Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Satureja kitaibelii essential oil against pathogenic microbial strains

Plant species Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff. is used as a spice and as a natural preservative for food and herbal tea, owing to its characteristic scent and flavor as well as high antimicrobial activity. In the present study, the antimicrobial activity of isolated essential oil of S. kitaibelii was tested against a panel of 30 pathogenic microorganisms (foodborne microbes, selected multiresistant bacterial isolates from the patient wounds and dermatophyte isolates). Limonene (15.54%), p-cymene (9.99%), and borneol (8.91%) appeared as the main components in 44 identified compounds representing 98.44% of the oil. Essential oil of S. kitaibelii showed significant activity against a wide spectrum of foodborne microbes (MIC=0.18-25.5 microg mL(-1)) and multiresistant bacterial isolates (MIC=6.25-50.0 microg mL(-1)), as well as against dermatophyte strains (MIC=12.5-50.0 microg mL(-1)). These results demonstrate that S. kitaibelii essential oil could be used as a natural potential antimicrobial agent against pathogenic strains in the treatment of foodborne disease, wound and skin infections.     

Mechanistic insights into an unprecedented C-C bond activation on a Rh/Ga bimetallic complex: a combined experimental/computational approach

The unusual rearrangement of [RhCp(GaCp)(CH(3))(2)] (1c) to [RhCp(C(5)Me(4)Ga(CH(3))(3))] (2) is presented and its mechanism is discussed in detail. (13)C MAS NMR spectroscopy revealed that the title reaction proceeds cleanly not only in solution but also in solid state, which supports a unimolecular reaction pathway. On the basis of (1)H, (13)C, and ROESY NMR spectroscopy as well as isolation and structural elucidation of the hydrolysis product, the compound [RhCp(endo-eta(4)-C(5)Me(5)GaMe(2))] (3a) was identified as a crucial reaction intermediate. DFT calculations on the B3LYP level of theory support this assignment and suggest a concerted C-C bond activation mechanism that topologically takes place at the gallium center. Furthermore, two fluxional processes of the reaction intermediate 3a were studied experimentally as well as by computational methods. First, a mechanism takes place similar to a ring-slipping process that exchanges a GaMe(2) group between adjacent ring carbon atoms within the same Cp ring. This process proceeds at a rate comparable to the NMR time scale and indeed is calculated to be energetically very favorable. Second, a unimolecular exchange process of the GaMe(2) group between the two Cp rings of 3a could be experimentally proven by the introduction of phenyl substituents as a label into the Cp ligands at both sites, the rhodium as well as the gallium center. A series of experiments including deuteration studies and competition reactions was performed to substantiate the suggested mechanism being in accordance with DFT calculations on possible transition states.     

Interpretation of solute retention of some monovalent inorganic anions in anion-exchange chromatography using a dicarboxylic Acid as an eluent.

In single-column anion-exchange chromatography, the retention volume of some monovalent inorganic anions (Cl(-), Br(-), NO(3)(-), NCS(-) and NO(2)(-)) were observed as a function of the pH of a mobile phase at a fixed concentration of 2-phenylmalonic acid or 1,4-benzenediacetic acid used as an eluent. The experimental retention volume of such an anion was decreased with an increase in the pH of a mobile phase, and was able to be described by the following equation taking account of anion-exchange equilibria of a sample anion with a hydrogen dicarboxylate ion (HE(-)) and with a dicarboxylate ion (E(2-)): alpha(1s)/V(R)'[HE(-)] = 1/m(T)wK(ex1) + (2K(a2)/m(T)w(2)K(ex2))(V(R)'/alpha(1s)[H(+)]), where V(R)', m(T), w, K(a2), K(ex1) and K(ex2) are the adjusted retention volume of a given sample anion, the capacity for the anion-exchange of column packings and the weight of column packings packed into a separating column, the second acid-dissociation constant of the dicarboxylic acid used as an eluent, and equilibrium constants for the anion exchange of a sample anion with a monovalent hydrogen dicarboxylate ion and with a divalent dicarboxylate ion, respectively. The term alpha(1s), defined as K(as)/([H(+)] + K(as)), where K(as) is the acid-dissociation constant of HX, is the mole fraction of a sample anion, X(-), and is equal to 1 when using a strong acid anion as a sample anion.     

