影响极低出生体重儿体重增长的多因素分析

目的探讨影响极低出生体重儿(VLBW)体重增长的相关因素。方法对1998年7月—2004年3月重庆医科大学儿童医院新生儿病房收治的51例VLBW进行回顾性分析。结果单因素分析发现,早开奶、热卡摄入量和蛋白质摄入量对体重增长有显著性影响(P<0·05)。多元逐步回归分析结果示,热卡摄入量和蛋白质摄入量是影响体重增长的显著因素,回归方程为Y(体重增长)=-6·426+0·120X1(热卡摄入量)+3·737X2(蛋白质摄入量)(P<0·01)。达到体重增长目标对象中单纯胃肠内营养组和部分胃肠外营养组热卡摄入量分别为(520·62±21·59)kJ/(kg·d)[(124·43±5·16)kcal/(kg·d)]、(451·49±68·41)kJ/(kg·d)[(107·98±16·35)kcal/(kg·d)],差异有统计学意义(P<0·05)。早开奶组出生体重恢复时间、住院时间和胃肠外营养液体量占总液量比例>75%时间平均秩分别为18·58、20·24、20·11,晚开奶组分别为33·00、32·48、31·83,差异有统计学意义(P<0·05)。结论VLBW在生后应保证足量热卡和蛋白质的供给,对于小于胎龄儿和有严重并发症的患儿更应该加强营养的补充,对VLBW应尽早喂养,同时需要胃肠外营养作为肠内营养的补充。     

极低及超低出生体重儿的预后因素分析

目的 分析极低及超低出生体重儿（出生体重≤ 1 200 g）的临床资料,为其预后及临床干预提供预警指标。方法 回顾性分析108 例极低及超低出生体重儿的母孕期病史、新生儿出生时情况、诊治经过及预后,采用非条件logistic 回归分析筛选预后的影响因素。结果 108 例极低及超低出生体重儿,出生体重范围在结论 极低及超低出生体重儿的病死率较高,且随着日龄的增加,影响早产儿生存的预后因素不同,临床上应针对这些因素制定合理的管理方案,提高早产儿生存率。     

极低出生体质量儿胎粪钙卫蛋白水平及影响因素分析

目的 了解极低出生体质量儿胎粪钙卫蛋白(FC)水平及其影响因素.方法 收集2018年6月—2019年5月住院的极低出生体质量儿出生后第1次胎粪,采用免疫荧光法定量检测胎粪钙卫蛋白水平,并收集患儿一般资料及母孕期资料.结果 共纳入87例极低出生体质量儿,男45例、女42例,中位胎龄30.3周(29.1～31.1周),中位...     

Hypothyroxinemia and effectiveness of thyroxin supplementation in very low birth weight infants with abdominal distension and poor weight gain

Background

Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants sometimes develop abdominal distension and poor weight gain. The influence of thyroid function on these symptoms in VLBW infants has not been reported.

Methods

In a retrospective study, 18 VLBW infants whose abdominal distension and poor weight gain did not improve with standard treatment were enrolled as subjects. Serum levels of free thyroxin (fT₄) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured. Subjects with serum fT₄ levels less than 1.3 ng/dl received thyroxin supplementation. Another 18 VLBW infants were recruited as age- and weight-matched controls. We compared degree of intestinal dilation on X-ray, weight gain, and quantity of milk tolerated before and after starting thyroxin supplementation in the subjects and the controls.

Results

All subjects had serum fT₄ levels less than 1.3 ng/dl (mean, 0.72 ng/dl). TSH values varied widely and were less than 8 µU/ml in 12 subjects. Therefore, all subjects received thyroxin supplementation; after starting this, mean serum fT₄ level increased significantly to 1.31 ng/dl. In parallel with fT₄ increase, intestinal dilation improved in 16 of 18 subjects (mean grade of dilation decreased from 2.8 to 1.6). Weight gain and quantity of tolerated milk were significantly increased with thyroxin supplementation in all and 17 of the 18 subjects, respectively.

Conclusions

Thyroxin supplementation was effective in improving abdominal symptoms in VLBW infants whose serum fT₄ level was less than 1.3 ng/dl.     

