3D seismic analysis of gravity-driven and basement influenced normal fault growth in the deepwater Otway Basin,Australia

We use three-dimensional (3D) seismic reflection data to analyse the structural style and growth of a normal fault array located at the present-day shelf-edge break and into the deepwater province of the Otway Basin, southern Australia. The Otway Basin is a Late Jurassic to Cenozoic, rift-to-passive margin basin. The seismic reflection data images a NW-SE (128–308) striking, normal fault array, located within Upper Cretaceous clastic sediments and which consists of ten fault segments. The fault array contains two hard-linked fault assemblages, separated by only 2 km in the dip direction. The gravity-driven, down-dip fault assemblage is entirely contained within the 3D seismic survey, is located over a basement plateau and displays growth commencing and terminating during the Campanian-Maastrichtian, with up to 1.45 km of accumulated throw (vertical displacement). The up-dip normal fault assemblage penetrates deeper than the base of the seismic survey, but is interpreted to be partially linked along strike at depth to major basement-involved normal faults that can be observed on regional 2D seismic lines. This fault assemblage displays growth initiating in the Turonian-Santonian and has accumulated up to 1.74 km of throw.Our detailed analysis of the 3D seismic data constraints post-Cenomanian fault growth of both fault assemblages into four evolutionary stages: [1] Turonian-Santonian basement reactivation during crustal extension between Australia and Antarctica. This either caused the upward propagation of basement-involved normal faults or the nucleation of a vertically isolated normal fault array in shallow cover sediments directly above the reactivated basement-involved faults; [2] continued Campanian-Maastrichtian crustal extension and sediment loading eventually created gravitational instability on the basement plateau, nucleating a second, vertically isolated normal fault array in the cover sediments; [3] eventual hard-linkage of fault segments in both fault arrays to form two along-strike, NW-SE striking fault assemblages, and; [4] termination of fault growth in the latest Maastrichtian. We document high variability of throw along-strike and down-dip for both fault assemblages, thereby providing evidence for lateral and vertical segment linkage. Our results highlight the complexities involved in the growth of both gravity-driven normal fault arrays (such as those present in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Mexico) and basement-linked normal fault arrays (such as those present in the North Sea and Suez Rift) with the interaction of an underlying and reactivating basement framework. This study provides an excellent example of spatial variability in growth of two normal fault assemblages over relatively short spatial scales (∼2 km separation down-dip).     

渤海湾盆地大歧口凹陷断裂系统与陆内拉分断陷

大歧口凹陷位于渤海湾盆地中部,是在中生代构造基础上形成的新生代构造单元,是我国最具勘探价值的大型富油气凹陷。前人对大歧口凹陷盆地结构、断裂构造、演化特征方面有了较为深入的研究,但对凹陷内主要断裂的分段活动特征、构造迁移,以及新生代基底走滑-盖层伸展构造体系的深浅部耦合关系并未进行全面细致的研究,这在一定程度上限制了对凹陷内断裂活动特征、构造成因机制、断裂拓展演化规律详细的构造分析。本文在精细解释、深入分析地球物理资料的基础上,开展了详细的构造研究。研究表明,歧口凹陷充填格局主控断裂为东西走向,近南北向的沿岸变换带是主变换带;新生代的构造体系受北东向右行基底走滑断裂和东西向的盖层伸展构造的双重控制,并形成三级断阶带。基底-盖层断裂的耦合方式主要有两种:一是在盖层中形成强制性褶皱传递基底走滑,二是在盖层中形成一系列雁列式正断层。欧亚板块下的地幔物质在印度板块和太平洋板块两大构造系统的共同作用下,自南向北迁移并上涌,导致歧口凹陷主要断裂的规模、活动期以及断裂活动由南西向北东迁移、演化。     

Late Cretaceous Transpressional Fault System: A Case Study of the Yishu Fault Belt, Shandong Province, Eastern China

On the basis of field observations of the structures of three profiles from the Linshu region, deformation characteristics and the tectonic background of the Yishu fault belt in the Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic have been discussed in detail.Three structural profiles, whose deformations consist mainly of earlier transpressional faults and later normal faults, were developed for the Mengtuan Formation of the Lower Cretaceous Dasheng Group.Typical positive flower structures, duplex structures, and break-through faults were found in these profiles.On the basis of analyses of the structural deformation and previous geochronological studies, it was concluded that the earlier transpressional faults of the profiles were triggered by the sinistral transpression of the Yishu fault belt in the Late Cretaceous–Early Paleogene, and that the later normal faults, formed during the Late Paleogene–Neogene extension, truncated the earlier transpressional faults.With consideration of the tectonic evolution of the Tan-Lu fault belt and the different drift directions of the Pacific plate since the Cretaceous, we suggest that the major tectonic events of the Late Cretaceous–Neogene in eastern China were mainly controlled by the subduction of the Pacific plate.     

