端壁附面层抽吸对大转角扩压叶栅旋涡影响的实验研究

为探明附面层抽吸技术对压气机叶栅气动性能的影响及其与栅内旋涡结构的关联,通过十个横截面的实验测量结果研究了高负荷压气机叶栅抽吸端壁附面层前后的主要旋涡结构以其对应损失的演变过程。研究对象为矩形低速扩压叶栅,来流马赫数约为0.23。研究结果表明,端壁附面层的变化对叶栅端区的主要旋涡发展过程影响显著。在原型方案中,壁面涡、尾缘脱落涡的演变过程对应着较高的流动损失,通道涡自身产生的损失较小,主要起到向远离端壁的方向输运低能流体的作用;在流向槽吸气方案中,壁面涡和尾缘脱落涡因端壁附面层径向迁移及角区分离受到抑制而被明显削弱;而来流附面层抽吸方案则最为有效地控制了通道涡的演变过程。      

涡流发生器对高负荷扩压叶栅性能影响的机理分析

为探明涡流发生器流动控制技术对高负荷扩压叶栅性能影响及作用机理,根据高负荷扩压叶栅的流动特点,提出了在叶栅入口端壁处加涡流发生器的流动控制方案,通过计算研究了采用涡流发生器前后叶栅气动性能、附面层及主要旋涡结构的变化。研究结果表明:采用涡流发生器后,叶栅正攻角下的气动性能显著提升,总压损失减小,静压升增大,稳定工作最大正攻角从3°增加至5°,其中在3°攻角下总压损失系数下降0.028,静压系数提升0.033;涡流发生器生成的尾涡阻挡端壁附面层由压力面向吸力面的横向迁移,使吸力面/端壁区域聚集的低能流体减少,改善了角区流动;采用涡流发生器后,通道涡、集中脱落涡和壁角涡减弱,角区分离得到抑制。     

端壁吸/吹气对超声速压气机叶栅流场影响机理的对比研究

附面层吸/吹气是抑制流动分离、提高压气机叶片负荷的有效技术途径。针对超声速压气机叶栅内激波诱导的角区分离,分别采用多种不同的端壁吸/吹气方案对其进行流动控制,旨在探索端壁吸/吹气对激波干涉下角区分离的控制机理,并对比分析端壁吸/吹气对超声速压气机叶栅角区分离的控制效果。结果表明:在激波/端壁附面层干涉下,该超声速压气机叶栅内存在大范围的激波诱导角区分离,角区分离使得该超声速叶栅存在强三维效应,二维叶栅中的单正激波变为"斜激波+正激波"结构,叶中吸力面尾缘开式分离变为闭式分离;端壁吸气可有效抑制该超声速叶栅的角区分离,吸气后近端壁区损失系数大幅降低,最优端壁吸气缝方案的起始点与亚声速压气机叶栅相同,但端壁吸气后叶中的双激波结构变为单正激波结构,叶中流动分离增大;端壁吹气也可有效抑制角区分离,其控制效果略优于端壁吸气,其原因是吹气缝处的静压高于吸气缝,对激波的增强作用弱于端壁吸气;与端壁吸气方案不同的是,最优端壁吹气缝方案的起始点位于叶片前缘。     

不同来流附面层厚度下容腔泄漏流对围带式静叶性能影响

基于验证的数值模拟方法，针对带容腔结构的围带式静叶，研究了容腔泄漏流对其性能的影响以及容腔泄漏流与主流的相互干涉作用。在不同的来流附面层厚度下，探讨了叶栅二次流运动和角区分离发展情况，并通过总压损失系数和熵增系数对性能变化进行评判。结果表明：附面层厚度的增加使无容腔扩压叶栅总压损失系数和熵增损失系数增加。容腔泄漏流使叶片前缘出现容腔泄漏涡，并对通道涡的发展和集中脱落涡的大小产生影响；同时容腔泄漏流加强了叶栅通道内的三维流动效应，削弱了近端壁面流体的横向偏转；随着附面层增厚，带容腔的扩压叶栅的总压损失系数和熵增损失系数变化程度不明显。     

被动射流旋涡对高速扩压叶栅气动性能的影响

提出了一种利用压力面与吸力面间压差产生射流旋涡的被动流动控制技术以改善压气机叶栅的气动性能,在进口马赫数Ma=0.67的高速扩压叶栅上验证了其有效性。结果表明,射流旋涡可有效增强吸力面附面层与主流间的能量交换,改变下游壁面涡的结构和尺寸,推迟流动分离,减小角区损失。当射流距分离线或端壁较近时,当地较厚的附面层使得旋涡上洗区的掺混损失增加;而射流距分离线或端壁过远时均会减弱下洗区能量注入对角区低能流体的影响;指向端壁的射流会增加壁面涡强度,而沿远离端壁方向过大的偏角则会减弱射流旋涡强度,从而减弱其控制效果。当射流轴向距叶片前缘xj/cx=40%、沿叶高距端壁h/H=15%、射流偏角β=60°时,其改善栅内流动的效果最佳,总压损失减小可达5.2%,而射流流量仅相当于主流的0.27‰。     