Characterization of a sucrose/starch matrix through positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy: unravelling the decomposition and glass transition processes

The triplet state of positronium, o-Ps, is used as a probe to characterize a starch-20% w/w sucrose matrix as a function of temperature (T). A two-step decomposition (of sucrose, and then starch) starts at 440 K as shown by a decrease in the o-Ps intensity (I(3)) and lifetime (τ(3)), the latter also disclosing the occurrence of a glass transition. Upon sucrose decomposition, the matrix acquires properties (reduced size and density of nanoholes) that are different from those of pure starch. A model is successfully established, describing the variations of both I(3) and τ(3) with T and yields a glass transition temperature, T(g) = (446 ± 2) K, in spite of the concomitant sucrose decomposition. Unexpectedly, the starch volume fraction (as probed through thermal gravimetry) decreases with T at a higher rate than the free volume fraction (as probed through PALS).     

一步法合成螺双芴及螺氧杂蒽衍生物及其在有机发光二极管中的应用：性能增强及相关的光学现象关

以芴为原料,以钯为催化剂一步合成了2-(9-苯基芴基)-9,9′螺二芴(PF-SBF)。以PF-SBF作为有机发光二极管的发光及主体材料(FIrpic为磷光客体)时,观察到了不同于PF-SBF及FIrpic发光的红光带。这分别源于PF-SBF分子间的聚集和发光层/传输层诱导的激基复合物。通过选择合适的空穴和电子传输层,有效抑制了激基复合物的发光。同时,PF-SBF和TAPC双主体的结构不仅实现了纯FIrpic和Ir(ppy)3蓝光和绿光,还大幅提升了器件性能。蓝光、绿光器件的最大电流效率和最大亮度分达到16.7、50.5 cd·A^-1和7857 cd·m^-2(11 V)、23390 cd·m^-2(8 V)。另外,除了PF-SBF,利用相似的合成方法,我们也合成了2-(9-苯基芴基)-9,9′螺芴氧杂蒽(PF-SFX),其较大的三线态能级(2.8 eV)较PF-SBF更适合做蓝光主体。以TAPC和PFSFX为双主体的器件最大电流效率提升到了22.6 cd·A^-1。所有实验结果均表明,PF-SBF和PF-SFX是构建高效绿光/蓝光磷光主体材料的有效结构单元。     

Wire-coated silver(I) ion-selective electrode based on 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) ionophore: application to the determination of silver in real samples.

A new wire-coated silver ion-selective electrode with a wider concentration range (10(-7) M - 10(-1) M) was developed using 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) as a neutral ionophore. An optimum mixture of PVC, ionophore, dioctylphtalate (DOP) as a plasticizer and sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) as an ion-pairing agent was used in preparing the coatings. The effect of various parameters, such as the electrode bed nature, coating composition and solution pH, on the efficiency of the electrode is described. It has been shown that platinum acts as a more suitable bed for electrode preparation, and exhibits a slope of 59.5 +/- 1 mV over the whole range of studied concentrations. The selectivity coefficient of the electrode towards various interfering cations as well as its reproducibility, response time and lifetime of the electrode were estimated. The developed electrode was successfully used for the determination of trace amounts of silver in human hair and photographic waste as real samples and in the potentiometric titration of halides as an indicator electrode.     

Synthesis, characterization and anti proliferative effect of [Au(en)2]Cl3 and [Au(N-propyl-en)2]Cl3 on human cancer cell lines

Two Au(III) complexes of the type [Au(en)2]Cl3 (2a) and [Au(N-pr-en)2]Cl3 (3a) were synthesized by reacting Auric acid (HAuCl(4)·3H2O) with 2 equiv. ethylenediamine (en) or N-alkyl substituted ethylenediamine ligands. This metallodrug was characterized by various analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as elemental analysis, UV-Vis, Far-IR, 1H NMR and solution 13C as well as solid 13C and 15N NMR. Potentiality of [Au(en)2]Cl3 and [Au(N-pr-en)2]Cl3 as an anti-cancer agent were investigated by measuring some relevant physicochemical and biochemical properties such as stability of Au-N bonds by vibrational stretching from Far IR as well as cytotoxicity and stomach cancer cell inhibiting effect, respectively. The solid-state 15N NMR chemical shift shows that the ligand is strongly bound to gold(III) centre via N atoms. The computational study of 2a shows that the gold coordination sphere adopts distorted square planar geometry with bidentate ethylenediamine ligands acting as a tetradentate chelate. While stable in the solution state, the in vitro biological studies performed with these compounds 2a in solution showed higher activity towards the inhibitory effects of the human cancer cell lines such as prostate cancer (PC-3) and gastric carcinoma (SGC-7901) than that of the N-substituted gold(III) complex (3a). Cytotoxicity of the new compounds has also been estimated in PC-3 and SGC-7901 cells.     