Academic achievement of adolescents born with extremely low birth weight

Aim: To assess academic achievement, rates of learning disabilities (LD) and special education in extremely low birth weight (ELBW <1 kg) adolescents relative to normal birth weight (NBW) controls and to identify cognitive weaknesses. Methods: Compared 181 ELBW adolescents born from 1992 to 1995 (mean age 14.8 years, mean BW 809 g, mean GA 26.4 weeks) and 115 NBW term controls. Measures included tests of IQ, reading and math achievement and executive function. Analyses included ANCOVA and logistic and linear regression. Covariates were sex, race and socioeconomic status. Results: Extremely low birth weight adolescents had significantly lower scores on tests of IQ (87.1 vs. 96.4), achievement (88.6 vs. 95.5 reading; 81.3 vs. 93.2 math) and executive function than the NBW group (all p-values <0.001). ELBW also had higher rates of math LD, 51(50%) vs. 26 (28%), OR (95% CI) = 3.10 (1.65, 5.84), p < 0.001, and need for special education, 88 (49%) vs. 11(10%), OR (95% CI) = 11.78 (5.67, 24.47), p < 0.001. Measures of executive function were related to math independent of IQ. Conclusions: Extremely low birth weight adolescents born in the 1990s have poorer achievement and higher rates of math LD than NBW peers. The findings suggest a need for more intensive interventions addressing the specific cognitive vulnerabilities in this population.     

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??Abstract??Objective??To observe the effect of early drip feeding and the occurrence of its correlated complications in premature and very low birth weight infants??and study its clinical application value. Methods??From June 2006 to December 2008 at the Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College Hospital ??45 cases of very low birth weight babies in premature infants were randomly divided into two groups. Twenty-three cases with early drip feeding were included in study group and 22 cases with early nasogastric tube feeding in control group. Milk amount increasing speed?? body weight increasing speed?? the time of beginning oral feeding??total enteral feeding?? recovery time of birth weight?? completely meconium excretion time?? all acumulative phototherapy time?? hospital stay time and correlated complications were compared between the two groups. Results??Compared with the control group?? body weight increased faster in study group ??P < 0.05????and milk amount obviously increased more in study group ??P < 0.01??.The time of beginning oral feeding?? the time of total enteral feeding??recovery time of birth weight??completely meconium excretion time?? all acumulative phototherapy time and hospitalization period were obviously shorter in study group than in control group??P < 0.01??.The incidence rates of aspirated pneumonia??gastric hemorrhage and stomatitis in study group decreased compared with control group??P < 0.05??.The incidence rates of apnoea??emesia and abdominal distension in study group obviously reduced compared with control group??P < 0.01??. Conclusion??Early drip feedling can quickly boost the survivability of enteral feeding in premature very low birth weight infant?? shorten the clinical course and reduce the occurrence of clinically complications. It is worthy of clinically application and extension.     

母乳喂养质量改进对极低和超低出生体重儿亲母母乳喂养率的影响

目的 探讨NICU 中母乳喂养质量改进措施对极低和超低出生体重儿亲母母乳喂养率的影响。方法 回顾性调查收集2014 年7 月至2015 年7 月收治的极低和超低出生体重儿（质量改进前组）以及实施母乳质量改进措施后的2015 年8 月至2016 年6 月的极低和超低出生体重儿（质量改进后组）资料。对两组患儿住院期间亲母母乳喂养情况（喂养率、喂养量、喂养时间）、静脉营养持续时间、达到全肠道喂养的时间,喂养不耐受发生率等指标进行比较。结果 实施质量改进后,亲母母乳喂养率和喂养量均明显增高,母乳强化剂添加时间、静脉营养时间、达全肠道喂养时间均较改进前提前,喂养不耐受的发生率较改进前有所改善,差异有统计学意义。结论 亲母母乳喂养质量改进措施可提高NICU 亲母母乳喂养率,改善早产儿消化系统相关并发症。     

超低和极低出生体重儿神经发育结局及影响因素分析

目的 评估超低/极低出生体重儿 （ELBWI和VLBWI） 在纠正年龄 （CA） 18月时神经发育结局,探讨影响神经发育结局的因素。方法 收集2013年1月至2014年6月入住新生儿重症监护病房并存活出院的ELBWI和VLBWI病例,在CA40周、1、3、6、12、18月定期随访,评估神经发育结局。按神经发育状况分为神经发育正常组和神经发育异常组,比较两组临床资料的差异,分析ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育的危险因素。结果 共338例ELBWI和VLBWI纳入研究,15例在住院期间死亡。CA18月时,145例 （44.9%） 存活且随访资料完整,75例 （23.2%） 死亡,失访103例 （31.9%）。CA18月时,145例患儿中神经发育损伤71例 （49.0%）,3例 （2.1%） 脑性瘫痪;未发现单眼或双眼失明的视觉损伤及需要助听器的听觉损伤。Logistic回归分析发现BPD和败血症是ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育异常的独立危险因素 （OR=3.530,P < 0.001;OR=2.528,P=0.035）,BPD发生程度越重,神经发育异常的发生率越高。结论 败血症、BPD （尤其是重度BPD） 是ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育异常的危险因素。     

