不同分型的高位胆管癌手术切除方式的选择

１９９１年１月至１９９５年１２月，本院收治高位胆管癌５２例，手术切除１７例，切除率３２．７％。切除组中２例Ｉ型和１例Ⅱ型肿瘤行单纯局部切除，１４例行联合肝叶切除；其中１例Ⅱ型行尾叶切除，１例Ⅱ型和３例ⅢＡ型行肝中叶切除，８例ⅢＢ型行左半肝切除，１例ⅢＡ型行右半肝切除。镜下治愈性切除率为１５．４％（８／５２）。治愈性切除组平均生存期为２１．１月，姑息性切除组则为７．５个月（Ｐ〈０．０５）。切除组手术     

原发性肝细胞癌侵入肝胆管的外科治疗

目的 探讨原发性肝细胞癌侵入肝胆管引起阻塞性黄疸的外科治疗效果．方法 ２３例病人均接受外科手术治疗，单纯胆管癌栓清除＋Ｔ管引流１０例；胆管癌栓清除＋肿瘤切除１０例，其中左半肝切除８例，右半肝切除１例，右肝不规则切除４例。结果 手术死亡３例，存活３￣６个月３例，半年￣１年４例占１７．４％，１年￣２年８例占３４．８％，２年￣３年４例占１７．４％，单纯胆管癌栓清除平均存活时间６．５个月，肝叶切除１７．３     

高位胆管癌56例临床分析

目的 高位胆管癌５６例分析其治疗和生存时间。方法 ５６例高位胆管癌的病人,年龄为２５－７４岁（平均为６７．６７岁）,手术方法是交肝内胆管癌和肝方叶及肝外胆管癌切除,不能切除者给予肝内胆管和空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ式吻合。结果 共有１７例予以切除,１３例切除后生存３６个月以上。６例死于１．５个月,其它３３例未经手术切除者,大概生存３６个月以内。结论外科手术主要为治疗高位胆管癌,并应早期诊断和治疗。     

肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石

探讨肝切除术治疗肝胆管结石的效果。方法分析１９８９年７月－１９９９年７月采用肝切除术治疗１８４例肝内胆管结石患者的结石部位和分布情况、手术方式、手术后并发症、病理结果等情况。结果肝内胆管结石以左肝为主（１６５例）,肝切除也以左肝叶段切除为多（１５３例）;３２例出现手术后并发症（１７．３９％）无手术死亡。随访３月－１０月年,效果优良者占９６．２０％,包括４例早期胆管癌。结论肝切除术手是治疗内胆管结珠     

全尾叶切除治疗肝尾状叶肿瘤

目的探讨肝尾叶肿瘤的全尾叶切除技巧及其疗效。方法１６例肝尾叶肿瘤病人,其中肝细胞癌１１例,胆管癌１例,直肠癌术后肝尾状叶转移１例,巨大良性肿瘤３例。均行全尾叶或全尾叶＋左外叶或左半肝或左三叶切除术,平均手术时间（２２７±５２）分钟,术中平均失血（５９２±９４０）ｍｌ,输血（１５１７±６４１）ｍｌ。无手术死亡及术后并发症。结果１１例肝细胞癌病人术后１、３、５年生存率分别为５５．６％、５５．６％及４０％,１例胆管癌病人术后４月死亡,１例肝尾叶转移癌病人术后４年仍存活,３例良性肿瘤病人均健在。结论虽然肝尾叶手术难度高、风险大,但尾叶切除仍应作为治疗肝尾叶肿瘤的首选方法。     

肝叶切除术在肝门部胆管癌治疗中的作用

目的探讨肝叶切除术在肝门部胆管癌治疗中的作用。方法回顾性分析了１９９１年１月～１９９５年１２月间收治的５２例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料。结果５２例中手术切除１７例,切除率３２７％,手术死亡率为５９％。切除组中１４例兼行不同范围的肝叶切除,其中８例为治愈性切除,治愈性切除组与姑息性切除组平均生存期为２１１个月和７５个月（Ｐ＜０．０５）。切除组与引流组疗效有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论联合肝叶切除术可提高肝门部胆管癌的治愈性切除率,改善术后病人的预后。     