The versatility of pentalene coordination to transition metals: a density functional theory investigation

DFT calculations with full geometry optimization have been carried out on a series of real and hypothetical compounds of the type [CpM(C8H6)], [(CO)3M(C8H6)], [M(C8H6)2], [(CpM)2(C8H6)], [[(CO)3M]2(C8H6)], and [M2(C8H6)2] (M = transition metal). The bonding in all the currently known compounds is rationalized, as well as in the (so far) hypothetical stable complexes. Depending on the electron count and the nature of the metal(s), eta2 (predicted), eta3, eta5, eta8, or intermediate coordination modes can be adopted. In the case of the mononuclear species, the most favored closed-shell electron counts are 18 and 16 metal valence electrons (MVE). In the case of the dinuclear species, an electron count of 34 MVEs is most favored. However, other electron counts can be stabilized, especially in the case of dinuclear complexes. Coordinated pentalene should most often be considered as formally being a dianion, but sometimes as a neutral ligand. In the former case it can behave as an aromatic species made of two equivalent fused rings, as a C5 aromatic ring connected to an allylic anion, or even as two allylic anions bridged by a C7=C8 double bond. In the latter case, it can behave as a bond-alternating cyclic polyene or as a C5 aromatic ring connected to an allylic cation.     

Lipid II: total synthesis of the bacterial cell wall precursor and utilization as a substrate for glycosyltransfer and transpeptidation by penicillin binding protein (PBP) 1b of Escherichia coli.

An essential feature in the life cycle of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria is the production of new cell wall. Also known as murein, the cell wall is a two-dimensional polymer, consisting of a linear, repeating N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) motif, cross-linked via peptides appended to MurNAc. The final steps in the maturation of murein are catalyzed by a single, bifunctional enzyme, known as a high MW, class A penicillin binding protein (PBP). PBPs catalyze polymerization of the sugar units (glycosyltransfer), as well as peptide cross-linking (transpeptidation) utilizing Lipid II as substrate. Detailed enzymology on this enzyme has been limited, due to difficulties in obtaining sufficient amounts of Lipid II, as well as the availability of a convenient and informative assay. We report the total chemical synthesis of Lipid II, as well as the development of an appropriate assay system and the observation of both catalytic transformations.     

Monolayers (Langmuir films) behavior of multi-component systems composed of a bile acid with different sterols and with their 1:1 mixtures

Different physicochemical properties of Langmuir films (monolayers) composed of 10 mixed systems of a bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DC) with various plant sterols, such as stigmasterol (Stig), beta-sitosterol (Sito) and campesterol (Camp) and a stanol, cholestanol (Chsta) in addition to an animal sterol, cholesterol (Ch) [these sterols and Chsta are abbreviated as St] and DC with 1:1 St mixtures; (Ch+Chsta), (Ch+Stig), (Stig+Chsta), (Ch+Sito) and (Ch+Camp) on the substrate of 5M aqueous NaCl solution (pH 1.2) at 25 degrees C, were investigated in terms of mean surface area per molecule (A(m)), the partial molecular area (PMA), surface excess Gibbs energy (DeltaG((ex))), interaction parameter (I(p)) as well as activity coefficients (f(1) and f(2)) in 2-D phase of each binary (or ternary) component system and elasticity (Cs(-1)) of formed films; these were analyzed on the basis of the respective surface pressure (pi) versus A(m) isotherms as a function of mole fraction of Sts (X(st)) in the DC/St(s) mixtures at discrete surface pressures. Notable findings are: (i) all the binary component systems did form patched film type monolayers consisting of (a) DC-dominant film solubilizing a trace amount of St molecules and (b) St dominant film dissolving a small amount of DC molecules, (ii) DC in 2-D phase exhibited a transition from LE film to LC film at a constant pressure (pi(C)(1)) accompanied by compression and (iii) DeltaG((ex)) as well as I(p) was found to be greatly dependent on (a) the combinations of DC with different St species and (b) to be markedly varied by a difference in mixing ratio of DC to Sts. Compressibility (or elasticity) analyses and fluorescence microscopy images could support the above findings as well as interpretation.     