Growth of normal faults in multilayer sequences: A 3D seismic case study from the Egersund Basin,Norwegian North Sea

We investigate the structural style and evolution of a salt-influenced, extensional fault array in the Egersund Basin (Norwegian North Sea) through analysis of 3D reflection seismic and well data. Analysis of fault geometry/morphology, throw distribution and syn-kinematic strata reveal an intricate but systematic style of displacement and growth, suggesting an evolution of (1) initial syn-sedimentary fault growth contemporaneous with salt mobilization initiated during the Late Triassic, (2) cessation of fault activity and burial of the stagnant fault tips, and (3) subsequent nucleation of new faults in the cover above contemporaneous salt re-mobilization initiated during the Late Cretaceous, with downward propagation and linkage with faults. Stage 3 was apparently largely controlled by salt mobilization in response to basin inversion, as reactivated faults are located where the underlying salt is thick, while the non-reactivated faults are found where salt is depleted. Based on the 3D-throw analyses, we conclude that a combination of basement faulting and salt (re-) mobilization is the driving mechanisms behind fault activation and reactivation. Even though the sub- and supra-salt faults are mainly geometrically decoupled through the salt, a kinematic coupling must have existed as sub-salt faults still affected nucleation and localization of the cover faults.     

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起北缘的吐木休克断裂与巴东断裂

吐木休克断裂位于塔里木盆地西部,巴楚隆起和阿瓦提凹陷之间,是一条大型基底卷入型冲断构造。走向NW‐SE,呈弧形向NEE凸出;倾向巴楚隆起。根据构造变形特征,断裂自NW向SE可以划分为4段。Ⅰ和Ⅲ段为简单基底卷入型冲断构造段;Ⅱ段发育背冲断层,与主干断层呈“y”字型剖面组合关系;Ⅳ段为基底卷入型楔状构造,主冲断层顶部出现一条向巴楚隆起逆冲的反冲断层。断裂上盘发育背斜,下盘有明显的“牵引构造”,显示吐木休克断裂可能是由吐木休克背斜北翼突破形成的,是一条褶皱相关断层。吐木休克断裂形成于中新世晚期至上新世初,持续演化至第四纪。断裂带上发育的上新世末—第四纪初正断层代表印度—亚洲碰撞脉动式远程效应的一个构造间歇期。吐木休克断裂东侧的巴东断裂是巴楚隆起与塔中隆起的过渡构造带,雏形形成于奥陶纪晚期—志留纪,晚新生代复活。     

Jurassic extension and Cenozoic inversion tectonics in the Asturian Basin,NW Iberian Peninsula: 3D structural model and kinematic evolution

We constructed a geological map, a 3D model and cross-sections, carried out a structural analysis, determined the stress fields and tectonic transport vectors, restored a cross section and performed a subsidence analysis to unravel the kinematic evolution of the NE emerged portion of the Asturian Basin (NW Iberian Peninsula), where Jurassic rocks crop out. The major folds run NW-SE, normal faults exhibit three dominant orientations: NW-SE, NE-SW and E-W, and thrusts display E-W strikes. After Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic thermal subsidence, Middle Jurassic doming occurred, accompanied by normal faulting, high heat flow and basin uplift, followed by Upper Jurassic high-rate basin subsidence. Another extensional event, possibly during Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, caused an increment in the normal faults displacement. A contractional event, probably of Cenozoic age, led to selective and irregularly distributed buttressing and fault reactivation as reverse or strike-slip faults, and folding and/or offset of some previous faults by new generation folds and thrusts. The Middle Jurassic event could be a precursor of the Bay of Biscay and North Atlantic opening that occurred from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, whereas the Cenozoic event would be responsible for the Pyrenean and Cantabrian ranges and the partial closure of the Bay of Biscay.     

