复杂上尿路癌的多镜联合治疗

目的探讨孤立肾、慢性肾功能不全时肾盂内或双输尿管内复杂上皮癌患者多镜联合治疗的可行性。方法3例均以间断无痛性全程肉眼血尿入院,通过尿脱落细胞学、IVU、CT、膀胱镜、输尿管镜等检查确诊为尿路上皮癌。例1为左侧重复肾、双输尿管畸形,重复肾上肾盂内、双侧3个输尿管内均为上尿路癌,采用经皮肾镜和输尿管镜联合行左侧重复肾上肾盂、双侧3条输尿管内肿物切除术;例2为肾功能不全、右肾萎缩,发生左侧肾盂、膀胱癌,行膀胱镜肿瘤电切及输尿管镜、经皮肾镜联合左肾盂癌局部切除术;例3为左侧肾盂癌根治术后3年,右孤立肾再发肾盂癌,经输尿管镜及经皮肾镜行右肾盂癌切除术。3例均成功保留肾脏。结果术后病理检查均为尿路上皮癌。早期经肾造瘘灌注化疗1~2次,之后常规膀胱化疗,分别随访13、14、15个月,B超及CT检查无肿瘤复发及死亡。例3孤立肾患者术后2天、2周时经肾造瘘化疗,术后1个月拔出输尿管支架管,于第2日夹闭肾造瘘管,出现发热,输尿管镜检查考虑输尿管狭窄明显,留置支架管,以后定期更换,1周后拔除肾造瘘管。结论对于孤独肾、对侧肾无功能、肾功能不全、年龄大、伴有禁忌证的内科疾患的复杂上尿路癌患者,采用输尿管镜、经皮肾镜联合治疗是可行和安全有效的,但需要术后严格的随访和检查。     

内镜下钬激光治疗早期上尿路上皮肿瘤特殊病例1O例报告

目的探讨内镜下钬激光治疗特殊早期上尿路上皮肿瘤的安全性及有效性。方法2002年4月～2010年5月,对10例不适合行根治性。肾输尿管切除术的早期上尿路上皮肿瘤患者行内镜下钬激光治疗,其中输尿管肿瘤7例（1例合并膀胱肿瘤）,肾盂肿瘤3例。单发7例,多发3例。术前肿瘤分期cTa～cT1。3例对侧已行肾输尿管全长切除,2例孤立肾,3例肾功能不全,1例2～3级心功能不全,1例肿瘤小（〈1cm,位于。肾盂,单发且表浅）。输尿管硬镜治疗7例,软镜1例,微通道经皮肾镜2例。术后行丝裂霉素上尿路及膀胱灌注化疗。结果10例术后随访2年,无肿瘤死亡。1例术后6个月输尿管狭窄,其余均未出现大出血、严重感染、周围脏器损伤及全身肿瘤转移。复发4例,其中1例输尿管合并膀胱肿瘤者膀胱内复发,1例为肾盂内单发肿瘤复发,2例为输尿管单发肿瘤复发。该4例随访5年,1例未见肿瘤复发与转移,3例复发3—4次,且为尿路多处复发,行肾盂输尿管癌根治术,其中2例术后血液透析1年内肿瘤转移死亡。结论对不适合行根治性肾输尿管切除术的早期上尿路上皮肿瘤,内镜下钬激光治疗短期内是安全有效的。     

上尿路移行细胞癌的腔内治疗

目的 探讨上尿路移行细胞癌的腔内保守治疗疗效以及远期随访结果.方法 对6例上尿路移行细胞癌患者进行腔内治疗,5例逆行输尿管镜下电切配合钬激光烧灼,1例顺行经皮肾电切处理.结果 随访1～4年,1例肾盂移行细胞癌患者术后5个月复发,合并严重出血,行患侧肾输尿管切除.1例肾盂移行细胞癌以及1例输尿管移行细胞癌患者复发,每3～6个月复诊行输尿管镜下钬激光烧灼,另外3例患者未见肿瘤复发.结论 对于解剖或者功能性孤立肾、双侧上尿路肿瘤、肾功能不全、合并严重疾病不能耐受开放手术者以及对侧肾正常但患侧肿瘤直径小于1.5cm且级别较低患者,腔内治疗是理想的一种治疗选择.但所有患者术后都需要进行严格的随访.     

孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌治疗策略

目的探讨孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌的治疗对策。方法回顾分析5例孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌患者的临床资料,所有患者行手术治疗。其中4例患者行保肾手术,1例行开放手术,3例行腔内技术治疗。结果5例患者手术均顺利得到随访,时间2个月～60个月,平均21个月。1例肾盂癌患者于术后2个月死于肺部疾病,1例肾盂癌术后19个月肿瘤局部并膀胱复发死于尿毒症,1例肾盂癌伴输尿管癌于术后25个月死于肿瘤转移,另2例无瘤存活。结论孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌是施行保肾手术的适应症,采用腔内手术治疗是一种安全和可行的术式。保肾手术后应行肾盂灌注化疗预防肿瘤复发并长期随访。     

双侧肾盂癌1例报告

本文报道1例异时性双侧肾盂癌患者,女,55岁。2011年因左侧肾盂癌行左肾输尿管切除术,2014年因血尿确诊为右肾盂癌,先后接受右侧输尿管镜肾盂肿瘤钬激光剜除术、右侧肾盂部分切除＋肾造瘘术＋羟基喜树碱灌注治疗。2018年因右侧肾盂癌复发行根治手术,术后每周血液透析3次,术后随访17个月无肿瘤复发。本例采用多种微创和药物...     

软性输尿管镜术在诊断单侧上尿路来源血尿中的作用(附52例报告)

目的 探讨软性输尿管镜术在诊断单侧上尿路来源肉眼血尿病因中的价值. 方法 回顾分析我院2012年3月至2015年7月间52例行软性输尿管镜检术诊断的上尿路来源血尿患者的资料及最终诊断结果. 结果 52例患者全部完成软性输尿管镜检术.其中37例输尿管全程镜检在半硬输尿管镜下完成,另15例半硬输尿管镜至髂血管平面受阻改用软性输尿管镜观察输尿管至肾盂输尿管交界处.52例中,肾集合系统软性输尿管镜检13例(25.0％)发现新生物,活检诊断为尿路上皮癌;此13例中男8例、女5例,平均年龄61岁(45～83岁);肿瘤位于左侧7例、右侧6例;肾盂4例、上盏4例、下盏2例、中盏及下盏均侵犯3例;组织活检分级为高级别7例、低级别6例.微小静脉破裂18例(34.6％),血管瘤样病变9例(17.3％),静脉曲张出血1例(1.9％),11例未发现任何病变(21.2％).上尿路尿路上皮癌患者中11例行肾盂癌根治性切除术,2例孤立肾患者行软性输尿管镜下肿瘤钬激光融蚀术.非肿瘤病变患者中,9例血管瘤出血患者行选择性肾动脉栓塞术.所有患者治疗后血尿均消失.13例上尿路尿路上皮癌患者术后病理检查均为浸润性尿路上皮细胞癌(高级别10例,低级别3例).平均随访12个月未见肿瘤复发. 结论 软性输尿管镜术对于上尿路来源血尿的病因诊断及治疗的选择具有指导意义,应作为此类患者诊断的首选及必要方案.     

