第六次南极考察航线海洋气象考察报告

中国第六次考察队乘“极地号”科学考察船于1989年10月30日离开青岛港,穿越太平洋,于12月3日停靠智利的瓦尔帕莱索港,12月9日离港,经智利内水道,穿过德雷克海峡后于1989年12月71日抵南极乔治王岛上的长城站（62°13′S,58°58′W）。又于1989年1月26日离开长城站,1990年1月11日到达位于南极普里兹湾里的中山站（69°22′S,76°22′E）。从2月16日到2月21日在普里兹湾外进行了一次南大洋考察。于1990年3月1日离开南极大陆回国,途中停靠墨尔本、新加坡后,于1990年4月26日抵达上海（图1）。     

第五次南极考察去程及第六次返程航线气象考察报告

本文给出了第五次南极考察（首次东南极考察）赴航（1988年11月20日至1988年12月23日）,第六次南极考察返航（1990年3月1日至4月28日）及首次东南极大洋调查（1990年2刀16日至2月21日）航线主要天气、天气过程及其预报方法。同时利用卫星云图、天气图及实测资料对航线气象进行分析总结,讨论了南大洋气旋的发生、发展及演变规律,从中得出了一些对航线天气分析及预报有益的结果,对今后南极考察航线天气保障工作有所帮助。     

中国第四次北极考察日记

中国第四次北极考察队自2010年7月1日至9月20日,以北极海冰快速变化机理研究和北极海洋生态系统对海冰快速变化的响应为科学目标,先后对白令海、楚科奇海、加拿大海盆、北极点等海域,进行了135个海洋站位和10个冰上站位的考察作业,系统观测了海冰、海洋和大气变化,获得了大量的样品和数据。本次北极考察历时82天,总航程达12600海里,调查范围南北纵贯2300海里,东西横跨1100海里,是历次北极考察中范围最广、距离最远的一次考察,创造了多项国内纪录,其中"雪龙"船北进至北纬88度26分,创下中国航海史上最北端的纪录;部分科考队员利用直升机抵达北极点进行科考,实现中国人靠自身能力挺进到北极点的伟大壮举。     

中国第三次北极考察队启程

2008年7月11日,正值中国第四个“航海日”,国家海洋局与上海市政府在位于上海浦东的中国极地考察国内基地码头举行隆重的送行仪式,欢送我国第三次北极考察队出征北冰洋。国家海洋局陈连增副局长、上海市政府尹弘副秘书长等领导出席欢送仪式。     

第八次南极考察随船海洋气象考察报告

本文介绍了第八次随船海洋气象考察工作情况,用天气学的方法分析了夏季影响考察航线及大洋调查海区的主要天气系统及其特点,通过实例总结了随船天气预报工作的体会和经验。     

极地考察航线气象保障工作二十年回顾

本文通过对二十年极地考察航线气象保障工作的回顾,总结了预报中心在我国极地考察航线气象保障工作中所取得的成绩.     

第五次南极考察首次中山站越冬队海洋气象考察报告

在南极中山站进行首次气象考察,主要开展了地面气象观测,日常气象预报,海冰分布及海冰厚度测量等工作。 地面气象观测的项目有气温、气压、空气湿度、云量、风向风速等。我们将地面观测的各种气象要素进行了统计分析,并与邻近的外国站多年平均气象要素进行了对比,得出了1989年中山站地区气象要素分布的特点 利用中山站当时现有的仪器设备,逐日接收了由苏联青年站播发的地面传真天气图,高空500hPa天气图,卫星云图分析等资料。首次开展了中山站地区夏、冬两季天气预报。并总结分析了西风带中极地气旋影响中山站时的路径特点,初步探讨了东南极下降风的发生及其强度变化的基本规律。这些资料对从事南极考察的气象专业人员有一定的参考价值。     

中国第九次南极考察航线海洋气象保障考察报告

本文通过对第九次南极考察“极地”船航渡期间，气象保障工作的总结，用天气学方法分析了航线上的天气系统及其特点，重点分析了南半球，南极地区的天气系统－绕极气旋和南极大陆冷高压对航线的影响，希望对今后南极考察航线预报有所帮助。     