Late Cenozoic transtensional fault belt discovered on the boundary of the Awati Sag in the northwestern Tarim Basin

Late Cenozoic transtensional fault belt was discovered on Shajingzi fault belt, NW boundary of the Awati Sag in the northwestern Tarim Basin. And numerous Quaternary normal faults were discovered on Aqia and Tumuxiuke fault belts, SW boundary of Awati. This discovery reveals Quaternary normal fault activity in the Tarim Basin for the first time. It is also a new discovery in the southern flank of Tianshan Mountains. Shajingzi transtensional fault belt is made up of numerous, small normal faults. Horizontally, the normal faults are arranged in right-step, en echelon patterns along the preexisting Shajingzi basement fault, forming a sinistral transtensional normal fault belt. In profile, they cut through the Paleozoic to the mid-Quaternary and combine to form negative flower structures. The Late Cenozoic normal faults on the SW boundary of Awati Sag were distributed mainly in the uplift side of the preexisting Aqia and Tumuxiuke basement-involved faults, and combined to form small horst and graben structures in profile. Based on the intensive seismic interpretation, careful fault mapping, and growth index analysis, we conclude that the normal fault activity of Shajingzi transtensional fault belt began from Late Pliocene and ceased in Late Pleistocene (mid-Quaternary). And the normal faulting on the SW boundary of Awati Sag began from the very beginning of Quaternary and ceased in Pleistocene. The normal faulting on Awati’s SW boundary began a little later than those on the NW boundary. The origin of Shajingzi transtensional normal fault belt was due to the left-lateral strike-slip occurred in the southern flank of Tianshan, and then, due to the eastward escape of the Awati block, a tensional stress developed the normal faults on its SW boundary.     

河西走廊西段花海断裂几何学、运动学及区域构造意义

花海断裂位于河西走廊西段花海盆地内,总体走向NNW-SSE,长约38 km,为一条隐伏断裂,研究其空间展布、运动性质和活动历史对于理解青藏高原北缘的构造变形和扩展方式有重要意义.基于卫片解译、野外实地和槽探,结合光释光测年和地球物理资料,发现沿双泉子、大泉至小泉一带,发育一段长约8 km的地形陡坎,代表断裂控制下褶皱作...     

塔里木盆地西南坳陷发现晚新生代伸展构造

通过认真、系统的地震资料解释, 我们在塔里木盆地西南坳陷首次发现晚新生代正断层。 这些正断层发育于西南坳陷的东北部, 走向 NE-SW, 剖面上组合成堑垒构造, 个别剖面上显示负花状构造特征。 正断层主要发育于新生界, 向上断至的最高层位是第四系更新统下部。 倾向相反的正断层向下交汇后断距消失, 断层继续向下延伸的情况不清楚。 根据断距 变化和生长指数计算, 正断层形成于上新世晚期, 持续演化至更新世早期。 正断层的形成演化过程与以往在阿瓦提凹陷、巴楚隆起和塘沽孜巴斯坳陷发现的晚新生代正断层基本一致, 正断层活动时间为 ca. 3～2 Ma。 它们形成于一个区域性弱伸展构造应力场, 代表印度-亚洲碰撞远程效应下, 塔里木盆地脉式挤压冲断过程中的一个构造间歇期。     

The Mesozoic structural evolution of the Gorgon Platform,North Carnarvon Basin,Australia

The Gorgon Platform is located on the southeastern edge of the Exmouth Plateau in the North Carnarvon Basin, North West Shelf, Australia. A structural analysis using three-dimensional (3D) seismic data has revealed four major sets of extensional faults, namely, (1) the Exmouth Plateau extensional fault system, (2) the basin bounding fault system (Exmouth Plateau–Gorgon Platform Boundary Fault), (3) an intra-rift fault system in the graben between the Exmouth Plateau and the Gorgon Platform and (4) an intra-rift fault system within the graben between the Exmouth Plateau and the Exmouth Sub-basin. Fault throw-length analyses imply that the initial fault segments, which formed the Exmouth Plateau–Gorgon Platform Boundary Fault (EG Boundary Fault), were subsequently connected vertically and laterally by both soft- and hard-linked structures. These major extensional fault systems were controlled by three different extensional events during the Early and Middle Jurassic, Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, and illustrate the strong role of structural inheritance in determining fault orientation and linkage. The Lower and Middle Jurassic and Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous syn-kinematic sequences are separated by unconformities.     

