富氮钒铌微合金化控冷工艺制备600MPa级抗震钢筋应用研究

采用拉力试验机、金相显微镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和冲击试验机对富氮钒铌微合金化控冷工艺制备的600MPa级抗震钢筋的力学性能、显微组织、析出相、断口形貌、冲击韧性及时效性进行了研究。结果表明:该钢筋具有良好的强韧性、抗震性及低应变时效性,力学性能优异。该钢的显微组织为铁素体+珠光体+少量细小贝氏体(含量5%~10%),组织配比及形态较好。该钢的铁素体基体、晶界及位错线上析出了大量尺寸2~20nm的细小弥散的V(CN)、Nb(CN)析出相,其析出相数量分别占总钒、总铌量的65%以上,起到了较好的沉淀强化及细化晶粒作用。该钢筋拉伸断口呈韧窝状,韧脆转变温度低于-30℃,具有较好的塑韧性和低温冲击韧性。     

加V中碳钢的组织和相界面析出强化机制

研究了加入钒的中碳钢奥氏体转变为铁素体(F)和珠光体(P)时相界面析出的组织与性能的关系。钒的加入量分别为0.1%、0.3%和0.5%。热处理工艺为:于1473 K保温86.4 ks后炉冷,S45C钢在1423 K保温0.6 ks,加钒钢再加热至1473 K保温0.6 ks,随后在不同温度盐浴中等温。结果表明,加钒的S45C钢在奥氏体转变为铁素体和珠光体过程中有VC在相界面析出,硬度提高;随着加钒量的增加,析出的VC更细小,硬度提高更明显此外,VC主要在不具备特定的晶体位向关系的相界面即F/P界面析出,这是一种与以往的台阶机制不同的机制。     

氮化硅锰、钒氮合金生产HRB500E高强度抗震钢筋应用研究

介绍了昆钢采用氮化硅锰、钒氮合金开发HRB500E高强度抗震钢筋的应用研究和生产试制情况,对该工艺强韧化机理及效果、钢筋金相组织及夹杂物、焊接性能及时效性等进行了系统研究和分析。结果表明:该工艺通过钢中增氮优化和增加细小弥散V(CN)析出量、细化铁素体晶粒,充分发挥了沉淀析出强化和细晶强化综合作用;所生产的钢筋具有优异的抗震性能、低应变时效性、良好的焊接性能及高低温拉伸性能等优点,综合性能指标优异;通过增氮降钒,钒氮合金加入量和常规钒氮微合金化工艺相比有所减少,生产成本同比降低30元/t材,经济和社会效益显著。     

铁素体区形变对含铌微合金高强度钢组织及硬度的影响

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机,研究铁素体区变形对含铌微合金高强度(HSLA)钢组织及显微硬度的影响。结果表明:相比于最终变形在Ar3附近(840℃)时获得近等轴状铁素体+退化珠光体组织,最终变形在铁素体区(550～650℃)时获得部分拉长的多边形铁素体+弥散分布的退化珠光体组织。此外,铁素体区最终变形析出的NbC与晶界析出的Fe3C析出相更加细小且弥散。与高温下最终变形相比,铁素体区最终变形获得的组织显微硬度增量达30 HV。通过强化机理分析表明,位错强化与析出相Fe3C和NbC的沉淀强化作用是铁素体区变形组织硬度提高的主要原因,退化珠光体和渗碳体的细化对硬度的提高也有一定量的贡献。     

氮对钒钢性能及析出相的影响

研究了钒钢增氮对钢性能及析出相的影响。结果表明,钢中增氮可显著提高钢的强度,每0.001%的氮可使钒钢强度增加约10MPa;钢中增氮促进了钢中细小、弥散V（C,N）强化相的析出,尤其促进了1-10mm级微粒的析出,并能细化铁素体晶粒,这是钒钢强度增加的主要原因。     

新型700 MPa级高强锚杆钢的微观组织及强化机制

自主设计了700 MPa级高强锚杆钢,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜等对其微观组织与性能进行了系统测试与表征,并进一步讨论了其强化机制。结果表明,该锚杆用钢的显微组织为珠光体和铁素体复相组织,铁素体呈细小的等轴状,珠光体呈长条形片层状分布,组织中珠光体体积分数约为43%;铁素体基体上析出了大量小于20 nm的纳米级V(C, N)粒子;试验钢屈服强度约为734 MPa,抗拉强度约为936 MPa,断后伸长率约为15.1%,屈强比约为0.78,具有良好的综合性能;该锚杆钢的强化机制为细晶强化、固溶强化、位错强化及析出强化的耦合强化,其中,细晶强化及固溶强化引起的强度贡献约占总强度值的73%。     

