酸性废水变滤速膨胀式中和法的研究

一、普通升流膨胀式中和法存在的问题六十年代初,我国就开始用普通升流膨胀式中和法处理酸性废水。其基本流程是废水先进入圆柱形的升流膨胀式中和筒与碱性滤料(石灰石或白云石)发生中和反应,然后进入曝气池,通过鼓风曝气脱除二氧化碳。实践表明该法存在以下问题: 1.由于中和筒为圆柱体,滤速恒定为60～70米/时,滤料中的大颗粒膨胀不了,小颗粒又容易流失。 2.由于滤料膨胀不好,容易在滤料表面形成硫酸钙结垢,因此当用石灰石为滤料     

超声波辅助法制备纳米FeS处理酸性含铬废水工艺研究

针对排放酸性含铬废水所产生的环境污染问题,采用超声波辅助法制备纳米FeS,用于处理酸性含铬废水。通过正交试验确定了超声波辅助法制备纳米FeS的最佳制备条件,并讨论了反应时间、pH值和Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度对纳米FeS处理酸性含铬废水的影响。结果表明：超声波辅助法制备纳米FeS的最佳制备条件为超声波频率40 kHz、超声波处理时间10 min、制备反应温度15 ℃,在此条件下Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬的去除率分别为81.03%、63.40%;当反应时间达到50 min后,纳米FeS对酸性含铬废水的处理效果趋于稳定,酸性条件能促进纳米FeS对Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬的去除;随着Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度的升高,纳米FeS对Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬的单位去除量逐渐增大,当Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度为300 mg/L时,Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬的单位去除量分别可达486.65和383.55 mg/g。可见,超声波制备的纳米FeS可以有效去除废水中的铬离子,为今后实际工程应用提供了一定的理论指导。     

褐煤/麦饭石固定SRB颗粒处理含铬酸性矿山废水试验

针对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)生物法处理酸性矿山废水(AMD)易受重金属离子和高酸度的抑制与毒害等问题,采用玉米芯为碳源的微生物固定化技术,分别构造以麦饭石和褐煤为填料的1~#和2~#固定化颗粒,对比处理含Cr~(6+)、SO_4~(2-)的模拟酸性矿山废水的效果。实验结果表明:1~#颗粒废水中COD的平均释放量(898 mg/L)要高于2~#颗粒废水中COD的平均释放量(698.9 mg/L),而2~#颗粒对AMD中p H提升(4～7.47)和对Cr~(6+)、SO_4~(2-)的平均去除率(96.57%、36.50%)要高于1~#颗粒对AMD中p H提升(4～7.04)和对Cr~(6+)、SO_4~(2-)的平均去除率(85.96%、20.85%)。可见,褐煤颗粒有比麦饭石颗粒较强的调酸、吸附金属离子和异化硫酸盐活性的能力。     

多糖生物絮凝剂在酸性煤矿废水处理中的应用

研究了运用石灰中和沉淀法处理贵州某酸性煤矿废水的处理效果,使用多糖生物絮凝剂代替了传统的无机(聚氯化铝,PAC)和有机絮凝剂(聚丙烯酰胺,PAM)。在pH为9,以1∶10的气水比曝气10min,沉降时间为1min的条件下,单位废水石灰添加量为3kg/m3,多糖生物絮凝剂投加量为30g/m3,絮凝沉淀后的上清液中铁、锰含量均达到了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)标准,可直接排放。     

高含硅稠油废水深度软化树脂中试实验研究

稠油废水是将饱和蒸汽注入油层,降低稠油粘度,采出液经过油水分离出的水.废水中不仅含有大量的阳离子(如Ca2+,Mg2+,Fe2+等),还有大量的阴离子(如Cl-,SO42-,CO32-,HCO3-等),成分比较复杂.若经过处理后作为热采锅炉给水,具有很大的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益.本实验省去了传统处理稠油废水工艺中除硅这一环节,通过筛选两种新型的树脂吸附废水中的离子来进行深度软化.实验表明:废水软化前的平均硬度为79mg/L,软化后硬度为未检出,达到了锅炉回用的标准.     