塔里木盆地阿瓦提凹陷周缘的晚新生代张扭性断层带

塔里木盆地西北部的阿瓦提凹陷周缘发育晚新生代正断层,其中第四纪的正断层活动是塔里木盆地构造地质研究的新发现。这些正断层受先存基底断裂控制,平面上沿沙井子断裂带、阿恰断裂带和吐木休克断裂带右阶式雁列状分布,构成右阶左旋张扭性正断层带。剖面上,向下断达下古生界后不清楚,向上断至第四系上部,构成阶梯状或小型地堑(或负花状构造)构造。生长系数计算结果表明,正断层带形成于新近纪末,第四纪早-中期持续活动,到第四纪晚期停止活动。这些张扭性正断层带的成因是阿瓦提地块相对于周边地质体的顺时针旋转而致,其动力学来源于印度板块与欧亚板块陆-陆碰撞,在晚喜马拉雅山期依然持续作用而导致的远程效应。     

苏丹-南苏丹穆格莱德盆地苏夫焉凹陷构造特征及演化

通过识别地震剖面构造样式、恢复骨干剖面构造演化历史,研究了苏丹-南苏丹穆格莱德盆地苏夫焉凹陷构造特征及其构造演化。结果表明：苏夫焉凹陷整体为南陡北缓的地堑结构,构造格局呈现东西分区、南北分带,正断层相关构造样式可识别出“两类五种”,其中以基底卷入型铲式正断层、沉积盖层旋转型平面正断层为主。伴随中非剪切带以及周缘板块的构造演化,凹陷经历了早白垩世巴雷姆期-晚白垩世土伦期、晚白垩世末期-古近纪古新世、新近纪至今3期强-弱-弱断坳演化阶段,其中在第一演化阶段的早期-Abu Gabra组第四段、第五段沉积时期,沉积中心位于凹陷中南部,而之后的演化阶段,沉积中心位于紧邻南部边界断层的洼陷带,并由此推测凹陷中部将是深层系（Abu Gabra 4段）油气勘探的有利区。     

柴达木盆地北缘南八仙背斜深、浅断裂系统耦合分析

柴达木盆地内部发育有丰富的基底和浅层断裂，二者之间的成因机制目前还存在较大争议。文章基于高精度三维地 震反射数据和钻井资料，对柴达木盆地北缘南八仙背斜的深、浅断裂系统的几何形态和相互耦合关系进行了分析。南八仙 地区主要发育两条近EW走向的高角度基底断裂，分别为南倾的马仙断裂和北倾的仙南断裂，都是中生代晚期就开始发育 的老断裂，并在新生代重新活化。在新生界内部还发育NW走向和近EW走向两组浅层正断层体系，断距都很小。NW走向 正断层主要位于马仙断裂南侧（上盘），呈雁列式排列。近EW走向正断层范围较小，仅局限在南八仙背斜核部、仙南断裂 上部，由一系列近平行的正断层组成，在仙南断裂上部形成一个小型的地堑构造，切割了NW走向的正断层体系。分析认 为NW走向正断层与马仙断裂左旋走滑导致的尾端拉张有关，而近EW走向正断层体系与高角度仙南断裂逆冲活动导致的 浅层剪切拉张有关。综合前人研究成果认为柴达木盆地广泛存在的浅层断裂成因多变，深、浅断裂耦合关系十分复杂，先 存断裂在新生代构造活动中起到了一定的控制作用。     

