富营养化水体中微藻的生物控制技术发展动态

详细介绍了水体微藻的生物控制方法的发展动态。根据抑制微藻生物种类以及作用机制的不同,将生物法抑藻分为:大型藻抑制微藻、病毒抑制微藻、细菌抑制微藻、高等植物抑藻以及生态法抑制微藻。详细叙述了这5种抑藻方法及其国内外研究现状,并分析了这几种方法的不足。指出今后的生物抑藻技术研究方向是寻求一种控制藻类和氮磷去除相结合的方法,以取得藻类过度繁殖的短期和长期控制。     

常温厌氧生物处理技术

常温厌氧生物处理技术是一种有机废弃物处理技术,具有低能耗、微生物生长速度慢、污泥产量少等优点。对常温厌氧生物处理技术从温度、工艺和生物相进行了总结和分析。分析表明,虽然常温厌氧生物处理技术由于受到温度的影响,存在一些不足,如处理效率不稳定,沼气产量相对较少等,但由于不需加热、保温系统,并可从工艺、操作等方面进行调整改进,因此日益受到人们的关注,其研究和应用也趋增多。     

受污染水体的生物-生态修复技术

受污染水体的生物－生态修复技术的原理是利用培育的生物或培养、接种的微生物的生命活动，对水中污染物进行转移，转化及降解作用，从而使水体得到恢复，本质上说，这种技术是对自然界恢复能力和自净能力的一种强化，这是人与自然和谐相处的合乎逻辑的治污思路，也是一条创新的技术路线。为此，简要介绍了水体生物－生态修复技术的原理和工艺方法。通过对日本、韩国工程实例的介绍，说明了这种污染技术的特点及应用前景。     

环境样品中DNA提取方法的研究进展

DNA的提取是进行微生物分子生物学研究的基础工作。但是由于环境样品的多样性,使得DNA提取方法没有统一的标准。对近年来一些传统的和新的或改进的DNA提取方法进行了综述,并且在综合分析各种DNA提取方法的基础上,提出了一种具体的提取生物活性炭中微生物DNA的方法,试验结果表明,提取的DNA用Nanodrop(Nanodrop Technologies,Rockland,DE)分光光度计进行测量发现可以满足后续的PCR等试验的要求。     

乳化油废水处理新技术

以北内集团发动机生产车间乳化油废水处理工程为实例,介绍了一种新型乳化油废水生物处理技术--共降解MBR技术.该方法依据共降解原理,在MBR中培养高效特异性微生物,在进水CODCr1 700～3 000 mg/L、油＞500 mg/L的情况下,出水CODCr＜100 mg/L,油＜10 mg/L.实践证明该工艺具有流程短、投资小、运行费少、管理方便、产泥量小等优点.     

接触氧化工艺中生物填料的发展及应用

选择合适的生物填料可以有效地提高接触氧化工艺的处理效果。对接触氧化工艺中采用较多的硬性、软性、半软性、组合型、悬浮型及固定化微生物型填料进行了分类介绍,分析了各自的构造、挂膜性能、有机物去除效率等。认为悬浮型、生物密集型、固定化微生物型填料将会成为今后生物填料的发展方向。     

固定化微藻在解决环境问题方面的应用

介绍微藻固定化技术在环境的生物监测方面具有灵敏度高、同一装置能监测多种污染物等优点,阐述固定化微藻在污水处理中的脱氮除磷、重金属离子去除、难降解有机物去除及环境的生物监测方面的研究。     

炼油厂废水的再生技术与应用

通过小试与中试研究 ,开发了一种新的炼油废水再生工艺和技术 ,采用“悬浮载体生物深度处理、臭氧部分氧化及生物活性炭处理”等工序深度处理炼油废水 ,COD ,BOD ,NH3-N ,油 ,硫化物 ,SS ,细菌等主要污染物被有效去除 ,总出水清澈 ,无色无味 ,可满足工业用新鲜水、生活与办公杂用、绿化等的水质要求 ,且处理费用低 ,运行稳定可靠。     

BIOLAK污水生物处理工艺中的人工干预实例

污水生物处理技术是利用微生物的代谢作用，对污水中溶解的胶体状的污染物进行降解，使水得到净化。微生物在降解污染物的同时得到所需的能量以用于细胞维持和细胞生长。     

水污染微生物修复技术研究进展

微生物修复是生物修复技术的一种,是环境生物技术的重要组成部分。从微生物修复技术的概念出发,总结多环芳烃的微生物降解、投加优势菌法和土著微生物修复法的研究进展,并对微生物修复技术的发展进行了总结和展望。     

