液液萃取-气相色谱/质谱法测定地表水中的15种酞酸酯

酞酸酯是《地表水环境质量标准》要求的必测项目,但其实验本底值一直是准确定量的不确定因素,本文探讨了实验过程中引进酞酸酯污染的主要环节及其主要来源,建立了液液萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用测定地表水中15种酞酸酯的方法。实验结果表明,测试过程中主要的本底为邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、二乙酯、二异丁酯、二丁酯及邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯5类物质,溶剂是主要来源。扣除实验本底后,15种酞酸酯的线性相关系数均大于0.99,空白水样高、低浓度的加标回收率均在70%~110%之间,方法的精密度(RSD)10%,当采样体积为1.0L时,15种酞酸酯的方法检出限为0.04~0.16μg/L。3种城市地表水样的加标回收率在74%~105%之间。     

凝固漂浮有机液滴-分散液液微萃取结合高效液相色谱法同时测定地表水中多环芳烃和酞酸酯

多环芳烃和酞酸酯是国际公认的优控污染物,因此准确快速地测定水中多环芳烃和酞酸酯非常重要。凝固漂浮有机液滴-分散液液微萃取（DLLME-SFO）是一种简便、快速、环境友好、灵敏度高的样品前处理技术。采用DLLME-SFO同时测定地表水中多环芳烃和酞酸酯的分析方法鲜有报道。该文采用凝固漂浮有机液滴-分散液液微萃取富集技术,结合高效液相色谱紫外/荧光法,建立了同时测定地表水中16种多环芳烃和6种酞酸酯的分析方法。考察优化了影响萃取效率的主要因素,包括萃取剂的种类和用量、分散剂的种类和用量、萃取时间和离子强度等。优化后的萃取实验条件为：5.0 mL水样,10 μL十二醇为萃取溶剂,500 μL甲醇为分散溶剂,涡旋振荡时间2 min,氯化钠用量0.2 g。目标化合物经多环芳烃专用色谱柱（SUPELCOSIL^TM LC-PAH,150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）结合乙腈-水梯度洗脱分离,16种多环芳烃除苊烯外采用荧光检测,苊烯和6种酞酸酯采用紫外检测,外标法定量。结果表明,22种目标化合物的基质加标回收率为60.2%~113.5%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~14.3%;多环芳烃和酞酸酯的检出限分别为0.002~0.07 μg/L和0.2~2.2 μg/L;多环芳烃和酞酸酯的定量限分别为0.006~0.23 μg/L和0.8~7.4 μg/L。该方法简便、快速,环境友好,灵敏度高,可用于地表水中多环芳烃和酞酸酯的快速分析检测。     

离子液体和氯代溶剂分散液-液微萃取/高效液相色谱法联用富集和分析环境水样中酞酸酯类污染物的对比研究

以4种室温离子液体和4种氯代溶剂为萃取剂,与高效液相色谱(HPLC)联用,对比研究了分散液-液微萃取(DLLME)对5种痕量酞酸酯类化合物(PAEs)的富集分离性能。以1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([OMim][PF6])和建议研究四氯化碳替代品为典型萃取溶剂优化了萃取条件。结果表明,在1.00～100μg/L范围内色谱峰面积与PAEs浓度成良好的线性关系(相关系数>0.995);对于10.0μg/L加标混合样品,平均加标回收率88.2%～103.3%,RSD在2.1%～6.8%之间(n=5),LOD在0.01～0.08μg/L范围内(S/N=3)。与四氯化碳相比,[OMim][PF6]作为DLLME的萃取溶剂对PAEs的富集倍数较高,水相盐效应影响较小。超声波辅助微萃取(USA)可在2 min达到平衡,建立的USA-DLLME-HPLC方法可用于黄河水样和城生活区污水样品中痕量PAEs的富集分离和测定。     

基于杯［6］芳烃萃取头的固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定啤酒中痕量的酞酸酯类化合物

选用自制杯［6］芳烃溶胶-凝胶固相微萃取(SPME)萃取头,建立了顶空SPME与气相色谱联用检测啤酒中8种酞酸酯(PAEs)的方法。采用L25(56)正交设计对萃取条件进行了优化,所得方法检出限为0.003～3.429 μg/L,相对标准偏差不超过13.5%,加标回收率为86.3%～109.3%。采用标准加入法对3种瓶装啤酒中PAEs进行了检测,结果表明邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯(DEHP)是啤酒中最主要的酞酸酯类污染物,含量最高达5.24 μg/L。迁移试验表明,瓶装啤酒所用塑料垫圈中高含量的DEHP可能成为酒体中PAEs的一种来源,且延长贮存时间、提高贮存温度和振荡都能加快垫圈中DEHP的迁移。     