钙沉淀法处理核燃料元件高氟废水的工艺优化

为探究钙沉淀法在处理F-浓度为10 000mg/L核元件废水时的操作参数,采用烧杯试验,分别考察了石灰投加量、氯化钙投加量、混凝剂投加量、温度、pH等因素对除氟效果的影响。研究表明,联合Ca(OH)2和CaCl2沉淀除F-时,在控制Ca(OH)2投加量为理论值的110%、CaCl2投加量为95%、Al2(SO4)3投加量为600mg/L、混合液温度为50℃、pH为8的情况下,能够实现高氟废水的达标排放。     

小秦岭某金矿氰化废水处理试验

采用碱氯法对小秦岭某金矿提金后的含氰废水进行了处理试验,实验室试验主要考察了药剂使用量、pH值、反应时间等对除氰效果的影响。对ρ(CN-)为33.5 mg/L和22.5 mg/L的含氰废水,经一次处理的试验结果表明,处理后水中ρ(CN-)为0.10~0.28 mg/L,CN-去除率大于99%,低于国家ρ(CN-)≤0.50 mg/L的排放标准;扩大试验在实验室试验最优条件下进行,达到了实验室试验同样的处理效果,对处理合格后的废水进行了返回系统使用试验,实现了处理后废水部分或一定时间内全部返回系统使用,局部实现了微氰废水零排放。     

化学絮凝法处理海产品加工中高浓度含磷废水

针对海产品加工中高浓度含磷废水(1 000 mg/L)会恶化生物除磷的问题,通过化学絮凝法对高磷废水进行处理,分析了几种单一与混合絮凝剂的除磷效果。结果表明:聚合氯化铝与海泡石以质量比m_(聚合氯化铝)∶m_(海泡石)=10∶3制作的混合絮凝剂,在投加量为26 g/L,快速搅拌(160 r/min) 60 min,慢速搅拌(80 r/min) 30 min后,磷去除率最高,达到99. 68%。混合絮凝剂絮凝沉淀物的XRD分析表明,沉淀的主要成分为CaAl_3(PO_3OH)SiO_3,说明海泡石中含有的CaO和SiO_2成分对磷的去除有促进作用。     

矿山酸性废水处理技术现状及进展

矿山酸性废水(AMD)因其酸度大,同时还含有铜、铅、锌、镉等重金属离子,对环境危害极大。分析了矿山酸性废水产生的主要原因及其危害,总结了目前处理AMD常用的工艺技术方法,并对各种方法的基本原理及其优缺点进行了分析。简要介绍了国内外在矿山酸性废水治理领域出现的一系列新的处理技术,进一步阐述了国内外废水处理技术的研究进展及发展趋势,提出了发展高效、廉价、安全及操作简便的酸性矿山废水处理技术的必要性和必然性。     

光催化-好氧生物降解处理染料废水试验研究

考察了pH值、催化剂用量、酸性大红(GR)染料初始浓度、曝气量对染料去除率的影响,确定了GR染料去除的较佳反应条件:pH值为3,催化剂投加量为0.6 mg/L,GR染料进水浓度为20mg/L,曝气量为60mL/min.在较佳反应条件下,对光催化工艺、好氧生物降解工艺和光催化-好氧生物降解组合工艺处理单一染料废水效果进行了比较,并考察了组合工艺处理混合染料废水的效果,结果表明:反应5 h时,组合工艺对单一染料废水中活性墨绿(B-4BLN)和GR染料的去除率分别为85.66%和76.93%,去除效果明显高于单一工艺;组合工艺对混合染料废水中B-4BLN和GR染料的去除率分别为83.76%和71.84%.     

PTA废水生物处理工艺综述

PTA废水是由对二甲苯(PX)生产PTA过程中产生的排水。废水成分复杂,含大量芳香烃有机物,包括难降解有机物TA和甲基苯甲酸。分析了PTA废水中的芳香烃有机物好氧降解、厌氧降解机理以及TA降解机理。分析结果表明:芳香烃有机物好氧降解速率明显高于厌氧降解速。目前,对于PTA废水处理研究集中在好氧处理和厌氧处理工艺上,重点介绍了PTA废水厌氧、好氧及厌氧-好氧处理的几种工艺及其处理效果。综合投资、能耗、污泥量、操作、处理效率等多种因素,总结出PTA废水处理的最优工艺为厌氧-好氧处理工艺,常用工艺组合包括上旋流厌氧反应器+两级好氧、水解+A/O、两级A/O等。并讨论分析了重金属钴、锰,营养物质N,P,Mg,Fe等以及温度、pH对PTA废水处理效率的影响。同时,展望了PTA废水的研究发展趋势。     