联合肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄

目的探讨联合肝切除组合胆道手术治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄的疗效。方法回顾性总结四年来联合肝切除组合胆道手术治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄８２例,其中,肝左外叶切除６５例（７９．２７％）,左半肝切除１２例（１４．６３％）,右肝部分切除３例（３．６６％）,左肝外叶＋右前叶下段切除１例（１．２２％）。结果手术后结石取净７８例（９５．１２％）,术后纤维胆道镜取石３例,２例结石取净,总的结石取净率为９８．７８％（８０／８２）,手术并发症７例（８．５３％）,死亡１例（１．２２％）,８１例术后随访１个月～４年,肝内结石复发３例（３．７０％）。结论联合肝切除组合胆道手术是治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄的有效方法、联合肝切除必须掌握适应证,急症肝切除的并发症多且较严重,术后纤维胆道镜检查与治疗对诊治残余结石有重要意义。     

肝门部胆管癌多种术式的疗效分析

肝门部胆管癌又称高位胆管癌或Ｋｌａｔｓｋｉｎ瘤,因其解剖部位特殊,手术切除非常困难。我院自１９８８年１月至１９９７年１月收治肝门部胆管癌５４例,进行了手术治疗。其中单纯探查术７例;切除术（包括根治性切除及姑息性切除）２３例;各种姑息性引流减黄手术２４例。单纯探查术病人多于３个月内死亡;肿瘤切除的病人生存期３个月到４年以上,平均２４－６个月。姑息性引流病人术后都有不同程度的减黄,生存期３－３个月至２５个月,平均９－４个月。临床资料本组５４例,其中男３８例;女１６例。年龄最大８０岁,最小３５岁,以４…     

肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗

目的 探讨肝门部胆管癌各种术式的疗效。方法 回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的肝门部胆管癌35例手术方式和随访结果。结果 手术切除13例（根治性切除9例,姑息性切除4例）,总手术切除率为37．1％,其中1996年以后的23例中切除12例,手术切除率为52．2％;胆管内引流5例;外引流1例;剖腹探查6例。随访23例,随访率65．7％。切除术组13例,存活7－30个月,平均17．5个月,现仍存活4例,生存期分别为12,13,15和21个月;引流组存活2．5－24个月,平均9．2个月,1例已生存13个月;单纯剖腹探查术者多于术后3个月内死亡。结论 根治性切除和扩大手术切除范围是肝门部胆管癌首选的治疗方法。对不能切除者,不应放弃手术探查,应争取行胆管内、外引流术。     

结直肠癌术后复发处理的探讨

１９９０年３月－１９９３年８月作者为４６例结直肠癌术后复发进行再次手术。再次手术与初手术相隔时间为６－８０个月，平均３４．４个月。其中单纯局部复发占３４．７８％，单纯远处转移１３．０４％，局部复发伴远处转移５２％。再次手术能切除病变者３６例，切除率７８．２６％。切除后存活时间５－４１个月，中位存活１７个月，２６例至今尚存活。手术死亡２例，手术死亡４．３５％，其中１例死亡与手术无关。作者指早期发现复     

肝切除联合术中纤维胆镜治疗肝胆管结石

目的 总结肝切除联合术中纤维胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石的疗效。方法 回顾分析我院经肝切除联合术中纤维胆镜治疗的54例肝胆管结石患者的临床资料。结果 手术死亡1例，术后重要并发症9例，包括胆瘘，膈下感染，肝功不全，胆道出血；残留结石4例，残留胆管狭窄3例，胆管细胞癌3例，随访8-78个月，结石复发5例，死亡5例（2例肝衰，3例胆管细胞癌），结论 肝切除联合术中纤维胆镜治疗肝胆管结石安全有效。且能消除胆管细胞癌发生的危险，优于传统手术，对肝硬化患者，是否行右肝切除应据患者情况而定。     