强磁场对硅锰铸钢等温珠光体粒化的影响

对硅锰铸钢在相变温度(A1)附近进行等温处理的研究表明,经磁场处理后的试样组织中存在更多的粒状珠光体组织。此粒状珠光体由两部分构成:一部分来自块状铁素体中直接析出粒状的不连续渗碳体;一部分来自等温过程中片状渗碳体的熔断。磁场通过促进铁素体的形核与长大,使较多的碳原子"陷落"在铁素体内以沉淀析出方式形成粒状渗碳体,处理温度越低,此作用越明显。此外,磁场下珠光体组成相磁致伸缩率存在差异,引起珠光体两组成相之间的应变能变化,有利于渗碳体以球状析出于奥氏体或铁素体中,也对粒状珠光体分数的增加作出贡献。     

Ti-Mo微合金钢连续冷却过程中纳米碳化物的析出行为

利用透射电镜对Ti-Mo微合金钢热轧后冷却过程中的析出相分布、形貌和尺寸进行了分析。结果表明:热轧试验钢的基体组织主要由铁素体和少量贝氏体组成,较高的屈服强度主要得益于铁素体基体上形成的高体积分数的相间沉淀颗粒;这些粒子形成于热轧后的连续冷却过程中,主要是(Ti,Mo) C,尺寸约5～10 nm,对铁素体基体产生明显的沉淀强化作用。铁素体在相变初期由于较快的生长速度导致晶粒内很少形成相间沉淀,这类析出主要形成于相变中后期的铁素体基体内。      

Super304H奥氏体耐热钢时效后的组织结构

利用扫描和透射电子显微镜对Super304H奥氏体耐热钢在650℃×5000 h时效处理后的组织结构进行观察与分析。结果表明Super304H奥氏体钢中存在固溶处理过程未溶解的尺寸约为2μm块状、150 nm球状NbC以及1μm圆形夹杂物,这些NbC与基体不存在特定的位向关系,时效过程析出的尺寸约为8 nm多边形状NbC则与基体存在立方取向关系;M23C6可以NbC为核心析出形成双层结构,偶尔发现在基体单独析出,M23C6与奥氏体存在立方取向关系,在奥氏体晶界析出的多边形状M23C6与基体也存在立方取向关系,而椭圆颗粒状M23C6则不存在这种关系;奥氏体基体内析出大量尺寸约为35 nm的富Cu相与基体存在共格关系,富Cu析出相对Super304H奥氏体钢强化作用主要来自共格强化效应。     

不同工艺条件下钒对微合金钢组织与性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、光学显微镜、透射电镜等方法,研究了不同工艺条件下钒对微合金钢组织和性能的影响.结果表明,在同一工艺条件下,钢的强度随钒含量的增加而有所提高,轧材韧性下降,而正火钢韧性没有明显的变化;正火后钢的强度下降,韧性得到改善;添加钒不改变钢的显微组织,均为多边形铁素体和珠光体;钢中钒大部分固溶于基体中,当钒含量达到一定量时,轧材中有大量单独钒的碳氮化物析出,正火钢中碳氮化物均以复合形态存在.     

钒对中碳非调质钢疲劳性能的影响

采用旋转弯曲疲劳实验研究了含钒的38MnVS钢与不含钒的38MnS钢在热锻态和退火态下的疲劳行为.结果表明,V元素主要通过析出强化和组织细化改善铁素体 珠光体型非调质钢的疲劳性能.在热锻态,V(C,N)呈细小弥散分布,与铁素体间具有特定位向关系,具有明显的析出强化和细化组织作用.铁索体的强化使得疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的抗力提高,因而38MnVS钢的疲劳性能明显优于38MnS钢;在退火态,V(C,N)质点长大,与铁素体间失去共格关系,不再具有明显的析出强化作用,因而退火态38MnVS钢的疲劳性能明显低于热锻态,而与38MnS钢的疲劳性能相当.     