A RuH(2)(CO)(PPh(3))(3)-catalyzed regioselective arylation of aromatic ketones with arylboronates via carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage

When the reaction of aromatic ketones with arylboronates (arylboronic acid esters) using RuH(2)(CO)(PPh(3))(3) (3) as a catalyst was conducted in toluene, the corresponding arylation product was obtained in moderate yields. In this case, a nearly equivalent amount of a benzyl alcohol derived from a reduction of an aromatic ketone was also formed. The use of aliphatic ketones, such as pinacolone and acetone, as an additive or a solvent dramatically suppressed the reduction of the aromatic ketones and, as a result, ortho-arylation products were obtained in high yield based on the aromatic ketones. In these reactions, the aliphatic ketone functioned as a scavenger of ortho-hydrogens of the aromatic ketones and the B(OR)(2) moiety of the arylboron compound (HB species). A variety of aromatic ketones, such as acetophenones, acetonaphthones, tetralones, and benzosuberone, could also be used in this coupling reaction. Several arylboronates containing electron-donating (NMe(2), OMe, and Me) and -withdrawing (CF(3) and F) groups were also applicable to this coupling reaction. Intermolecular competitive reaction using pivalophenone-d(0)() and -d(5) and intramolecular competitive reaction using pivalophenone-d(1) were carried out using 3 as a catalyst. The k(H)/k(D) value for the intermolecular competitive reaction was substantially different, compared with intramolecular competitive reaction. This strongly suggests the production of an intermediate where the ketone carbonyl is coordinated to the ruthenium involved in this catalytic reaction. (1)H and (11)B NMR studies using 2'-methylacetophenone, phenylboronate (2), and pinacolone (6) indicate that 6 functions effectively as a scavenger of the HB species.     

Partially linearized, fully size-extensive, and reduced multireference coupled-cluster methods. II. Applications and performance

The partially linearized (pl), fully size-extensive multireference (MR) coupled-cluster (CC) method, fully accounting for singles (S) and doubles (D) and approximately for a subset of primary higher than doubles, referred to as plMR CCSD, as well as its plMR CCSD(T) version corrected for secondary triples, as described in Part I of this paper [X. Li and J. Paldus, J. Chem. Phys. 128, 144118 (2008)], are applied to the problem of bond breaking in the HF, F2, H2O, and N2 molecules, as well as to the H4 model, using basis sets of a DZ or a cc-pVDZ quality that enable a comparison with the full configuration interaction (FCI) exact energies for a given ab initio model. A comparison of the performance of the plMR CCSD/CCSD(T) approaches with those of the reduced MR (RMR) CCSD/CCSD(T) methods, as well as with the standard single reference (SR) CCSD and CCSD(T) methods, is made in each case. For the H4 model and N2 we also compare our results with the completely renormalized (CR) CC(2,3) method [P. Piecuch and M. W?och, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 224105 (2005)]. An important role of a proper choice of the model space for the MR-type methods is also addressed. The advantages and shortcomings of all these methods are pointed out and discussed, as well as their size-extensivity characteristics, in which case we distinguish supersystems involving noninteracting SR and MR subsystems from those involving only MR-type subsystems. Although the plMR-type approaches render fully size-extensive results, while the RMR CCSD may slightly violate this property, the latter method yields invariably superior results to the plMR CCSD ones and is more easy to apply in highly demanding cases, such as the triple-bond breaking in the nitrogen molecule.     