S4a + S5 With caudate lobe (SI) resection using the Taj Mahal liver parenchymal resection for carcinoma of the biliary tract

Recently we have been performing S4a + S5 with total resection of the caudate lobe (SI) by using a dome-like dissection along the root of the middle hepatic vein at the pinnacle, which we refer to as the Taj Mahal liver parenchymal resection, for carcinoma of the biliary tract. This procedure offers the following advantages: (1) It allows total resection of the caudate lobe, including the paracaval portion (S9), and (2) because the cut surface of the liver is large, it allows intrahepatic jejunostomy to be performed more easily with a good field of view. The indications for this procedure include hilar bile duct carcinoma, gallbladder carcinoma, and choledochal cyst (type IVA). Because of the high rate of hilar liver parenchyma and caudate lobe invasion associated with hilar bile duct carcinoma, the liver must be resected. The Taj Mahal procedure is indicated in cases where extended liver resection is impossible. The dissection limits of this procedure are, on the left side, the B2 + 3 bifurcation at the right margin of the umbilical portion of the portal vein and, on the right side, the B8 of the anterior branch and the B6+7 bifurcation of the right posterior branch. This procedure could also be described as a reduced form of extended right hepatectomy and extended left hepatectomy. For gallbladder carcinoma, this procedure is indicated to ensure an adequate surgical margin and eradicate transvenous liver metastasis, particularly in cases of pT2 lesions. Hilar and caudate lobe invasion also occurs in liver bed-type gallbladder carcinoma, and bile duct resection and caudate lobe resection are required for the surgery to be curative. We performed this procedure in four cases of hilar bile duct carcinoma, five cases of gallbladder carcinoma, and one case each of choledochal cyst (type IVA) with carcinoma of the bile duct and gallbladder adenomyomatosis. Curative resection was possible in all except the patient with adenomyomatosis, and all of the patients are alive and recurrence free 10 to 37 months postoperatively. This procedure, in addition to preserving liver function, provides a wide field of view and facilitates reconstruction of multiple intrahepatic bile ducts. Thus it can be said to be a curative operation not only in patients considered high risk but also in those whose hilar bile duct carcinoma is limited to the bifurcation area (Bismuth type IIIa and IIIb) and in gallbladder carcinoma up to pT2 with slight extension on the hepatic side. Presented at the Thirty-Ninth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, New Orleans, La., May 17–20, 1998 (poster presentation).     

肝外胆管癌的诊治

目的 总结肝外胆管癌的诊断及手术治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析1972年－1999年收治肝外胆管癌100例的临床资料,其中上、中、下及全段胆管癌分别为68,12,18及2例。结果 首发症状为上腹不适隐痛、腹胀、乏力,明显消瘦及进行性黄疸等。B超、CT或MRI是无损伤的诊断方法,若显示肝内胆管扩张或诊断肝外梗阻性黄疸,则应进一步行PCT（本组13例）或ERCP（本组42例）。根据肿瘤所在部位及肝门部胆管癌的分型,选择不同的手术方式：上段手术切除25例（36．8％）,其中Ⅰ型行胆管癌局部或“骨骼化”切除15例,Ⅱ型行胆管癌切除加尾叶切除9例,Ⅲb型行胆管癌切除加尾叶及左三叶切除1例;中段手术切除9例（75％）;下段行胰十二指肠切除14例（77．8％）。上、中段均行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y型吻合胆道重建术。本组总切除率为48％。有35例得到随访,5年生存率为58％。未切除者52例中有32例得到随访,均于1－1．5年死亡。结论 B超、CT及MRI是早期诊断肝外胆管癌的首选方法,必要时选用PTC或ERCP对进一步诊断更有价值。手术切除是治疗肝外胆管癌最有效的手段。     