三种鼻饲喂养方式在极低出生体重早产儿肠道内营养的应用研究

目的 通过研究不同方式鼻饲喂养方法对极低出生体重早产儿（VLBW）喂养耐受性及喂养效果,探讨最适合极低出生体重早产儿的鼻饲喂养方式。方法 将77例胎龄在29～33周,出生体重在1000～1400g活产极低出生体重儿,男婴38例,女婴39例,随机分为ABC组。A组：间歇鼻饲注入喂养,起始每次奶量2ml/kg,持续时间3～5min,2h1次,每天递增2ml/kg;B组：持续鼻饲输注喂养,使用电子微量输液泵持续鼻饲输注,奶量1ml/（kg.h）,持续时间24h,每天递增1ml/（kg.h）;C组：间歇持续鼻饲输注喂养,先采用电子输液泵持续鼻饲喂养2h,奶量2ml/（kg.h）,间歇2h后,再继续交替进行,每天递增2ml/kg;所有VLBW均同时进行部分外周静脉营养,逐渐过渡到完全肠道内营养,观察3组患儿喂养过程中体重增长,喂养耐受情况以及黄疸持续时间。结果 间歇持续鼻饲输注喂养组喂养不耐受例数最少,黄疸持续时间短,达到完全胃肠道营养时间最少。结论 极低出生体重早产儿采用间歇持续鼻饲输注喂养,喂养不耐受发生率最低,达到完全胃肠喂养时间最短,有利于极低出生体重儿的生长发育和胃肠功能完善,优于单纯的间歇或持续鼻饲喂养,值得临床推广。     

极低/超低出生体重儿迟发型败血症发生情况及其危险因素分析

目的探讨新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)极低/超低出生体重儿迟发型败血症(LOS)的发生情况及危险因素。方法收集2011年1月至2013年12月入住NICU的极低或超低出生体重儿的临床资料,根据是否合并LOS分为两组:LOS组和无LOS组。回顾性分析LOS的发生率、病死率、常见病原菌及危险因素。结果纳入的226例极低/超低出生体重儿中,117例(51.8%)发生了LOS,其中45例为确诊LOS,72例为临床诊断LOS。LOS组患儿病死率为13.7%(16/117),明显高于无LOS组(5/109,4.6%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。共培养出51株病原菌,其中32株(63%)为革兰阴性细菌,16株(31%)为革兰阳性细菌,3株(6%)为真菌。多因素logistic回归分析显示,胎龄、小于胎龄儿、肠外营养持续时间、经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)、机械通气是极低/超低出生体重儿LOS发生的独立影响因素(OR分别为:0.84、1.59、1.34、3.11、4.55,均P0.05)。结论极低/超低出生体重儿LOS的发生率及病死率较高。LOS常见病原菌为革兰阴性细菌。胎龄低、肠外营养持续时间长、小于胎龄儿、PICC或机械通气的极低/超低出生体重儿LOS的发生危险可能增加。     

极低出生体重儿血胃泌素和胃动素水平动态研究

目的探讨极低出生体重儿生后1周内血胃泌素(GAS)和胃动素(MOT)水平的动态变化。方法用放射免疫法分别测定20例极低出生体重儿(体重<1500 g)、20例低出生体重儿(体重1500～2500 g)生后12 h、24 h、72 h和7天的血GAS、MOT水平,将15例健康足月儿(体重>2500 g)作对照组。结果 (1)极低出生体重儿组生后12 h、24 h、72 h和7天GAS、MOT水平均明显低于对照组(P<0.01);MOT水平低于低出生体重儿组(P<0.01或P<0.05),GAS水平与低出生体重儿组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)各组生后72 h内血GAS、MOT水平变化不明显,对照组和低出生体重儿组7天时明显高于72 h(P<0.01),极低出生体重儿组MOT 7天时高于72 h(P<0.05),GAS水平变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)≤33周组各时间点GAS、MOT水平均低于≥37周组(P<0.01)。结论 GAS、MOT水平与新生儿体重、胎龄密切相关。极低出生体重儿生后1周内消化功能低下,GAS、MOT水平先降后升,但变化幅度没有低出生体重儿和足月儿明显,提示功能追赶需要更长时间,临床应选择合适的喂养时机和方式。     