冷却速度对钒微合金钢的组织和析出相的影响

采用光学显微镜和透射电镜研究了不同冷却速度下钒微合金钢的微观组织和析出相变化规律。结果表明:当冷却速度小于或等于5℃/s时,钢的组织均为铁素体+珠光体,且随着冷却速度的增加,铁素体的晶粒尺寸明显变细。当冷却速度达到10℃/s时,钢的组织变为马氏体+少量铁素体。透射电镜研究显示:平衡态时析出相包含大量弥散分布的尺寸主要为45~100 nm的不规则形V(C,N)相和(V,Ti)(C,N)复合相,当冷却速度小于或等于5℃/s时,析出相数量无明显改变,但颗粒尺寸随冷却速度的增加不断减小;但当冷速达到10℃/s时,析出相的数量显著下降,尺寸变小。对含钒微合金钢而言,调整适当的冷却速度,不仅可以细化铁素体晶粒,还可以提高析出强化效果,从而提高钢材的强韧性。     

Extending the boundaries of mechanical properties of Ti-Nb low-carbon steel via combination of ultrafast cooling and deformation during austenite-to-ferrite transformation

We underscore here a novel approach to extend the boundaries of mechanical properties of Ti-Nb low-carbon steel via combination of ultrafast cooling and deformation during austenite-to-ferrite transformation. The proposed approach yields a refined microstructure and high density nano-sized precipitates, with consequent increase in strength. Steels subjected to ultra-fast cooling during austenite-to-ferrite transformation led to 145 MPa increase in yield strength, while the small deformation after ultra-fast cooling process led to increase in strength of 275 MPa. The ultra-fast cooling refined the ferrite and pearlite constituents and enabled uniform dispersion, while the deformation after ultra-fast cooling promoted precipitation and broke the lamellar pearlite to spherical cementite and long thin strips of Fe_xC. The contribution of nano-sized precipitates to yield strength was estimated to be ~247.9 MPa and ~358.3 MPa for ultrafast cooling and deformation plus ultrafast cooling processes. The nano precipitates carbides were identified to be (Ti, Nb)C and had a NaCl-type crystal structure, and obeyed the Baker-Nutting orientation relationship with the ferrite matrix.     

退火温度对V-Ti-Mo钢析出相和力学性能的影响

研究了V-Ti-Mo钢经不同温度退火后的组织和力学性能。结果表明,随着退火温度的升高,试验钢中的珠光体组织逐渐发生分解,MC型析出相逐渐增多,强度增加。试验钢轧态时MC型析出相主要为Ti(C, N),经过退火后出现了(V, Mo)C析出相,并且随着退火温度的升高,(V, Mo)C相逐渐增多。根据钢铁材料的强化理论对试验钢的屈服强度进行了理论计算,与实测结果符合较好,表明析出强化是退火后强度增加的主要原因。     

Characterization of NbC and (Nb, Ti)N nanoprecipitates in TRIP assisted multiphase steels

Multiphase steels utilising composite strengthening may be further strengthened via grain refinement or precipitation by the addition of microalloying elements. In this study a Nb microalloyed steel comprising martensite, bainite and retained austenite has been studied. By means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) we have investigated the size distribution and the structural properties of (Nb, Ti)N and NbC precipitates, their occurrence in the various steel phases, and their relationship with the Fe matrix. (Nb, Ti)N precipitates were found in ferrite, martensite, and bainite, while NbC precipitates were found only in ferrite. All NbC precipitates were found to be small (5–20 nm in size) and to have a face centred cubic (fcc) crystal structure with lattice parameter a = 4.36 ± 0.05 Å. In contrast, the (Nb, Ti)N precipitates were found to have a broader size range (5–150 nm) and to have a fcc crystal structure with lattice parameter a = 8.09 ± 0.05 Å. While the NbC precipitates were found to be randomly oriented, the (Nb, Ti)N precipitates have a well-defined Nishiyama–Wasserman orientation relationship with the ferrite matrix. An analysis of the lattice mismatch suggests that the latter precipitates have a high potential for effective strengthening. Density functional theory calculations were performed for various stoichiometries of NbC_x and Nb_xTi_yN_z phases and the comparison with experimental data indicates that both the carbides and nitrides are deficient in C and N content.     