钢铁厂盐(硫)酸酸洗废液综合治理研究

针对钢铁厂酸洗废液特点,对钢厂盐、硫酸酸洗废液综合治理全盘考虑,提出对盐酸废液采用负压外循环蒸发浓缩结晶法,硫酸废液采用单管填料升膜浓缩结晶法进行综合治理研究,给出了具体工艺流程和经济分析。该研究方法具有蒸发效率高、能连续稳定生产、操作简单、治理过程不需加新酸、设备防腐耐用、操作运转费用低,回收了废酸液中的残余酸和亚铁盐,实现了全厂废酸液的完全零排放。     

Rain events and their effect on effluent quality studied at a full scale activated sludge treatment plant.

The effect of rain events on effluent quality dynamics was studied at a full scale activated sludge wastewater treatment plant which has a process solution incorporating pre-denitrification in activated sludge with post-nitrification in trickling filters. The incoming wastewater flow varies significantly due to a combined sewer system. Changed flow conditions have an impact on the whole treatment process since the recirculation to the trickling filters is set by the hydraulic limitations of the secondary settlers. Apart from causing different hydraulic conditions in the plant, increased flow due to rain or snow-melting, changes the properties of the incoming wastewater which affects process performance and effluent quality, especially the particle removal efficiency. A comprehensive set of on-line and laboratory data were collected and analysed to assess the impact of rain events on the plant performance.     

水解酸化工艺在氯碱废水预处理中的应用

用水解酸化工艺预处理齐鲁石化氯碱厂所排放的氯碱废水,试验结果表明:水解酸化反应器中COD去除率在20%~34%之间,挥发酸(VFA)质量浓度呈逐步升高的趋势,ρ(BOD)/ρ(COD)的出水值比进水值平均提高了27%,改善了废水的可生化性,多种复杂有机污染物可得到有效降解,为后继的好氧处理提供了有利条件。     

Occurrence of benzothiazoles in municipal wastewater and their fate in biological treatment.

A number of 2-substituted benzothiazoles that are known to be used as fungicides, corrosion inhibitors and vulcanization accelerators in industry have been analyzed in municipal wastewater and the effluents of activated sludge and membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment over a three month period. All six analytes were regularly detected in the municipal wastewater by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and amount to a total concentration of 3.4 microg/L. Of these compounds benzothiazole-2-sulfonic acid (1,700 ng/L), benzothiazole (850 ng/L) and 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (500 ng/L) were most prominent. The source of the benzothiazole emission is yet unknown. Activated sludge treatment did not reduce total benzothiazole concentration significantly. Removals of the individual compounds ranged from 90% for 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and 70% for hydroxybenzothiazole to 40% for benzothiazole. The concentration of benzothiazole-2-sulfonic acid increased by 20%, whereas 2-methylthiobenzothiazole increased by 160% during activated sludge treatment, likely due to the methylation of mercaptobenzothiazole. Total benzothiazole removal in two parallely operated MBRs was significantly better (43%) than in the conventional activated sludge treatment. Namely benzothiazole and benzothiazole-2-sulfonic acid were more effectively removed. This first systematic study on the occurrence of benzothiazoles in municipal wastewater has shown that this is a relevant class of trace contaminants in municipal wastewater which is only incompletely removed in biological wastewater treatment. Emission from sewage treatment is dominated by the most polar benzothiazole-2-sulfonic acid. MBR treatment may reduce but cannot avoid this emission.     