Formation and composition of the precipitates of various metal 8-selenoquinoline complexes

The effect of acidity on the precipitation of various bivalent metal 8-selenoquinoline and 8-mercaptoquinoline complexes has been systematically studied and compared. The metal ions were Zn(2+), Cd(2+), Pb(2+), Mn2+, Ni(2+), Cu(2+) and Co(2+). Most of the metal ions, except copper(II) and cobalt(II), precipitate as a. 1:2 complex, metal :ligand. However, in hydrochloric acid solution cadmium precipitates as CdR(2).2HCl and lead as PbR(2).2HCl or PbR.Cl. Copper(II) is reduced to copper(I) and precipitates as CuR.RH at pH above 2.0 and as CuR in strongly acidic solution. Cobalt(II) does not give a precipitate of composition but appears to precipitate as a mixture of CoR(2).RH and fixed CoR(2) or as other complexes. The reasons for the formation of the various types of precipitate are considered.     

Transversely illuminated liquid core waveguide based fluorescence detection Fluorometric flow injection determination of aqueous ammonium/ammonia

The analytical performance of a new type of fluorescence detector, based on a transversely illuminated liquid core waveguide (LCW), has been investigated using the determination of NH(3)/NH(4)(+) as the 1-sulfonatoisoindole. With a very inexpensive combination of a miniature Hg blacklight as an excitation source, a colored plastic sheet as the emission filter, and an integrated blue sensitized photodiode-operational amplifier as the detector (totaling <$100 in hardware cost), we were able to achieve a limit of detection (LOD) of 35 nM (1.6 pmol) NH(3) with a linear dynamic range up to 60 muM NH(3). Details of detector construction and performance are given.     

Adsorption behavior of nicotine on periodic mesoporous organosilicas

In this study, we focused on the adsorption of nicotine from aqueous solution such as water and simulated body fluids (SBFs), where SBF has ion concentrations approximately equal to those of human blood plasma. We prepared periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) materials as adsorbents from 4,4-bis(triethoxysilyl)biphenyl (BTES-biphenyl), 1,4-bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene (BTES-benzene) and bis[3-(trimethoxy silyl)propyl]amine (BTMS-amine) as precursors and investigated on their adsorption behavior of nicotine as a guest material under different solvent conditions. For this work, two different kinds of SBF, c-SBF and r-SBF, have been chosen, where c-SBF is a transitional SBF solution, and r-SBF is a modified SBF solution that is closer to human blood plasma. Adsorption of nicotine on PMOs has been characterized by a UV-Vis spectroscopy. The adsorption behavior was strongly dependent on the isoelectric point and hydrophobicity of the PMO as well as the hydrophobicity of nicotine.     

Eco‐friendly,ultrasound‐assisted,and facile synthesis of one‐pot multicomponent reaction of acridine‐1,8(2H,5H)‐diones in an aqueous solvent

A one‐pot, multistep synthesis of acridine‐1,8(2H,5H)‐diones ( 4a–m ) was achieved by three‐component reaction of dimedone ( 1 ) with an aromatic aldehyde ( 2a–m ) and an ammonium acetate ( 3 ) using water as a green solvent without any catalyst and a simple, easily handled, and ultrasonic technique as well as conventional method.     

"Virtual injector" flow tube method for measuring relative rates kinetics of gas-phase and aerosol species

A new method for measuring gas-phase and aerosol reaction kinetics is described in which the gas flow, itself, acts as a "virtual injector" continuously increasing the contact time in analogy to conventional movable-injector kinetics techniques. In this method a laser is directed down the length of a flow tube, instantly initiating reaction by photodissociation of a precursor species at every point throughout the flow tube. Key tropospheric reactants such as OH, Cl, NO(3), and O(3) can be generated with nearly uniform concentrations along the length of the flow tube in this manner using 355 nm radiation from the third harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser. As the flow travels down the flow tube, both the gas-phase and particle-phase species react with the photogenerated radicals or O(3) for increasingly longer time before exiting and being detected. The advantages of this method are that (1) any wall loss of gas-phase and particle species is automatically accounted for, (2) the reactions are conducted under nearly pseudo-first-order conditions, (3) the progress of the reaction is followed as a continuous function of reaction time instead of reactant concentration, (4) data collection is quick with an entire decay trace being collected in as little as 1 min, (5) relative rates of several species can be measured simultaneously, and (6) bimolecular rate constants at least as small as k = 10(-17) (cm(3)/molecule)/s, or aerosol uptake coefficients at least as small as γ = 10(-4), can be measured. Using the virtual injector technique with an aerosol chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) as a detector, examples of gas-phase relative rates and uptake by oleic acid particles are given for OH, Cl, NO(3), and O(3) reactions with most agreeing to within 20% of published values, where available.     