轧制工艺对V-Nb微合金化HRB600E钢筋组织及性能的影响

采用了高温共聚焦显微镜、高分辨透射电镜和光学显微镜等系统研究了轧制工艺对V-Nb微合金化HRB600E钢筋的组织、力学性能及析出行为的影响。结果表明,试验钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸随加热温度升高、保温时间延长而增大。轧制温度提升60 ℃后,试验钢组织中珠光体团比例及尺寸分别增加10.9%和5.1 μm,导致抗拉强度增加30~40 MPa,断后伸长率降低3%~5%;同时,试验钢中V(C, N)析出数量减少而VNb(C, N)数量增加,整体析出粒子数量减少但其等效圆直径增大。不同轧制工艺析出强化效果差别不大,整体中的相变强化效果大于析出强化。     

The precipitation of copper in abnormal ferrite and pearlite in hyper-eutectoid steels

The precipitation of copper within abnormal ferrite and pearlitic phases in hyper-eutectoid Fe-C-Cu and Fe-C-Mn-Cu experimental steels has been examined, principally by transmission electron microscopy, in terms of morphology, mechanism and crystallography. Interphase precipitation of copper during austenite decomposition was found to be a primary precipitation mechanism. However, precipitation due to ageing was also observed in both abnormal and pearlitic ferrite. The latter case appeared either as uniformly distributed precipitates within the ferrite or in association with dislocations. Copper precipitates adopted either the Kurdjumov–Sachs or the Nishiyama–Wasserman orientation relationship with respect to the ferrite. Disc-shaped precipitates thought to form by ageing within abnormal and pearlitic ferrite develop on {001}_ferrite habit planes. Twinning observed within copper precipitates formed by interphase precipitation was attributed to a requirement to accommodate the growth of precipitates at the interphase boundary. Multi-twinned precipitates were found in pearlitic ferrite and may be evidence for an intermediate transitional state between b.c.c. and f.c.c. structure.     

Nb对高Ti耐候钢连续冷却后显微组织及硬度的影响

采用Gleeble热模拟试验机研究了微合金元素Nb对高Ti耐候钢奥氏体连续冷却转变行为的影响,通过光学显微镜(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)以及硬度测试等手段比较了0.050%Nb和无Nb试验钢连续冷却转变后显微组织和硬度的变化。结果表明,Nb能抑制铁素体相变,促进贝氏体相变。冷却速度由5 ℃/s提高到10 ℃/s,两种试验钢的晶粒细化效果均最显著,无Nb钢和0.050%Nb钢硬度分别增加了22 HV0.2和25 HV0.2。冷却速度为40 ℃/s时,无Nb试验钢中析出物主要为6～13 nm球形Ti(C, N)复合析出物;含Nb试验钢中主要为5～12 nm球形(Ti, Nb)(C, N)和10～15 nm方形(Ti, Nb)(C, N)复合析出物,含Nb试验钢析出物较多,因此析出强化作用更强。在高Ti耐候钢中,Nb产生的晶粒细化作用并不显著。在相同冷速下,0.050%Nb试验钢的硬度略高于无Nb试验钢,最大差值仅为11 HV0.2。     

亚共析钢搅拌摩擦加工组织与力学性能

采用K40钨钴硬质合金搅拌头对3 mm厚热轧退火态亚共析钢板进行了搅拌摩擦加工,对加工区域的宏观形貌、微观组织及力学性能进行了分析．结果表明,搅拌区和热力影响区为先共析块状铁素体、“针状”铁素体及珠光体,组织转变受动态再结晶和相变共同作用,热影响区组织为等轴状铁素体和片层状珠光体．搅拌摩擦加工对各区域中珠光体及析出渗碳体的分布形态影响显著．搅拌摩擦加工后试样显微硬度明显增加,抗拉强度相比母材提高8.2%,断裂位置位于母材处,加工前后试样断裂形式均为微孔聚合韧性断裂．固溶强化与相变强化对硬度和抗拉强度的提高起主要作用．     

Influence of copper on the structure and mechanical properties of pearlitic steels

The structure and mechanical properties of pearlitic steels, which contain ~0.6% carbon and copper in the amount of 1.25 and 1.4%, have been studied in the states immediately after the pearlitic transformation (with different rates of cooling) and after tempering at 500°C. It has been established that tempered pearlitic steel with copper is 10–15% stronger than the steel of similar composition without copper. The strengthening of copper-containing pearlitic steel after tempering is caused by the precipitation of copper particles 5–20 nm in size in the ferritic regions of pearlite and in grains of free ferrite.