Preliminary results of cytotoxic monoclonal antibody treatment in pancreatic adenocarcinomas and biliary tract carcinomas

Fifteen patients with biliopancreatic carcinoma were treated by monoclonal antibodies (12 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 3 bile duct carcinomas). In 7 cases, a tumor resection was associated with immunotherapy: 5 partial pancreatic resections for stage III and IV disease, according to Hermreck's classification, and 2 biliary resections (Whipple resection for distal duct tumor, biliary and liver resection for proximal bile duct tumor). We use the 17-1.A antibody, an IgG-2a murine monoclonal antibody, either isolated (6 cases) or in association with other monoclonal antibodies (4 cases) or gamma IFN (5 cases). All of these patients underwent leukapheresis. Response to 17-1.A therapy was evaluated by laboratory tests (CA 19-9) and by morphological investigations (US, CT, radioimmunolocalization scanning). The median survival of patients with unresectable pancreatic carcinoma (7 cases), was 7.4 months. For pancreatic adenocarcinoma, treated by resection associated with immunotherapy (5 cases), the median survival was 21 months. Monoclonal antibody therapy was effective in a third of evaluated pancreatic adenocarcinomas (4 clear objective responses) but only transiently except in one patient still alive after 57 months. The low rate of therapeutic responses may been attributed to inadequate doses and the development of human anti-murine antibodies.     

Preoperative portal embolization to increase safety of major hepatectomy for hilar bile duct carcinoma: a preliminary report

Extensive liver resection for hilar bile duct carcinoma with jaundice has high morbidity and mortality rates because of postoperative liver failure. To minimize postoperative liver dysfunction, a portal venous branch was embolized before surgery to induce atrophy of the lobe to be resected and hypertrophy of the contralateral lobe in 14 patients with hilar bile duct carcinoma. Bile was drained before surgery in 11 patients with jaundice. Portal embolization did not produce major side effects, and moderate increases of serum transaminase activity or bilirubin returned to baseline values within 1 week. Hepatectomy with bile duct resection and lymphadenectomy was performed 6 to 41 days after embolization, at which time the embolized lobe was atrophied in 12 of the patients. Extended right or left lobectomy or left trisegmentectomy (10, 3, and 1 cases, respectively) with biliointestinal reconstruction was performed. One patient with jaundice and suppurative cholangitis died 30 days after hepatectomy. Another patient died 3 months after surgery of aggravated hepatitis. After surgery, no bile leakage occurred and hyperbilirubinemia was usually moderate and reversible.     

中肝叶巨大肝肿瘤的手术切除

目的探讨中肝叶巨大肝肿瘤切除的安全性和可行性。方法对平均直径13．8cm的37例巨大中肝叶肿瘤,其中包括原发性肝细胞癌18例、胆管细胞癌3例、肝囊腺癌2例、肝海绵状血管瘤13例、肝局灶性结节增生1例,采用入肝血流阻断方法进行肝肿瘤切除。行中肝叶肿瘤切除30例（81．1％）,规则性肝切除7例（18．9％）。结果37例巨大中肝叶肿瘤均得以顺利切除,术后无严重并发症发生,肝门阻断时间平均22.6min,出血量平均672ml。结论中肝叶巨大肿瘤切除手术难度大,但只要方法得当,围手术期处理适宜,仍是安全可行的。     

Seeding from early stage gallbladder carcinoma after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