第四次南极考察长城站越冬队极地海洋气象考察报告

本文介绍了中国第四次南极考察队,在长城站进行气象考察期间,从获得的每日四次现场气象观测资料经统计分析,得出了1988年长城站地区气象要素分布特点。 利用长城站现场气象观测资料及接收到的地面天气图和卫星云图,开展了对长城站地区天气预报工作。并总结了影响长城站地区天气系统和出现的天气及影响长城站地区的气旋路径。对今后有关人员作好站区天气预报和科学考察工作顺利进行十分重要。     

Some parameters in arctic sea ice dynamics from an expedition in the summer of 2003

1Introduction Seaiceoccupiesthemainpartofthesurfaceof theArcticOcean.ThefocusoftheSecondChineseNa- tionalArcticResearchExpedition(CHINAE-2003) wastounderstandthevariationsofarcticmarineenvi- ronmentsandtheseaiceeffectsontheclimatechanges ofglobalextent,inmiddleandlowerlatitudesareas, especiallyinChina.Therefore,thejointsea-ice-airob- servationforseaicestudieswasoneofthekeypro- jectsinCHINARE-2003.Theinvestigatedareacov- ered3000kmfromsouthtonorthand900kmfrom westtoeast.Seventemporali…     

北极放线菌AFN2001培养基和发酵条件的优化实验

从北极王湾地区湖泊沉积物中分离出的菌株AFN2001,其代谢产物对金黄色葡萄球菌有明显的抑制作用,抑菌圈直径达23 mm,对大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌没有抑制作用。为了确定AFN2001菌株发酵获得最多的活性物质,对单因素确定的营养因素淀粉、黄豆浸出物、蔗糖和NaNO3及另外的MgSO4、K2HPO3和水质进行7因素3水平正交优化实验。对结果进行直观分析及方差分析,发现NaNO3对发酵液活性的影响最大,其次依次为淀粉、K2HPO3、MgSO4、黄豆浸出物、蔗糖和水质对发酵液活性的影响;并找出产生活性物质的最佳组合。确定优化培养基(淀粉为10 g、蔗糖为10 g、黄豆浸出物为6 g、MgSO4为0.5 g和自来水为1 000 mL)和优化发酵条件(发酵温度为28℃、起始pH值为6.0和装液量为50%)。利用优化培养基和优化发酵条件发酵的菌株AFN2001,其发酵液的抑菌活性是基础培养基发酵液的1.6倍。     

2003年北极科考期间一次极涡个例天气学分析

2003年9月3日到14日,"雪龙"号考察船进入北冰洋楚科奇海观测期间,正值一次典型的北极极涡环流过程形成和发展。以往研究大多集中于极涡的平均水平环流特征和季节变化,该例为我们研究它的瞬时环流形势和特征提供了条件。利用NCEP全球分析资料及第二次北极科考资料对这次个例进行天气学分析,通过描述极涡个例的发展情况,平流层、对流层的环流特征以及二者之间的关系,并分析卫星遥感图像及"雪龙"号考察船的气象资料,分析结果发现:2003年中国第二次北极科考期间经历的极涡形成和发展,典型地表现出极地冬夏环流型的转换过程。首先在平流层发生,然后向对流层传播,该个例是一次在平流层西退加强,在对流层东移南下的过程。     

第三届国际极地年

联合国科学联盟国际委员会决定把2007—2008年定为第三届国际极地年。发起者包括世界气象组织及其他与地球科学有关的专业机构。第一届国际极地年是1882—1883年,发起人是法兰士—约瑟夫地的首次发现者KWeg-precht。目的不是为了简单地发现新的土地,而是深入研究发生在北极的地     

Joint Soviet-Turkish expedition in the Black Sea

The hydrological and hydrochemical structures of the upper 300 m water column of the Black Sea in autumn 1988 have been studied. Regularities in the distribution of the physico-chemical characteristics in the zone of interaction between aerobic and anaerobic waters as well as the topography of the H₂S zone boundary and its connection with a certain density gradient have been found.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Simulation of arctic surface radiation and energy budget during the summertime using the single-column model