低分期上尿路上皮癌根治手术不加膀胱袖状切除的可行性分析

目的 分析低分期肾盂及中上段输尿管尿路上皮癌行根治性肾切除术与经典肾盂癌根治性手术后肿瘤复发率的差异,探讨低分期上尿路上皮癌患者不行膀胱袖状切除的可行性.方法 回顾性分析2000-2007年收治73例上尿路上皮癌患者的资料.男36例,女37例.平均年龄66(45～87)岁.其中肾盂癌46例,中上段输尿管癌27例.根据术式分为经典肾盂癌根治性手术组(35例)和根治性肾切除组(38例).分析2组患者病理及随访结果,比较2组患者术后复发率的差异.结果 经典肾盂癌根治性手术组肿瘤复发8例(22.9%),其中T1患者复发率20.0%(3/15);根治性肾切除组肿瘤复发8例(21.1%),其中T1患者复发率19.0%(4/21),2组总复发率和T1肿瘤复发率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).经典肾盂癌根治性手术组19例肾盂癌中,肿瘤复发4例(21.1%);16例中上段输尿管癌中,肿瘤复发4例(25.0%),2组肿瘤复发率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).根治性肾切除组27例肾盂癌中,肿瘤复发3例(11.1%);11例中上段输尿管癌中,肿瘤复发5例(45.5%),2组肿瘤复发率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 低分期上尿路上皮癌患者可不行膀胱袖状切除术,但肿瘤位于输尿管者应行膀胱袖状切除术.     

输尿管镜下切除上尿路尿路上皮癌3例报道

目的研究输尿管镜下切除上尿路尿路上皮癌的可行性及疗效。方法随访3例接受输尿管镜下上尿路尿路上皮癌切除术患者。结果 2例患者随访3年,1例患者随访6个月,均未发现肿瘤复发及转移。结论对于部分早期上尿路尿路上皮癌患者,输尿管镜下可充分切除肿瘤并对肿瘤进行准确评估,有可能避免再次手术切除肾脏且不影响生存期。     

经皮肾镜术治疗上尿路肿瘤术后通道种植1例报告及相关问题的探讨

目的:探讨经皮肾镜术治疗上尿路肿瘤术后通道种植的临床特征、诊治方法以及肿瘤种植的预防措施。方法:回顾分析本院收治的1例经皮肾镜术治疗上尿路肿瘤术后通道种植患者的临床资料:患者男,74岁,2003年因左侧肾盂癌行左侧肾、输尿管全长、膀胱袖状切除术。2014年因血尿复查,发现右侧肾盂内肿物,遂行经皮肾镜探查、肾盂内肿物电切术。2015年8月发现右侧腰背部皮下肿物及右肾背侧肿物,穿刺皮下肿物提示为尿路上皮肿瘤。遂行输尿管肾盂软镜下钬激光肿瘤切除、右侧肾周肿物切除、右侧腰背部皮下肿物切除术。结果:术后病理检查回报:两处肿物均符合高级别尿路上皮癌。术后配合辅助局部放疗和全身化疗。随访4个月,未见肿瘤复发、转移。结论:经皮肾镜术治疗上尿路肿瘤术后发生肿瘤通道种植主要反映肿瘤的侵袭性高和个体免疫力水平低下,需在治疗原发病灶的基础上行局部转移灶切除,同时联合全身辅助治疗。     

对侧肾脏正常的上尿路移行细胞癌患者的输尿管镜治疗

对侧肾脏正常的上尿路移行细胞癌患者的标准治疗是肾输尿管全长切除术或输尿管部分切除再吻合术。对1989～1998年23例肌酐正常的患者,进行单侧上尿路移行细胞癌的经输尿管镜切除术,患者ＩＶＵ显示上尿路孤立的充盈缺损,对侧肾脏正常,输尿管镜检查为中低分级的乳头状移行细胞癌,取活检同时激光切除或电凝切除肿瘤,如果病理为高分级肿瘤,则行肾输尿管切除术。术后每3个月作一次输尿管镜检查,直到肿瘤完全消失,以后每6个月作一次输尿管镜检查。23例患者中Ｇ1～Ｇ222例,Ｇ2～Ｇ31例,治疗后肿瘤无复发8例(35%),多次复发15例(65%),仍然采用输尿管…     