Asthma, lung function and allergy in 12-year-old children with very low birth weight: A prospective study

We assessed the relationship between very low birth weight (VLBW) (≤1500 g) and the development of asthma, lung function and atopy. The study groups comprised 74 of all 86 (86%) VLBW and 64 of all 86 (74%) matched term children who were prospectively followed for 12 years. A questionnaire on asthmatic and allergic symptoms was completed and skin prick tests, spirometry and hypertonic saline provocation tests were performed at 12 years of age. Cytokine secretion was analysed in stimulated blood leukocyte cultures in 28 VLBW and 23 term children. A history of asthma was more frequent among the VLBW children, as compared with the term children at age 12 (22% vs. 9%, p = 0.046). Among the VLBW children, very preterm birth (gestational age: week 25 to 29) (RR 2.5, 95%CI 1.1–5.8), neonatal mechanical ventilation (RR 2.8, 95%CI 1.2–6.4) and neonatal oxygen supplementation (RR 4.3, 95%CI 1.3–14.0) were significantly associated with a history of asthma by the age of 12 years in univariate analyses. In multivariate logistic regression, neonatal oxygen supplementation ≥ 9 days was the only remaining significant risk factor for a history of asthma (adjusted OR 6.7, 95%CI 1.0–44). The VLBW children who required mechanical ventilation during the neonatal period were more likely to have bronchial hyperresponsiveness than those not requiring mechanical ventilation (60% vs. 28%, p = 0.050). The spirometric values were similar among the VLBW and the term children at 12 years. Very low birth weight was not significantly related to allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, eczema or positive skin prick tests. Furthermore, the levels of IL‐4, IL‐5 and IFN‐γ in stimulated cell cultures were similar in the VLBW and the term children. A history of asthma by 12 years of age was twice as common among the VLBW as the term children, and neonatal oxygen supplementation seemed to be associated with the increased risk. Furthermore, mechanical ventilation during the neonatal period was associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness at age 12. Very low birth weight per se was not, however, related to atopy.     

Associations between maternal scaffolding and executive functioning in 3 and 4 year olds born very low birth weight and normal birth weight

Background

Deficits in executive function, including measures of working memory, inhibition and cognitive flexibility, have been documented in preschoolers born very low birth weight (VLBW) compared with preschoolers born normal birth weight (NBW). Maternal verbal scaffolding has been associated with positive outcomes for both at-risk and typically developing preschoolers.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to examine associations between maternal verbal scaffolding, Verbal IQ (VIQ) and executive function measures in preschoolers born VLBW.

Subjects

A total of 64 VLBW and 40 NBW preschoolers ranging in age from 3 ½ to 4 years participated in the study.

Outcome measures

VIQ was measured with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence — Third Edition. Executive function tests included the Bear Dragon, Gift Delay Peek, Reverse Categorization and Dimensional Change Card Sort-Separated Dimensions.

Study design

Maternal verbal scaffolding was coded during a videotaped play session. Associations between maternal verbal scaffolding and preschoolers' measures of VIQ and executive function were compared. Covariates included test age, maternal education, and gender.

Results

Preschoolers born VLBW performed significantly worse on VIQ and all executive function measures compared to those born NBW. Maternal verbal scaffolding was associated with VIQ for VLBW preschoolers and Gift Delay Peek for the NBW group. Girls born VLBW outperformed boys born VLBW on VIQ and Bear Dragon.

Conclusion

Integrating scaffolding skills training as part of parent-focused intervention may be both feasible and valuable for early verbal reasoning and EF development.     

Early working memory and maternal communication in toddlers born very low birth weight

Aim: Early working memory is emerging as an important indicator of developmental outcome predicting later cognitive, behavioural and academic competencies. The current study compared early working memory in a sample of toddlers (18–22 months) born very low birth weight (VLBW; n = 40) and full term (n = 51) and the relationship between early working memory , mental developmental index (MDI) , and maternal communication in both samples.
Methods: Early working memory, measured by object permanence; Bayley mental developmental index ; and maternal communication, coded during mother-toddler play interaction, were examined in 39 toddlers born VLBW and 41 toddlers born full term.
Results: Toddlers born VLBW were found to be 6.4 times less likely to demonstrate attainment of object permanence than were toddlers born full term, adjusting for age at testing. MDI and maternal communication were found to be positively associated with attainment of object permanence in the VLBW group only.
Conclusion: The difference found in the early working memory performance of toddlers born VLBW , compared with those born full term , emphasizes the importance of assessing early working memory in at-risk populations, while the maternal communication finding highlights potential targets of intervention for improving working memory in toddlers born VLBW.     