The surface heat budget of the Arctic Ocean （SHEBA） project has shown that the study of the surface heat budget characteristics is crucial to understanding the interface process and environmental change in the polar region. An arctic single - column model （ARCSCM） of Colorado University is used to simulate the arctic surface radiation and energy budget during the summertime. The simulation results are analyzed and compared with the SHEBA measurements. Sensitivity analyses are performed to test microphysical and radiative parameterizations in this model. The results show that the ARCSCM model is able to simulate the surface radiation and energy budget in the arctic during the summertime, and the different parameterizations have a significant influence on the results. The combination of cloud microphysics and RRTM parameterizations can fairly derive the surface solar shortwave radiation and downwelling longwave radiation flux. But this cloud microphysics parameterization scheme deviates notably from the simulation of surface sensible and latent heat flux. Further improvement for the parameterization scheme applied to the Arctic Regions is necessary.     

Record-breaking chemical destruction of ozone in the arctic during the winter of 2004/2005

The extremely cold winter of 2004/2005 was accompanied by an intensive formation of polar stratospheric clouds and a significant chemical destruction of ozone. The results of calculating chemical losses of ozone in the polar cyclone from the SAGE-III satellite data are given. Over the period January 1–March 25, 2005, at the isentropic levels 450–500 K, about 60% of ozone was destroyed. During that winter, the zone of formation of polar stratospheric clouds went down to levels with very low values of potential temperature (down to 350 K), thus resulting in a noticeable destruction of ozone at low altitudes. By March 25, 2005, the chemical losses of total ozone attained 116 ± 10 DU (128 ± 10 DU at the cyclone boundary), which is a recordbreaking value of the Arctic.     

石家庄地区输电线路雷击事故发生的气象条件

为了研究石家庄地区输电线路雷击事故发生的气象条件,利用该地区1990—2018年输电线路雷击事故发生的详细资料和地面、探空气象资料,分析了输电线路雷击事故的时空变化,确定了容易发生输电线路雷击事故的天气系统配置和探空物理量阈值;通过输电线路雷击事故发生的气象条件,检验了2019—2020年输电线路雷击事故预报的准确性。结果表明:石家庄输电线路雷击事故主要发生在夏季傍晚前到前半夜,夏季发生概率明显高于春、秋季;输电线路雷击事故发生日数自西向东逐渐减少,集中发生在西部山区的井陉,其次是市区,井陉发生概率远高于其他地区;对流天气影响系统主要为高空槽型和冷涡型,探空物理量同时满足首要条件和附加条件时,引发输电线路雷击事故概率较高;输电线路雷击事故发生的气象条件在2019—2020年得到较好的预测检验,对防范雷击事故有一定指导意义。     

Lessons in regional cooperation from the arctic

The Arctic Council is an intergovernmental forum for the Arctic states, which have an outreach beyond the Arctic circle. It is a unique international regime for cooperation among governments and indigenous peoples. The Arctic Council has a very light administration and no obligatory funding. The Host Country of the Council provides a Secretariat and serves as a hub in a network in active operation. Projects are administered by a lead partner, often a Member State or a Indigenous people's organisation. Most of the work is done in Working Groups of Experts. In 1998, The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme delivered a science-based Assessment Report on Arctic Pollution Issues. This report has influenced strongly on the global negotiations on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals. The Stockholm Convention on POPs 2001 is a significant step forward for the protection of the Arctic environment and for people living in the Arctic, who are dependent on harvesting as a central source of livelihood. The Arctic Council has adopted a Regional Plan of Action, which follows the UNEP methodology on the Protection of the Marine Environment from land-based activities. In June 2001, a report on the status and conservation of Flora and Fauna was delivered to the Arctic Council by the experts, who were requested to prepare recommendations on biodiversity conservation on the basis of the status report. The most important project for the time being is the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Close to 200 climate scientific experts from 11 countries are participating in the project, which will deliver its final report in 2004. Science-based decision making is an Arctic Council brand. In addition, the Council takes into account traditional knowledge provided by indigenous peoples. The overall goal is to enhance sustainable development in the Arctic. The Council contributes to a better knowledge base for decision-making. Political recommendations are agreed upon unanimously. Much of the implementation is done by the member states themselves and appropriate international organisations. The ambition is to integrate sustainable development principles into all activities and projects under the auspices of the Arctic Council.