 避免造成肝脏进一步损伤，改善患者预后。     

2021年宁夏回族自治区聚集性新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情分子流行病学分析

目的 分析2021年10月宁夏回族自治区（宁夏）新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情的分子流行病学特征,为完善防控措施提供科学依据。方法 收集2021年10月17日至11月6日宁夏COVID-19确诊病例的发病时间、病例分布、人群特征、基因测序结果等信息,进行描述性分析。结果 宁夏2021年10月聚集性疫情共确诊COVID-19病例44例,本轮疫情有2个独立的传播链,平均代间距约4 d,潜伏期中位数为5.3 d(1.1～8.0 d),最多已传代至3代;获得43例COVID-19病例的全基因组序列,结果表明本起疫情是由VOC/Delta变异株（B.1.617.2进化分支）感染,同武汉参考株（NC＿045512）序列相比,43例病例新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）基因组序列存在45～50个核苷酸突变位点;SARS-CoV-2刺突（S）蛋白存在12个氨基酸突变位点。结论 Delta毒株导致的疫情呈现出病毒载量高,潜伏期短,传播能力强的特点,境外输入的SARS-CoV-2变异株存在引起本地暴发与流行的风险,需持续对境外输入的SARS-CoV-2毒株进行分子监测。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎临床实验室相关检测现状

正近来,由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)仍全球持续蔓延,形势极其严峻,影响不容小觑~([1-3])。对COVID-19的实验室相关检测已有了诸多报道,已知COVID-19患者发病早期外周血白细胞总数正常或减低,淋巴细胞计数减少,部分患者出现肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶     

新型冠状病毒肺炎的临床特征与病原体检测

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是一种由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的急性传染病,传播途径主要为经呼吸道飞沫和接触传播,不排除通过气溶胶和消化道等途径传播的可能性。COVID-19病例多数表现为普通型和轻型,少数病例病情进展较快,迅速进入重症与危重症阶段,救治难度较大。SARS-CoV-2的核酸检测的缺点是容易产生假阴性、检测时间长,影像学检查成为辅助诊断COVID-19快捷、方便的手段之一,并在判断肺炎的严重程度中发挥重要作用,联合采用血清免疫学检测可提高检出率。     

Distinctive features of severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is among the most important public health crises of our generation. Despite the promise of prevention offered by effective vaccines, patients with severe COVID-19 will continue to populate hospitals and intensive care units for the foreseeable future. The most common clinical presentation of severe COVID-19 is hypoxemia and respiratory failure, typical of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Whether the clinical features and pathobiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia differ from those of pneumonia secondary to other pathogens is unclear. This uncertainty has created variability in the application of historically proven therapies for ARDS to patients with COVID-19. We review the available literature and find many similarities between patients with ARDS from pneumonia attributable to SARS-CoV-2 versus other respiratory pathogens. A notable exception is the long duration of illness among patients with COVID-19, which could result from its unique pathobiology. Available data support the use of care pathways and therapies proven effective for patients with ARDS, while pointing to unique features that might be therapeutically targeted for patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.     

新型冠状病毒在环境中的存活潜力和感染风险

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）传播速度快、范围广,主要通过飞沫和接触传播。 本研究通过整理新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）在不同物体表面的存活时间及主要影响因素的相关研究,发现SARS-CoV-2的稳定性与重症急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）相近,室温下可在多种物体表面或介质中存活数天（不锈钢表面2 d、塑料表面3 d、玻璃表面4 d）。 在低温、低相对湿度条件下,存活时间更长,给人们的健康带来极大威胁,也给疫情防控带来严峻挑战。 SARS-CoV-2的流行特点与甲型流感病毒相似,传染性高,隐蔽性强。 通过了解SARS-CoV-2在环境中的存活潜力和感染风险,进行针对性消毒和采取相应的防护措施,可以减少疾病的发生。     

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and COVID-19: An epidemic that begets pandemic

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic, affecting all the individuals across the planet. COVID-19 has gained significant attention due to its high prevalence among individuals with diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and can be associated with a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The association of COVID-19 and NAFLD has also gained more attention because NAFLD is highly associated with the epidemic of obesity. NAFLD is a potential risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19, independent of metabolic syndrome. Importantly, it is not yet clear whether the epidemics of obesity and NAFLD have perpetuated the current pandemic of COVID-19. Further research is urgently needed to assess the following: (1) Whether NAFLD is a high risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection; (2) Whether NAFLD is associated with the severe form of COVID-19; and (3) Whether the presence of NAFLD can explain the racial variation in the morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. This review summarizes the interactions between COVID-19 and NAFLD, mechanism of liver injury by COVID-19, and effect of lockdown due to COVID- 19 on patients with NAFLD.     