Retrograde endoscopic laser therapy and ureteroscopic surveillance for transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of endoscopic laser therapy and ureteroscopic surveillance for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the upper urinary tract. Methods: Tumors of the upper urinary tract were detected at ureteroscopy. After TCC was diagnosed by biopsy, retrograde endoscopic laser therapy was performed. Recurrent tumors were treated endoscopically and the patients were followed by ureteroscopic surveillance at 3- to 6-month intervals. RESULTS: Seven patients underwent ureteroscopic treatment. The tumor was grade 1 in five patients and grade 2 in two patients. The average tumor size was 1.3 cm. One patient with large, multifocal tumors died of metastatic disease, and one died of an unrelated cause. One patient requested nephroureterectomy after endoscopic treatment. The remaining four patients were followed up for a mean of 32 months after initial treatment. Each patient received an average of 5.3 ureteroscopic surveillance procedures while 3.3 recurrences on average were detected. Recurrence occurred in all the patients who showed normal radiographic findings. Urine cytology was also of little value in predicting tumor recurrence, except in one patient with carcinoma in situ. The recurrent tumors detected by ureteroscopy were successfully treated by repeated endoscopic procedures. After the follow up, three patients remained alive with no signs indicative of disease, but one patient with an initial grade 2 tumor died of recurrence after 30 months. CONCLUSIONS: Given that ureteroscopic evaluation is essential for surveillance after endoscopic treatment of upper urinary tract TCC because of residual concern about recurrence, patients treated endoscopically should be recommended to undergo long-term endoscopic follow up.     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗急性肾后性肾功能衰竭21例

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗急性肾后性肾功能衰竭的安全性和效果。方法回顾性分析21例因输尿管结石所致急性肾后性肾功能衰竭患者的临床资料,探讨急诊采用输尿管镜钬激光碎石并置管引流的治疗效果。结果21例患者均急诊成功解除尿路梗阻。手术时间为35．110min,平均68．5min,住院时间9—32d,平均16．5d。无输尿管穿孔、断裂或粘膜撕脱等并发症发生,无中转开放手术。随访1—3个月,所有患者血肌酐均恢复正常,复查超声或KUB＋IVP,无结石残留。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗因输尿管结石致肾后性急性肾功能衰竭安全有效,并发症发生率低。一旦明确由于输尿管结石引起的急性肾后性肾功能衰竭,我们推荐首选输尿管镜钬激光碎石及置管引流术。     

Totally endoscopic management of upper tract transitional-cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Nephron-sparing therapy arose spurred by efforts to delay dialysis for patients with renal insufficiency or solitary kidneys. As technology has improved, complete endoscopic ablation of tumor via the holmium and Nd:YAG lasers has proven efficacious for cancer control. We have extended ureteroscopic treatment to patients with normal contralateral kidneys given the proper indications. For required extirpative therapy in cases of uncontrolled cancer, laparoscopic nephroureterectomy is rapidly becoming popular and appears to lend the same tumor control as open surgery while significantly lessening morbidity. We reviewed our experience with endourologic treatment and propose an algorithm for the management of upper tract TCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over the period from August 1998 to May 2000, 70 patients underwent ureteroscopic evaluation, treatment, or both for TCC. During the same period, 24 patients had a hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (HALNU) performed. A thorough chart review was performed to determine pathologic data and management decision-making. RESULTS: Of the 70 patients evaluated ureteroscopically, 46 were examined for the first time, while the remaining 24 patients were already on the surveillance protocol. Of the 46 initially evaluated patients, 18 were referred for HALNU. Fifteen other patients were placed on surveillance. Of the 24 patients already on surveillance, only 1 required HALNU. The most common reasons for nephroureterectomy were bulky tumors that were ureteroscopically unresectable, high-grade disease, and patient preference. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of ureteroscopy and laparoscopy has made the management of upper tract TCC totally endoscopic, providing decreased morbidity while maintaining cancer control.     