环境样品酞酸酯分析中溶剂背景的影响

选择环境样品酞酸酯分析中常用的有机溶剂,通过GC-MS对浓缩后的色谱纯、分析纯以及分析纯经过重蒸处理的有机溶剂进行11种酞酸酯背景测定。结果表明这些常用有机溶剂存在一定程度的酞酸酯污染,特别是邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)等2种环境样品中常见酞酸酯污染单体,最高浓度可达74.2μg/L(DBP)和64.3μg/L(DEHP)。有机溶剂用量大的酞酸酯分析方法(如土壤提取)需要对提取剂背景进行严格控制。     

微萃取瓶富集-高效液相色谱法测定海水中多环芳烃

采用自制微萃取瓶富集-反相高效液相色谱法同时测定海水中的萘、菲、荧蒽。实验选择DiamonsilC18(250×4.6mmi.d.,5μm)色谱柱,体积比为88∶12的甲醇-水作流动相,流速1.0mL/min,检测波长280nm,柱温30℃。最佳萃取条件:400mL水样,300μL正辛烷作萃取剂,NaCl浓度100g/L,萃取时间15min。在10～5×104μg/L范围内,萘、菲、荧蒽呈现良好线性关系(相关系数均大于0.9997)。萘、菲、荧蒽检出限分别为13.3、13.3、7.0ng/L;加标回收率分别为94.50%、94.05%、92.59%;相对标准偏差分别为1.60%、1.82%、0.90%。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定牛奶中13种磺胺残留

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱同时测定牛奶中13种磺胺类药物残留的方法。样品经乙腈溶液漩涡超声提取后,采用自制碱性氧化铝固相萃取小柱(SPE)净化,洗脱液减压浓缩至近干后用流动相溶解并定容,过PTFE滤膜后在Thermo Fisher Scientific ODS hypersil色谱柱上,以乙腈-20 mmol/L H3PO4溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为270 nm。13种磺胺在50~5000μg/L范围内具有良好的线性,相关系数≥0.999,检出限为2.0~4.2μg/L,定量限为8.9~14.2μg/L。在20,50,100μg/L添加水平的加标回收率为79.0%~118.2%,相对标准偏差在2.7%~6.9%之间。方法能对牛奶中13种磺胺类药物残留实现准确定量分析。     

固相膜萃取-超声解吸-气相色谱-质谱法分析水中酞酸酯类化合物

酞酸酯(PAEs)是一种常用的增塑剂,由于其广泛应用已经对环境造成了污染.本研究建立了固相膜萃取-超声解吸-气相色谱-质谱分析水中酞酸酯类化合物的方法.对萃取条件、解吸条件进行了优化,确定了最佳的实验条件.在水浴温度40℃,超声功率50%的条件下超声7 min,测定水中PAEs的检出限(S/N>3)在0.05 ~0.26 μg/L之间;对不同基质空白样品进行加标回收实验,回收率在76.2%~112.3%之间,相对标准偏差小于10%.     

液相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱测定水中硝基苯类化合物

建立了水中硝基苯类化合物(硝基苯、1-硝基甲苯、2-硝基甲苯、3-硝基甲苯和邻氯硝基苯)的液相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱检测方法。实验结果显示:甲苯为最佳的萃取剂。确定最佳实验条件为:甲苯体积2μL,萃取时间15 min,搅拌速度300 r/min,萃取温度45℃,溶液pH=5。在此条件下,各目标物的萃取富集倍数为30~38,线性范围为2~250μg/L,检出限为1~2μg/L,测定的相对标准偏差为5%~7%。     

基于离子液体的液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中有机磷农药

建立了基于1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体的液相微萃取-高效液相色谱分析水样中甲拌磷、对硫磷和辛硫磷的方法。考察了萃取溶剂、萃取溶剂与样品溶液体积比、萃取时间、萃取温度和搅拌速度对液相微萃取的影响。在优化的萃取条件下,甲拌磷、对硫磷、辛硫磷3种农药的富集倍数分别为665、630和553倍;方法有好的线性范围(0.01-1μL/L)和低的检出限(0.001-0.01μL/L,S/N=3)。对0.1μL/L的甲拌磷,对硫磷和辛硫磷测定3次的相对标准偏差分别为3.44%、10.50%和2.41%。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Investigation of Kinetics of Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate

The kinetics of the interaction between lithium carbonate and silica with various degrees of dispersion was investigated by TG and DTA methods. It was found that the utilization of pyrogenic silica with a specific surface area of about 300 m²g^-1 instead of aerosil with one of 175 m²g^-1 leads to an increase of the reaction rate between lithium carbonate and silica, which depends on the formation and growth of lithium orthosilicate crystals in the first stage, and is conditioned by the diffusion of lithium and oxygen ions through the lithium orthosilicate layer formed at temperatures above 800 K. This supposition is supported by the kinetic analysis results obtained with the use of the different models. The optimal regime of heating is recommended. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小环化合物中饱和碳质子化学位移的计算

小环化合物由于其张力、构型、构象和各向异性效应等原因,环碳上质子化学位移缺乏规律性,难以预测,对此作者曾提出一种近似算法。本文根据303种小环化合物中饱和碳质子的化学位移实验数据,将适于计算这类质子化学位移的公式表述为:     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.