Influence of design, physico-chemical and environmental parameters on pharmaceuticals and fragrances removal by constructed wetlands

The ability of several mesocosm-scale and full-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) to remove pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from urban wastewater was assessed. The results of three previous works were considered as a whole to find common patterns in PPCP removal. The experiment took place outdoors under winter and summer conditions. The mesocosm-scale CWs differed in some design parameters, namely the presence of plants, the vegetal species chosen (Typha angustifolia versus Phragmites australis), the flow configuration (surface flow versus subsurface flow), the primary treatment (sedimentation tank versus HUSB), the feeding regime (batch flow versus continuous saturation) and the presence of gravel bed. The full-scale CWs consisted of a combination of various subsystems (ponds, surface flow CWs and subsurface flow CWs). The studied PPCPs were ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, diclofenac, salicylic acid, carbamazepine, caffeine, methyl dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide. The performance of the evaluated treatment systems was compound dependent and varied as a function of the CW-configuration. In addition, PPCP removal efficiencies were lower during winter. The presence of plants favoured naproxen, ibuprofen, diclofenac, salicylic acid, caffeine, methyl dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide removal. Significant positive correlations were observed between the removal of most PPCPs and temperature or redox potential. Accordingly, microbiological pathways appear to be the most likely degradation route for the target PPCPs in the CWs studied.     

恒液位SBR工艺处理城市污水的研究

采用恒液位SBR工艺对城市污水处理进行实验研究。研究影响恒液位SBR工艺脱氮除磷效果的缺氧-好氧循环、沉淀时间、进水流量等因素。结果表明:在最佳工况下处理城市污水时,COD、TN、TP和NH3-N去除率分别为88.21%~91.04%、68.04%~70.45%、95.26%~96.11%和89.76%~91.17%,说明采用恒液位SBR工艺处理城市污水是可行的。     

上海市水资源和水环境的可持续发展

从上海市的水域分布、水资源总量和水污染状况等方面分析上海市的水资源和水环境状况 ,分析结果表明 ,影响上海市水资源和水环境可持续发展主要有三大因素 :废污水的排放和治理问题 ;河网水动力条件和人工调节能力问题 ;流域资源的配置和环境影响问题。上海市水资源配置的主要目标是 :以水资源综合利用为核心 ,确保市民饮用水优质供给为首要目标 ,建立完善黄浦江水源、长江水源、地下水源和供水管网为重点的水资源配置系统 ,形成城镇供水、工业用水、农田灌溉、内河航运、环境用水相协调 ,水量、水质实时监控系统和合理的价格机制相配套的水资源配置体系。上海市水环境治理的主要目标是 :以水功能区划为依据 ,以“一江一湖十二河”为重点 ,以“六线六厂”污水处理骨干设施为基础 ,统筹兼顾城乡河网的内河航运、城市景观、生态环境等综合功能 ,形成污水收集处理、长期调水、定期清淤和长效管理相结合的水环境保护体系。     

曝气生物滤池(BAF)用于建筑中水处理试验研究

曝气生物滤池是一种介于生物接触氧化法与生物流化床之间的生物膜污水处理工艺,其紧凑性、能耗及运行维护亦介于两者之间,非常适合用于建筑中水处理。为检验曝气生物滤池处理建筑中水的性能,分别采用人工配水和洗浴废水进行了试验测定和实际验证。验证试验表明,经曝气生物滤池处理后的洗浴废水几乎不需任何后续处理(混凝、沉淀、过滤)便可满足中水回用标准要求。     

Wastewater treatment in tsunami affected areas of Thailand by constructed wetlands.

The tsunami of December 2004 destroyed infrastructure in many coastal areas in South-East Asia. In January 2005, the Danish Government gave a tsunami relief grant to Thailand to re-establish the wastewater management services in some of the areas affected by the tsunami. This paper describes the systems which have been built at three locations: (a) Baan Pru Teau: A newly-built township for tsunami victims which was constructed with the contribution of the Thai Red Cross. Conventional septic tanks were installed for the treatment of blackwater from each household and its effluent and grey water (40 m3/day) are collected and treated at a 220 m2 subsurface flow constructed wetland. (b) Koh Phi Phi Don island: A wastewater collection system for the main business and hotel area of the island, a pumping station and a pressure pipe to the treatment facility, a multi-stage constructed wetland system and a system for reuse of treated wastewater. The constructed wetland system (capacity 400 m3/day) consists of vertical flow, horizontal subsurface flow, free water surface flow and pond units. Because the treatment plant is surrounded by resorts, restaurants and shops, the constructed wetland systems are designed with terrains as scenic landscaping. (c) Patong: A 5,000 m2 constructed wetland system has been established to treat polluted water from drainage canals which collect overflow from septic tanks and grey water from residential areas. It is envisaged that these three systems will serve as prototype demonstration systems for appropriate wastewater management in Thailand and other tropical countries.