肾移植术后并发尿路上皮肿瘤的临床分析

目的 分析肾移植患者并发尿路上皮肿瘤的特点，探讨其诊治方法。方法 自1998～2003年肾移植患者1293例，术后发生尿路上皮恶性肿瘤21例（1．6％）。男4例，女17例。17例原发病为慢性问质性肾炎。发生尿路上皮肿瘤距肾移植6～62个月，平均26个月。其中膀胱癌6例，单侧肾盂或输尿管癌6例，单侧肾盂或输尿管、膀胱癌8例，双侧肾盂输尿管癌1例。10例上尿路肿瘤发生部位与移植肾同侧，4例发生于移植肾对侧。临床症状以无痛性肉服血尿和反复泌尿系感染为主。19例行手术治疗，术后所有患者免疫抑制剂用量减少1／3并辅以局部灌注化疗。结果 2例行姑息性治疗的晚期肿瘤患者分别于发现肿瘤5、8个月死亡。余19例现已随访2～5年。13例肿瘤复发，复发部位为膀胱或对侧原。肾、输尿管。所有患者在免疫抑制剂减量期间均未出现急性排斥。2例因切除移植肾恢复透析，17例肾功能正常。结论 慢性间质性。肾炎导致。肾功能衰竭的。肾移植患者和女性肾移植患者易发生移植后尿路上皮肿瘤；移植肾同侧上尿路较对侧好发肿瘤；对移植肾对侧为首发的上尿路发生肿瘤者可预防性行双侧上尿路根治性切除。     

Abnormal selective cytology results predict recurrence of upper-tract transitional-cell carcinoma treated with ureteroscopic laser ablation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endoscopic management of transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) of the upper urinary tract remains associated with a significant rate of recurrence. We evaluated the impact of selective upper-tract cytology findings on tumor recurrence and renal salvage rate after ureteroscopic laser tumor ablation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1993 though 2003, 38 patients with upper-tract TCC underwent ureteroscopic laser tumor ablation. Cytology specimens were collected from the upper urinary tract prior to ablation. "Abnormal cytology" was defined as the presence of malignant or atypical cells. Patients with abnormal cytology results were compared with patients with those having negative findings for tumor recurrence and renal salvage rates using the X (2) test. RESULTS: Of the 38 patients, 26 (68.4%) experienced at least one recurrence at a mean follow-up of 37.2 months. Pretreatment upper-tract cytology results were available in 34 of these patients: 17 (50%) were negative, and 17 were abnormal. Sixteen of the patients (94.1%) with abnormal cytology results had tumor recurrence after ablation, compared with 8 of the 17 (47.1%) with negative cytology findings (P = 0.0026). Twelve patients (31.5%) underwent nephroureterectomy during follow-up: 8 of the 17 (47.1%) with abnormal cytology, and 4 of the 17 (23.5%) with negative cytology (P = 0.15). CONCLUSION: Abnormal selective cytology results were associated with a significantly higher rate of tumor recurrence and a trend toward increased renal loss in patients with upper-tract TCC treated with ureteroscopic ablation. These findings suggest a prognostic value for upper-tract cytology analysis in patients undergoing endoscopic therapy.     

ADJUVANT MITOMYCIN C FOLLOWING ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT OF UPPER TRACT TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA

Purpose

A variety of topical agents have been used for transitional cell carcinoma of the upper tract. Mitomycin C has limited systemic absorption when given intravesically because of its high molecular weight. We reviewed our experience with mitomycin C following endoscopic treatment of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma.

Materials and Methods

Since 1991, 19 patients (21 renal units) have undergone a total of 28 treatments with mitomycin C for high volume, recurrent or multifocal transitional cell carcinoma. Of the 19 patients 12 had an absolute indication for nephron sparing treatment. Following ureteroscopic biopsy and treatment of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma, 40 mg. mitomycin C in 3 divided doses was instilled via a ureteral catheter, which was clamped between doses to give an exposure time of 30 minutes. Eighteen patients have undergone ureteroscopic surveillance following a total of 26 treatments.