In the last years laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the "gold standard therapy" in the treatment of symptomatic cholelitiasis, but it is necessary to keep into account some problems and risks that can arise from laparoscopic technique. One of these risks is represented surely by the disregarding of a gallbladder carcinoma. The authors report a case of peritoneal seeding of an unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The first histologic diagnosis was chronic ulcerous cholecystitis with adenomiosis but 2 months later the metastasis developed at the umbilical port site, at another port site and to the right lobe of the liver. Another histological sampling of the gallbladder specimen was performed and this time a little intra mucous gallbladder adenocarcinoma was found (T1 stage). While the most part of literature data concern advanced stage of the disease at the time of operation (T2, T3) only few reports regard early stage neoplasm. Therefore this risk is present not only in advanced stages of gallbladder carcinoma but even in cases of early stage cancers. After a laparoscopic cholecystectomy all specimen should be opened and inspected. If there is a gallbladder wall irregularity and if there was a bile spillage it is advisable to perform a preoperative histologic examination.     

Pancreatic metastasis of renal cell carcinoma: presentation, treatment and survival

PURPOSE: The pancreas is an uncommon site of metastasis from renal cell carcinoma, comprising 2% of pancreatic tumors removed in sizable series of operations. To our knowledge the role of operative resection in the setting of metastatic malignancy to the periampullary region has not yet been defined. We reviewed the records of 6 women and 2 men who underwent pancreatic resection due to malignancy and analyzed various prognostic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1985 and 1995, 269 patients underwent pancreatic resection for malignancy at our hospitals, including 150 (56%) for pancreatic duct cancer, 65 (24%) for carcinoma of the ampulla, 27 (10%) for distal bile duct cancer, 19 (7%) for duodenal carcinoma and 8 (3%) for renal cell carcinoma metastasis. We reviewed the records of these latter 8 cases, and analyzed demographics, primary tumor type, disease-free interval, resection type, concomitant other organ resection, histological examination of the specimen, morbidity, adjuvant therapy and survival. RESULTS: Pancreatic metastasis of renal cell carcinoma was managed by duodenopancreatectomy in 5 patients and total pancreatectomy in 3. There were no perioperative deaths. Mean tumor size in cases of a solitary pancreatic metastasis was 4 cm. (range 1.5 to 8). In the 3 patients treated with total pancreatectomy there were 2, 5 and 3 pancreatic metastases, respectively. Pathological examination revealed negative lymph nodes in all cases. Mean survival was 48 months. At study end 6 patients were alive at 24, 26, 30, 46, 84 and 88 months, while 2 died at 13 and 70 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We advocate aggressive surgical resection when possible. Surgical removal of metastatic lesions prolongs survival but radical lymph node dissection is not mandatory. We also recommend careful long-term followup of patients with a history of renal cell carcinoma.     

肝胆管结石行肝段联合切除中的手术策略

目的:评价多肝段联合切除治疗复杂肝胆管结石的效果。方法:回顾性分析93例肝胆管结石患者行多肝段联合切除术的临床资料。术式包括行右半肝切除5例,右后叶切除7例,右后叶切除加肝左外叶切除2例,肝Ⅷ段加尾状叶切除1例,肝Ⅷ段加左外叶切除3例,肝Ⅶ,Ⅷ段次全切除加左外叶切除术2例,右前叶切除5例,肝Ⅳ,Ⅴ段切除2例,肝Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅷ段次全切除5例,左半肝切除19例,左半肝加尾状叶切除4例,肝Ⅳ段切除6例,左外叶切除32例。附加手术包括胆肠吻合术22例;所有患者行胆囊切除,胆道镜检查和/或取石,术后胆总管T管引流。结果:全组无手术死亡病例。发生并发症17例(18.2%),其中胆瘘2例(2.2%),膈下感染1例(1.1%),切口感染6例(6.4%),肺部感染3例(3.2%),胸腔积液6例(6.4%),应激性溃疡2例(2.2%),均经治疗痊愈出院。术后发现残石9例,经胆道镜取净结石5例。全组随访89例(95.7%)。3例合并胆管癌的患者死于胆管癌复发,3例胆管结石复发。结论:以多肝段联合切除为主的手术方式是治疗肝胆管结石的有效手段。