3种微藻在龟鳖养殖废水中的生长与脱氮除磷特性

选取小球藻(Chlorella sp.)、栅藻(Scenedesmus sp.)和螺旋藻(Spirulina sp.)为试验藻种,分别接种于经沉淀池初步处理后排放的龟鳖养殖废水(取自无为县某养殖场,简称WW废水)和无任何处理直接排放的龟鳖养殖废水(取自大杨镇某养殖场,简称DY废水),考察3种微藻生长特性和对废水中氮磷的去除效果,比较其对龟鳖养殖废水的净化能力。结果表明:所选的3种微藻在两种废水中生长特性不同,DY废水中3种微藻细胞密度与生物量均大于其在WW废水中的相应指标,DY废水中小球藻、栅藻和螺旋藻的最大生物量分别为0.26 g/L、0.28 g/L和0.20 g/L。不同微藻对废水中氮磷去除效果各不相同,栅藻去除TN效果最好,最大去除率为93.65%,小球藻去除TP效果最好,最大去除率为99.46%,螺旋藻去除NH+4-N效果最好,最大去除率为98.79%。     

Microalgae growth for nutrient recovery from sludge liquor and production of renewable bioenergy

Proof-of-concept has been demonstrated for a process that will utilize nutrients from sludge liquor, natural light, and CO2 from biogas to grow microalgae at wastewater treatment plants. This process will reduce the impact of returning side-streams to the head of the plant. The produced algae will be fed to anaerobic digesters for increased biogas production. Dewatering of anaerobically digested sludge in centrifuges produces reject water with extremely low transmittance of light. A pretreatment procedure was developed that improved light transmittance for reject water from the FREVAR, Norway, wastewater treatment plant from 0.1% T to 77% T (670 nm, 1 cm path). Chlorella sp. microalgae were found to be suitable for growth in this pre-treated reject water. Typical nitrogen removal was 80-90 g N/kg TSS of produced microalgae. The microalgae were successfully harvested by chemically assisted flocculation followed by straining through a 33 microm sieve cloth, achieving up to 99% recovery. Harvested algae were anaerobically co-digested with wastewater sludge. The specific methane gas production (mL CH4/g VS fed) for the algae varied from less than 65% to 90% of the specific methane gas production for the wastewater sludge, depending on digester temperature, retention time and pre-treatment of the algae biomass.     

Characterization of natural biofilms in temperate inland waters

Community dynamics of microalgae in natural biofilms grown on 10 × 3 cm glass slides were studied in three inland water systems in Central Ontario, Canada. The periphyton communities were analyzed for species composition, diversity, density and biofilm thickness. The usefulness of periphyton community dynamics and species diversity in water quality monitoring was tested. The density of microalgae varied from 2.4 × 10⁷/cm² (Lake Couchiching) to 18 × 10⁷/cm² (Lake Simcoe) with highest species diversity at Lake Couchiching. Lake Simcoe with its moderately high phosphorus and low organic carbon showed the highest density of microalgae while Lake Couchiching with lowest total phosphorus and highest organic carbon showed the lowest density of microalgae in biofilms. The results of analysis of variance showed significant variation in the number of genera, density, biofilm thickness and diversity of microalgae in the three sampling locations. The Mill Creek site with minimum anthropogenic disturbance, minimum light availability, lower water temperature and slow but steady flowing conditions recorded the lowest species diversity and number of genera. The dominant genera of diatoms were significantly different in the three sampling locations. This study thus showed the usefulness of periphyton community dynamics in the assessment of water quality in the inland water systems.     

突发事件泄漏石油类污染物在水环境中迁移转化研究进展

突发事件泄漏的石油类污染物在水体中的迁移转化规律一直是环境水力学研究的难点.根据石油类污染物的物理、化学特征,针对其在水体中不同阶段的运动动力学特征,分别从油膜在水体表层的扩展迁移过程、水体表层油膜的风化过程、油膜污染物向下层水体的扩散过程、水体中石油类污染物的迁移转化过程、石油类污染物的迁移转化过程物理试验、常用溢油...     