Role of gastrointestinal system on transmission and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to pose a significant threat to global health. Primary prevention remains as a major strategy against the pandemic. Current evidence proves that aerosol and droplet-based routes are the main means of transmission of COVID-19 but other ways should be sought in order to prevent possible collateral transmission. The gastrointestinal system may be one such route. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 is the target entry receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is abundantly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. SARS-CoV-2 is able to infect human enterocytes similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome. Herein this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the role of gastrointestinal transmission in transmission and pathophysiology of COVID-19.     

COVID-19 and the heart

An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in December 2019 due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a strain of SARS-CoV. Patients infected with the virus present a wide spectrum of manifestations ranging from mild flu-like symptoms, cough, fever and fatigue to severe lung injury, appearing as bilateral interstitial pneumonia or acute respiratory failure. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection predominantly offends the respiratory system, it has been associated with several cardiovascular complications as well. For example, patients with COVID-19 may either develop type 2 myocardial infarction due to myocardial oxygen demand and supply imbalance or acute coronary syndrome resulting from excessive inflammatory response to the primary infection. The incidence of COVID-19 related myocarditis is estimated to be accountable for an average of 7% of all COVID-19 related fatal cases, whereas heart failure (HF) may develop due to infiltration of the heart by inflammatory cells, destructive action of pro-inflammatory cytokines, micro-thrombosis and new onset or aggravated endothelial and respiratory failure. Lastly, SARS-CoV-2 can engender arrhythmias through direct myocardial damage causing acute myocarditis or through HF decompensation or secondary, through respiratory failure or severe respiratory distress syndrome. In this comprehensive review we summarize the COVID-19 related cardiovascular complications (acute coronary syndromes, myocarditis, HF, arrhythmias) and discuss the main underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.     

Stem cell therapy: A promising treatment for COVID-19

Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus and has a glycosylated spike (S) protein used for genome encoding. COVID-19 can lead to a cytokine storm and patients usually have early respiratory signs and further secondary infections, which can be fatal. COVID-19 has entered an emergency phase, but there are still no specific effective drugs for this disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells, which cause antiapoptosis and can repair damaged epithelial cells. Many clinical trials have proved that MSC therapy could be a potential feasible therapy for COVID-19 patients, especially those with acute respiratory distress syndrome, without serious adverse events or toxicities. However, more studies are needed in the future, in order to confirm the effect of this therapy.     

Immunochromatographic test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva

We evaluated the rapid immunochromatographic test for severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen detection using 16 saliva specimens collected from 6 COVID-19 hospitalized patients, and detected N-antigen in 4 of 7 RT-PCR positive specimens. This POCT detected SARS-CoV-2 antigen in saliva and would be useful for COVID-19 diagnosis.     

COVID-19: An overview and a clinical update

The outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19, previously known as 2019 nCoV) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Wuhan City, China, has spread rapidly around the world. Most patients from the first cluster had an epidemiological connection to the Wuhan's Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. Available evidence has shown that SARS-CoV-2 can be easily transmitted from person to person through close contact and respiratory droplets, posing a substantial challenge to public health. At present, the research on SARS-CoV-2 is still in the primary stages. However, dexa-methasone and remdesivir are appeared to be promising medical therapies. Still, there is no definite specific treatment, and the mainstay of treatment is still focused on supportive therapies. Currently, over 150 vaccines are under investigation. It is necessary to understand the nature of the virus and its clinical characteristics in order to find effectively manage the disease. The knowledge about this virus is rapidly evolving, and clinicians must update themselves regularly. The present review comprehensively summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and management of COVID-19 based on the current evidence.