Metal-organic frameworks constructed from versatile [WS4Cu(x)](x-2) units: micropores in highly interpenetrated systems

Five metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) formed by [WS(4)Cu(x)](x-2) secondary building units (SBUs) and multi-pyridyl ligands are presented. The [WS(4)Cu(x)](x-2) SBUs function as network vertexes showing various geometries and connectivities. Compound 1 contains one-dimensional channels formed in fourfold interpenetrating diamondoid networks with a hexanuclear [WS(4)Cu(5)](3+) unit as SBU, which shows square-pyramidal geometry and acts as a tetrahedral node. Compound 2 contains brick-wall-like layer also with a hexanuclear [WS(4)Cu(5)](3+) unit as SBU. The [WS(4)Cu(5)](3+) unit in 2 is a new type of [WS(4)Cu(x)](x-2) cluster unit in which the five Cu(+) ions are in one plane with the W atom, forming a planar unit. Compound 3 shows a nanotubular structure with a pentanuclear [WS(4)Cu(4)](2+) unit as SBU, which is saddle-shaped and acts as a tetrahedral node. Compound 4 contains large cages formed between two interpenetrated (10,3)-a networks also with a pentanuclear [WS(4)Cu(4)](2+) unit acting as a triangular node. The [WS(4)Cu(4)](2+) unit in 4 is isomeric to that in 3 and first observed in a MOF. Compound 5 contains zigzag chains with a tetrahedral [WS(4)Cu(3)](+) unit as SBU, which acts as a V-shaped connector. The influence of synthesis conditions including temperature, ligand, anions of Cu(I) salts, and the ratio of [NH(4)](2)WS(4) to Cu(I) salt on the formation of these [WS(4)Cu(x)](x-2)-based MOFs were also studied. Porous MOF 3 is stable upon removal and exchange of the solvent guests, and when accommodating different solvent molecules, it exhibits specific colors depending on the polarity of incorporated solvent, that is, it shows a rare solvatochromic effect and has interesting prospects in sensing applications.     

选择性接聚乙烯醇枝聚醚氨酯的合成及其血液相容性

合成了α－甲基，ω－（２，３－环氧丙基）－聚乙二醇醚（Ⅱ）．经水解得到悬挂聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）枝的丙二醇－２，３（Ⅲ）．用二元醇（Ⅲ）为扩链剂制得了在硬链段上接有ＰＥＧ枝的聚醚氨酯（Ｈ－ＰＥＵ）．以四氢呋喃与少量大分子单体（Ⅱ）进行正离子开环共聚合制得每个链接有约１．３个ＰＥＧ枝的聚丁二醇（Ⅳ），用以合成了在软链段上接有ＰＥＧ枝的聚醚氨酯（Ｓ－ＰＥＵ）．ＥＳＣＡ及抗凝血性研究结果表明，不同位置接枝的ＰＥＵ，其表面都有明显的聚醚链段富集．Ｓ－ＰＥＵ抗凝血复钙时间只比未接枝者增长约２０％，而Ｈ－ＰＥＵ则增约一倍，比Ｓ－ＰＥＵ增约６０％．随ＰＥＧ最增大，复钙时间增长．     

Activated graphene as a cathode material for Li-ion hybrid supercapacitors

Chemically activated graphene ('activated microwave expanded graphite oxide', a-MEGO) was used as a cathode material for Li-ion hybrid supercapacitors. The performance of a-MEGO was first verified with Li-ion electrolyte in a symmetrical supercapacitor cell. Hybrid supercapacitors were then constructed with a-MEGO as the cathode and with either graphite or Li(4)Ti(5)O(12) (LTO) for the anode materials. The results show that the activated graphene material works well in a symmetrical cell with the Li-ion electrolyte with specific capacitances as high as 182 F g(-1). In a full a-MEGO/graphite hybrid cell, specific capacitances as high as 266 F g(-1) for the active materials at operating potentials of 4 V yielded gravimetric energy densities for a packaged cell of 53.2 W h kg(-1).