Results

No systemic side effects occurred during or after treatment with mitomycin C. One patient had a prominent local inflammatory reaction following neodymium:YAG ablation and mitomycin C treatment of a renal pelvic tumor. The average size of the treated tumors was 17 mm. (range 5 to 30). The grade of the tumors (when known) was 1 in 5 patients, 1 to 2 in 2, 2 in 8 and 3 in 4. Most tumors were treated with either neodymium:YAG (6 cases) or holmium:YAG laser (8) or a combination of both (8). Following 1 to 4 treatments with mitomycin C 11 of 19 evaluable renal units (58%) were rendered free of disease. Six of those 11 renal units (54%) had an ipsilateral recurrence after a mean of 30 months of followup, 4 of which were treated endoscopically, and 7 (64%) are now disease-free without extirpative surgery. Four patients have undergone nephroureterectomy for persistent or recurrent disease. No patient has suffered local or distant progression of disease.

Conclusions

Instillation of mitomycin C for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma appears to be safe and can be considered for adjuvant treatment in select cases. More data are necessary to determine its efficacy.     

Retrograde endoscopic laser therapy for transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract

AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic laser therapy for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the upper urinary tract. METHODS: Tumors of the renal pelvis and ureteropelvic junction were detected by ureteroscopy. The tumors were subjected to biopsy, and after TCC was diagnosed, endoscopic laser therapy (Neodymium-YAG and Holmium-YAG) was conducted using a 6.9 Fr. flexible ureterorenoscope. RESULTS: From January 1997 to April 2002, six patients underwent ureteroscopic treatment. Tumor grade was 1 in four patients and 2 in two patients. Average tumor size was 1.45 cm. Endoscopic treatment was chosen for two patients because of the high medical risk associated with open surgery. Another patient underwent diagnostic ureteroscopy, followed immediately by endoscopic treatment. A further three patients elected to undergo ureteroscopic treatment. One patient with large (3 cm), multifocal and incompletely treated tumors died of metastatic disease 22 months after the initial operation. One patient requested nephroureterectomy one month after endoscopic treatment, and pathological examination of the resected specimen revealed no tumor. The other four patients have been followed up for a mean period of 14 months after initial treatment. Recurrence occurred in one patient, and was successfully treated by repeat endoscopic resection. None of the patients required blood transfusion or emergency open surgery. CONCLUSION: Ureteroscopic treatment of small, localized, low-grade TCC of the upper urinary tract is now a safe and feasible alternative to nephroureterectomy in selected patients.     

B超引导微通道经皮肾镜钬激光治疗上尿路结石105例

目的探讨B超引导下微通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石的疗效。方法2008年9月～2011年12月105例上尿路结石在B超引导下18G肾穿刺针穿刺,建立F14～F16皮肾微通道,置入Wolf8.0/9.8输尿管镜,65W钬激光将结石粉碎,放置F5双J管作内引流,F14硅胶肾造瘘管外引流。结果91例（86．6％）单通道一期碎石成功;9例单通道二期碎石成功（8．5％）,其中2例二期术后仍小结石残留行体外震波碎石后结石排净;5例穿刺失败：2例1～3次ESWL辅以中药排石治疗后结石排净,3例中转开放切开取石手术,穿刺失败率4．7％（5／105）。手术时间70—150min,（80．5±10．2）min;术中出血量20～100ml,平均50ml,无大出血。105例随访10～32个月,（10．6±3．5）月,4例结石复发,因结石偏小行中医排石汤排石后治愈。结论B超引导下微通道经皮肾镜下钬激光碎石治疗上尿路结石安全、有效。     

输尿管镜下钬激光治疗梗阻性急性肾功能衰竭

目的:探讨输尿管镜下钬激光治疗上尿路结石梗阻并发急性肾功能衰竭的有效性和安全性。方法:应用输尿管镜直视下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石梗阻并发急性肾功能衰竭患者12例。结果:术后患者血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)均恢复正常或接近正常,尿量恢复正常,结石排净率92%(11/12)。结论:输尿管镜下钬激光治疗上尿路结石性梗阻并发急性肾功能衰竭具有安全、疗效可靠、损伤小、能同时处理双侧输尿管病变的优点,是急性梗阻性肾功能衰竭的有效治疗方法。