洗车废水中乳化油去除的应用研究

洗车废水中的油类主要以乳化油的方式存在,增加了洗车废水回用处理的难度。采用混 凝沉淀-过滤-活性炭吸附过滤-超滤的物理化学方法对这种含油废水进行处理,试验表明当PAC 投加量在50-70 mg／L时油在混凝过程中的去除率最高,可达到40％。陶砂过滤的滤速以5-8 m／h 为宜,去除率在40％左右。粒状活性炭虽对洗车废水中的洗涤剂有着较好的去除效果,但对油类的 去除效果不佳,去除率不足10％。超滤可以很好的去除水中的乳化油,去除率高达90％以上,是除 油的理想工艺。     

RESEARCH ON THE FLOATING OIL STORAGE SYSTEM FOR STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE

The problem of petroleum safety is closely related to national politics and economics security and becomes one of key for discussion in China. The floating oil storage system has been proposed as a new facility for Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) in our country. There are some differences in solving this problem. Although many of domestic research institutions are studying the project of SPR, the research is separate, and lack of comprehensive consideration,and fails to make a complete and scientific demonstration in many aspects, such as oil storage capacity, selection of storage sites, storage facilities, technologic and economic feasibility, risk assessment, etc. Therefore, no mature and systematic petroleum reserve theories have been formed up to now.Peoples argue the issue of objective of SPR, function, mode,cost, effect, etc. There are still many bifurcations, so, it is necessary to make more detailed demonstration, and provide some scientific decision-making strategy for the governments. In this paper, several significant problems are solved,for instance, the option of SPR facilities, the research on the principal characteristics of floating oil storage vessels, the analysis of mooring system for oil storage vessels, the design of breakwater and the calculation of failure probability, the risk assessment of floating oil storage system, etc.     

Evaluating limiting steps of anaerobic degradation of food waste based on methane production tests.

This research adapted a batch test for biochemical methane production (BMP) to follow the degradation of complex compounds such as proteins and vegetable oils. The test measured the transformation of albumin and olive oil into methane under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions and assess limiting step in the overall degradation process. The thermophilic sludge used for the BMP tests was adapted during ten month from mesophilic sludge while being fed food waste. As compared to acetic acid, the specific rate of transformation of albumin and olive oil into methane reached 22 and 51%, respectively, under mesophilic conditions. Acetoclastic methanogenesis was not the limiting step in the presence of albumin or olive oil (and its monomer-like molecules such as amino acids, glycerol and oleic acid). Rather, the degradation of albumin was restricted by the presence of proteins. The thermophilically adapted sludge showed good proteolytic activity, but its acetoclastic methanogens were unable to degrade olive oil, because of the inhibitory effect of oleic acid.     

地下水封石洞油库喷射混凝土与围岩粘结强度试验方法

地下水封石洞油库采用只锚喷而不衬砌的洞室支护形式,是目前公认最好的油品存储形式。喷射混凝土通过其与岩面的粘结强度传递应力,保证喷射混凝土和围岩的共同工作。粘结强度是分析评价地下水封石洞油库洞室结构稳定性及施工质量的重要指标。针对某地下水封石洞油库工程的主洞室,采用多种试验方法开展喷射混凝土与围岩粘结强度的研究。研究结果表明:直径50 mm隔离试件不适用于地下水封石洞油库的喷射混凝土与围岩粘结强度的试验,采用直径100 mm隔离试件可较大提高试件隔离成功率,钻芯隔离试件拉拔试验强度值可作为粘结强度下限值;喷大板切割岩块试件可反映喷射混凝土与岩块的粘结强度,室内拉力试验成果可作为粘结强度上限值。对于地下水封石洞油库喷射混凝土与围岩粘结强度,建议采用直径100 mm钻芯隔离试件现场拉拔和喷大板切割试件拉力试验进行测试,利用上、下限值综合评价粘结强度。试验成果为地下水封石洞油库洞室结构稳定及施工质量评价提供了重要应用参考。     

水轮发电机组推力轴承油槽内流动及传热特性研究

为解决推力轴承瓦温过高的问题,采用数值模拟方法分析了某水轮发电机组推力轴承内循环冷却系统油槽内润滑油的流动及传热特性。结果表明,靠近镜板处油流速度大,远离镜板位置油流速度小;镜板内缘压力最低,沿着推力轴瓦径向向外压力逐渐增大;初始瓦温、初始油温一定时,随着水温降低,整体油温下降幅度并不大。根据研究结果,对推力轴承内循环冷却系统提出适当增大冷却器U型管直线段的长度、增大冷却器管径、提高冷却水的压力和流量、加大油冷却器铜管间距的改进建议。