塔里木盆地玛扎塔格构造带断裂构造分析

玛扎塔格构造带是麦盖提斜坡与巴楚断隆之间的一条边界断裂带,其中已发现和田河气田。断裂构造对于圈闭的形成和油气运聚成藏具有决定性的制约作用。通过系统的地震剖面解释,在玛扎塔格构造带识别出3期断裂构造:第1期构造活动以中寒武统的膏盐层为主滑脱面,由麦盖提斜坡向巴楚断隆冲断,伴生有断层传播褶皱发育,形成于新生界沉积之前,玛扎塔格背斜形成;这期冲断构造是本次研究的一个新发现。第2期活动为基底卷入型挤压走滑断裂,由相互背冲、近于平行的玛南断层和玛北断层组成,形成于中新世末,玛扎塔格背冲断块背斜形成。第3期活动以古近系底部的膏盐层为主滑脱面,由麦盖提斜坡向巴楚断隆冲断,也伴有断层传播褶皱发育,形成于更新世—全新世。在此基础上讨论了区域构造演化对玛扎塔格构造带3期断裂活动的形成和发育的控制。     

银额盆地及周缘的两期晚新生代伸展构造:喜马拉雅碰撞造山远程效应的两个构造间歇期

银额盆地是中亚造山带南缘的一个中-新生代沉积盆地。在2017～2018年的野外地质调查期间,我们在银额盆地及周缘发现了多处晚新生代的伸展构造。这些伸展构造主要是一系列的正断层,还有同期的“X”共轭节理。相邻的两条倾向相对的正断层形成地堑。杭乌拉南正断层和鼎新镇北地堑形成于第四纪晚期,北山煤矿的正断层活动时间可能也是第四纪晚期。第四纪晚期正断层走向近E-W;伴生的鼎新镇北“X”共轭节理由走向NE-SW和NW-SE两组近直立的节理组成。苏宏图背斜上发育的正断层形成于新近纪晚期—第四纪早期,走向近E-W。古应力场分析,两期伸展构造的最大主拉张应力方向都是近N-S。这两期晚新生代伸展构造属于喜马拉雅碰撞造山的远程效应的组成部分,代表了远程效应脉动式演化过程的两个构造间歇期。     

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起北缘吐木休克弧形基底卷入斜向滑移构造

石油地震资料揭示塔里木盆地中央巴楚隆起为结晶基底和古生代地层相对隆升区,地表为第四纪陆相碎屑岩不整合覆盖,隐伏隆起大部分区域缺失中、新生界。在隆起南北两侧构造变形比较强烈,均发育基底卷入的逆冲构造和古生界内逆冲构造。根据钻井资料和二维地震测线详细的构造解释,应用断层相关褶皱理论得知：吐木休克基底卷入逆冲断层是在中生界早期形成的基底卷入楔形构造的基础上,在新生界晚期再次活动形成的;新生代晚期中亚地区强烈陆内变形,导致塔里木盆地先期形成的巴楚隆起再次挤压隆升;晚期变形过程中,先存构造与形成新构造挤压方向的偏差导致新构造发育有走滑分量,形成典型的斜向挤压构造——吐木休克旋转弧形构造。平面分布上,弧形构造东西向延伸的中段和北东向延伸的西段,早期为基底卷入楔形构造,晚期发育基底卷入逆冲构造;近北西向延伸的东段,晚期发育基底卷入楔形构造叠加在早期基底卷入楔形构造之上,说明该构造至少经历了两期变形。由于晚期基底卷入逆冲断层具有走滑分量,导致盖层单斜构造发育3类应变带及相应构造：拉伸变形带发育的正断层、剪切变形带发育的走滑断层及挤压应变带即走滑构造分量;西段发育左行逆冲走滑断裂带及伸展变形;东段发育右行逆冲走滑断裂带。弧形构造西部发育的构造样式与2012年Keating等模拟的斜向断层位移形成的构造样式非常相似,说明弧形构造西段吐木休克基底卷入逆冲构造具有走滑分量,从而合理地解释了该区发育的构造样式及正断层形成机制。     

大杨树盆地的构造特征及变形期次

大杨树盆地是叠置于大兴安岭造山带的东部,与松辽盆地紧邻,呈北北东向长条带状展布的中新生代断陷-坳陷型盆地。大杨树盆地经历了多期变形作用,具有以伸展构造为主、并被挤压构造和反转构造叠加的构造特征。早白垩世龙江期主要受到了NWW—SEE向的拉伸作用,形成一系列北北东向控陷犁式正断层组合,在控陷断层的上盘发育小型箕状断陷;早白垩世九峰山期,大杨树盆地受挤压作用控制,使早期形成的断陷盆地发生反转作用,形成正反转构造,同时在某些地段形成逆冲断层和断层传播褶皱;早白垩世甘河期,大杨树盆地再次受到伸展作用,形成了一系列北北东向小型断陷。早白垩世晚期(甘河期之后)—晚白垩世早期,大杨树盆地受到强烈的挤压作用,使早期控陷正断层出现正反转作用,在盆地的浅部形成大型断层传播褶皱,使大杨树盆地全面隆升遭受剥蚀。第四纪大杨树盆地具有伸展的特征,发育一系列小型伸展断陷。     