极低出生体质量儿置入中心静脉导管相关血流感染的临床研究

目的探讨极低出生体质量儿经外周置入中心静脉导管(PICC)致导管相关血流感染(CRBSI)的发生及相关因素。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年12月收治的入住新生儿重症监护病房且置入PICC导管的极低出生体质量儿的临床资料。结果 PICC致CRBSI的发生率为6.36/1 000导管日(32/5 028);检出病原体以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,占46.9%(15/32),革兰阴性菌和近平滑念珠菌也较常见;检出的细菌均为耐药菌,真菌尚未见耐药。胎龄28周早产儿CRBSI的发生率高于胎龄28~32周及≥32周的早产儿(27.9%对9.9%和2.4%),差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。出生体质量1 000 g的早产儿CRBSI的发生率高于≥1 000 g者(19.2%对8.6%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。PICC留置时长20 d的早产儿CRBSI的发生率低于20~30 d和≥30 d者(2%对20.9%和15.3%),差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论极低体质量儿留置PICC时引起CRBSI的多为条件致病菌,且致病菌大多为耐药菌。引起CRBSI的危险因素为胎龄小、出生体质量轻和PICC管留置时间长。     

Visual and cerebral sequelae of very low birth weight in adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To describe the visual functions and relate them to MRI findings and the intellectual level in adolescents born with very low birth weight (VLBW). DESIGN: Population-based case-control study. PATIENTS: 59 15-year-old VLBW adolescents and 55 sex and age-matched controls with normal birth weight. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Objective clinical findings (visual acuity, stereo acuity and cycloplegic refraction) were recorded. Structured history taking was used to identify visual difficulties. The intellectual level was assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). All VLBW adolescents underwent MRI of the brain. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the VLBW adolescents and controls regarding visual acuity (median -0.11 and -0.2, respectively; p=0.004), stereo acuity (median 60' and 30', respectively; p<0.001), prevalence of astigmatism (11/58 and 0/55, respectively; p<0.001) and in full-scale IQ (mean IQ 85 and 97, respectively; p<0.001) and performance IQ (mean 87 and 99, respectively; p=0.002). The structured history also revealed a borderline significant difference between the groups (mean problems 0.46 and 0.15 respectively; p=0.051). 30% (17/57) of the VLBW adolescents had abnormal MRI findings and performed worse in all tests, compared with both the VLBW adolescents without MRI pathology and the normal controls. CONCLUSION: This study confirms previous observations that VLBW adolescents are at a disadvantage regarding visual outcome compared with those with normal birth weight. In 47%, visual dysfunction was associated with abnormal MRI findings and in 33% with learning disabilities. The adolescents with abnormal MRI findings had more pronounced visual and cognitive dysfunction. The findings indicate a cerebral causative component for the visual dysfunction seen in the present study.     

极低出生体重儿母乳喂养与配方乳喂养的比较

目的 探讨极低出生体重儿在进行母乳喂养、早产儿配方乳喂养条件下黄疸消退、体重增长、耐受全胃肠营养的时间及常见并发症的区别.方法 对2002年10月至2005年4月我科收治的111例极低出生体重儿提供母乳喂养的39例,另72例采用早产儿配方乳喂养,观察两组在黄疸消退日龄、回升到出生体重日龄、过渡到全胃肠道营养日龄、住院天数等的差别,并比较两组在喂养不耐受、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎、酸中毒的发生率方面的不同.结果 两组过渡到全胃肠道营养日龄的差异有统计学意义（t=15.06,P＜0.01）;两组在喂养不耐受和酸中毒发生率的差异也有统计学意义（χ2分别为4.203和4.811,P＜0.05）;黄疸消退日龄、回升到出生体重日龄差异两组无统计学意义（t值分别为0.70和0.27, P＞0.05）;新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎发生率的两组差异也无统计学意义（χ^2=0.01,P＞0.05）.结论 在极低出生体重儿应积极进行母乳喂养,这对于早日过渡到全胃肠道营养、减少喂养不耐受发生率、缩短住院天数、降低酸中毒发生率均有积极作用.