高负荷压气机叶栅分离结构及其等离子体流动控制

 为揭示高负荷压气机叶栅内部流动损失的产生机理和分布规律以及等离子体气动激励的作用机制,利用拓扑分析和数值计算方法,从计算模型的建立与验证、基准流场的分离结构和等离子体流动控制3个方面展开研究;对总压损失系数分布、拓扑结构和表面流谱与空间流线分布以及旋涡结构进行分析,并开展了激励方式的优化分析.结果表明:随着攻角的增大,固壁面拓扑结构增加了3对奇点,吸力面流向激励改变了固壁面拓扑结构.当攻角为2°时,在吸力面拓扑结构中产生了一对奇点,打断了角区分离线,并引入了一条回流再附线.叶栅流道内部有5个主要涡系,尾缘径向对涡促进流体的展向流动,并成为吸力面倒流的主要组成部分;角涡是一个独立的涡系,其强度和尺度不受等离子体气动激励的影响.吸力面流向激励可以改善叶中流场,但对角区流动作用很小;端壁横向激励可以降低角区流动损失,对叶中流场作用有限;吸力面流向与端壁横向组合激励在整个叶高范围内均可以显著抑制流动分离;端壁横向流动对角区流动分离结构的影响大于吸力面附面层的分离.吸力面流向激励的优化明显降低,而端壁横向激励和组合激励的优化保持并增强了等离子体流动的控制效果.     

扩压叶栅中的旋涡流动

本文以旋涡作为研究线索, 对扩压叶栅内旋涡流动作了较为全面的试验研究, 提出了一个常规扩压叶栅内部近壁流动的物理模式, 包括角涡与叶面附面层干涉的壁面拓扑流型, 扩压叶栅流动中的旋涡结构, 以及这个旋涡结构在不同攻角下与叶栅损失结构和负载结构的关系, 从而解释了扩压叶栅角隅区高损区存在的原因。      

射流旋涡发生器控制大折转角扩压叶栅二次流

将射流旋涡发生器引入到某折转角为60°的扩压叶栅端壁二次流控制中,研究了射流方向和射流总压对扩压叶栅气动性能及栅内流动的影响.结果表明:当射流旋涡发生器侧向倾角为0°时,仅采用不足扩压叶栅进口流量0.5%的射流流量,即可显著减少栅内损失.射流旋涡有效阻碍和推迟了通道涡发展,在下洗侧将主流流体卷入端壁附面层内,而在上洗侧将低能流体带入主流中,从而减少了角区低能流体聚积,减弱了吸力面的分离流动.当射流进口总压采用与扩压叶栅进口相同的总压时,总压损失减小21.5%,且射流进口总压越大,其控制效果越明显.      

端壁采用孔式抽吸对扩压叶栅气动性能的影响

为明晰孔式附面层抽吸技术对压气机叶栅气动性能的作用效果,实验研究了在端壁不同位置设置抽吸孔时对大折转角扩压叶栅壁面流谱、出口二次流及损失的影响。研究结果表明,端壁抽吸改变了原型叶栅内部流场结构,角区分离起始点前进行附面层吸除可有效延缓通道涡的形成,降低叶栅损失;分离起始点之后角区分离已经充分发展的位置不宜布置抽吸孔;相比较抽吸槽,采用抽吸孔可以通过更少的抽吸量达到相同程度地对叶栅流动性能的改善。      

端弯联合弯叶片对叶栅旋涡结构和气动性能的影响

为了研究弯叶片弯角、端弯弯高和端弯弯角三个参数对扩压叶栅流道内的旋涡结构和气动性能所造成的影响大小和交互作用的主次顺序,以环形扩压叶栅为研究对象,通过正交试验设计的方法,对试验结果进行分析。结果表明,存在一个最佳弯叶片弯角以平衡集中脱落涡和壁角涡对叶栅出口总压损失分布的影响;弯叶片弯角的提高会导致壁角涡减弱并且涡核靠向端壁,集中脱落涡增强并且涡核靠向流道中部;旋涡结构的变化进而导致端部高损失区域损失减小并且靠向集中脱落涡涡核,流道中部损失增厚并且向中部收缩。端弯的弯高和弯角对角区的影响明显强于流道中部;壁角涡强度的提高导致端部损失的增加;集中脱落涡涡核向端壁移动,导致流道中部损失向端区扩散,但损失减小有限。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.