柴达木盆地北缘南八仙背斜深、浅断裂系统耦合分析

柴达木盆地内部发育有丰富的基底和浅层断裂,二者之间的成因机制目前还存在较大争议。文章基于高精度三维地 震反射数据和钻井资料,对柴达木盆地北缘南八仙背斜的深、浅断裂系统的几何形态和相互耦合关系进行了分析。南八仙 地区主要发育两条近EW走向的高角度基底断裂,分别为南倾的马仙断裂和北倾的仙南断裂,都是中生代晚期就开始发育 的老断裂,并在新生代重新活化。在新生界内部还发育NW走向和近EW走向两组浅层正断层体系,断距都很小。NW走向 正断层主要位于马仙断裂南侧（上盘）,呈雁列式排列。近EW走向正断层范围较小,仅局限在南八仙背斜核部、仙南断裂 上部,由一系列近平行的正断层组成,在仙南断裂上部形成一个小型的地堑构造,切割了NW走向的正断层体系。分析认 为NW走向正断层与马仙断裂左旋走滑导致的尾端拉张有关,而近EW走向正断层体系与高角度仙南断裂逆冲活动导致的 浅层剪切拉张有关。综合前人研究成果认为柴达木盆地广泛存在的浅层断裂成因多变,深、浅断裂耦合关系十分复杂,先 存断裂在新生代构造活动中起到了一定的控制作用。     

塔里木盆地上新世晚期—更新世早期伸展构造:喜马拉雅碰撞造山远程效应的一个构造间歇期

受控于印度-亚洲碰撞的远程效应,中亚地区的晚新生代挤压冲断构造异常发育,同时发育少量区域挤压构造背景下派生的局部伸展构造。以往的研究没有发现晚新生代区域性伸展构造。我们通过认真、系统的地震资料解释,在塔里木盆地发现一系列上新世晚期-更新世早期的正断层。这些正断层主要分布于塔里木盆地西部的阿瓦提坳陷、巴楚隆起、麦盖提斜坡以及塘古孜巴斯坳陷。正断层走向NW-SE和NE-SW,剖面上组合成堑-垒构造,仅塔里木盆地西北缘沿沙井子断裂带分布的上新世晚期-更新世早期正断层带组合成负花状构造,显示出张扭性断层带的特征。根据生长指数计算,正断层活动的起始时间是上新世晚期（ca.3 Ma）,持续演化至更新世早期（ca.2 Ma）,然后停止活动。这些正断层形成于一个弱的区域性伸展构造背景;这期正断层活动代表印度-亚洲碰撞远程效应下,中亚地区脉动挤压冲断过程中的一个构造间歇期。     

余姚—丽水断裂带嵊州地区燕山期主要构造特征

余姚—丽水断裂带是浙东南地区活动时间长、延伸远、发育比较宽的一条NE—NNE展布的断裂构造带,在浙江嵊州地区上火山岩系磨石山群和下火山岩系永康群中构造形迹表现十分明显。余姚—丽水断裂带由一系列NE—NNE向控制区内白垩纪盆地形成与发展的正断层,以及NE—NNE走向、自北西向南东逆冲的叠瓦状断层和轴迹呈NE—NNE向的褶皱组成。通过对其构造活动特征及控制新老地层的时序关系研究,结合区域构造活动规律和时空演化关系等综合分析认为: 正断层形成时间较早,控制白垩纪盆地的形成和发展,与早白垩世岩石圈伸展减薄形成的拉张作用密切相关; 叠瓦状逆冲断层及斜歪褶皱、紧闭同斜褶皱等褶、断构造组合形成于晚白垩世之后,其动力学机制可能与古太平洋构造域向太平洋构造域的转换效应有关。研究成果为深入探讨浙东地区燕山期构造演化提供了新的素材和资料。