氮肥施用量对机插优质晚稻产量和稻米品质的影响

本试验为筛选适合优质丰产机插晚稻的最佳氮肥用量,以优质双季晚稻泰优398、黄华占、天优华占、美香新占4个品种为试验材料,在机插条件下设0、135、180、255 kg hm–2四个施氮水平,测定产量构成及稻米品质指标。结果表明,适当增施氮肥可增加优质双季晚稻产量,施氮量为180kghm–2时产量最高。除黄华占的整精米率外,施氮量为180 kg hm–2时各品种的糙米率、精米率和整精米率最高。随施氮量的增加,机插优质双季晚稻的垩白粒率和垩白度降低,米粒长宽比变大,蛋白质含量和胶稠度均增加,直链淀粉含量减少;峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、最终黏度逐渐下降,消减值增加,糊化温度呈上升趋势。适当增施氮肥可改善机插优质晚稻加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮和营养品质,但RVA特性有变劣趋势。180 kg hm–2的施氮量可使机插优质双季晚稻优质和高产达到较好的协调统一。     

灌浆温度和氮肥及其互作效应对稻米贮藏蛋白组分的影响

灌浆结实期温度与氮肥施用量是影响稻米品质的两个重要生态因子,尤其是与稻米蛋白含量及米饭食味关系密切。本文以多个水稻主栽品种为材料,通迆灌浆结实期的人工控温试验、大田长期定位点的施氮处理试验和盆栽条件下的温氮两因素复合处理试验,探讨了水稻灌浆结实期温度对稻米贮藏蛋白含量与组分影响及其有别于氮肥处理效应的差异觃律,幵分析了温度与氮肥两个因素对稻米贮藏蛋白及其组分影响的交互作用特点。结果表明,高温胁迫和增施氮肥均引起水稻籽粒总蛋白及其谷蛋白组分含量(%)的显著增加,但两者对稻米醇溶蛋白影响却存在明显差别。其中,高温处理引起醇溶蛋白含量显著下降,提高稻米谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值,而增施氮肥引起稻米谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量明显增加,但对谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值与贮藏蛋白各亚基的组成比例影响相对较小。在高温处理下,谷蛋白的57kD前体亚基组分含量有所提高,而37kD酸性亚基和22kD碱性亚基随温度处理的差异变化却因品种而异,且高温处理对水稻籽粒蛋白绝对含量(mg grain^–1)的影响程度也进没有其对蛋白相对含量(%)的影响明显。高氮×高温处理组合对稻米总蛋白与谷蛋白含量的影响程度显著大...     

Detection of QTLs for white-back and basal-white grains caused by high temperature during ripening period in japonica rice

There is increasing evidence that global warming affects the development of rice. High temperatures during ripening increase the ratio of undesirable chalky grains followed by deteriorating grain appearance quality. In order to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling the occurrence of white-back and basal-white chalky grains of brown rice, QTL analysis was performed using recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between two strains, ‘Tsukushiroman’ (sensitive to heat stress) and ‘Chikushi 52’ (tolerant of heat stress). The F₇ and F₈ lines were exposed to heat stress during the ripening period in two locations, Fukuoka and Kagoshima, in Japan. QTLs for white-back grains and basal-white grains were detected on chromosomes 1, 3, and 8, and those for basal-white grains were detected on chromosomes 2, 3, and 12. QTLs on chromosome 8 for white-back grains were shared in the plants grown in both locations. Near-isogenic lines (NILs), which harbored a segment from ‘Chikushi 52’ on chromosome 8 with the genetic background of ‘Tsukushiroman’, showed relatively lower ratios of white-back grains than ‘Tsukushiroman’. Therefore, insertion of the ‘Chikushi 52’ genomic region of the QTL on chromosome 8 can improve the quality of rice when it is grown under heat stress conditions.     

控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量及氮肥利用的影响

研究籼粳杂交稻钵苗摆栽超高产栽培模式下适宜的控释氮肥运筹。试验于2016—2017年在安徽庐江进行,以当地高产籼粳杂交稻甬优1540为供试品种,设置控释氮肥一次性基施(single basal application of CRNF, BC)、与尿素分蘖肥配施(basal application of CRNF combined with urea top-dressing at the tillering stage, BC+TU)、与尿素穗肥配施(basal application of CRNF combined with urea top-dressing at panicle initiation, BC+PU)三种运筹模式,以尿素分次施肥(conventional high-yield fertilization,SU)和不施氮肥(0N)为对照,研究控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻产量、氮肥吸收利用及相关农艺指标的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥阶段释放基蘖肥:穗肥比例为7∶3,较传统优化氮肥运筹SU (6∶4)整体表现基蘖肥冗余,穗肥不足,因而BC和BC+TU处理显著降低了钵苗摆...     

甬优系列籼粳杂交稻产量及氮素吸收利用的差异

从24个甬优系列籼粳杂交稻品种(系)中,根据不同产量水平和氮素农学利用率筛选出具有代表性的3种类型(高产氮高效、高产氮中效、中产氮中效),系统比较各类型产量和氮素农学利用率,以探究高产氮高效型籼粳杂交稻产量和氮素吸收利用特征。结果表明,高产氮高效型产量显著高于高产氮中效型和中产氮中效型,分别高4.04%～4.38%和13.37%～13.41%,其高产原因在于群体颖花量大,能达到5.87×10⁸～6.20×10⁸ hm^–2。与高产氮中效型和中产氮中效型相比,高产氮高效型成穗率高,能保持在68.83%～70.05%;抽穗期叶面积指数高,且生育后期衰减平缓,成熟期叶面积指数在3.85以上;抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量大,达7.91～7.99thm^–2,全生育期干物质量可达21.15～21.46thm–2。在氮素吸收利用方面,高产氮高效型总吸氮量显著高于高产氮中效型和中产氮中效型,分别高5.07%～5.14%和4.50%～5.96%;拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期氮素吸收速率表现为高产氮高效型>高产氮中效型&...     

不同机械化栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳水稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用的影响

以优质食味粳稻南粳9108为材料,纯氮270 kg hm–2施氮条件下,设置了钵苗机插、毯苗机插2种栽培方式,将控释肥与速效氮肥以5∶5的比例混合,其中控释肥由4种不同释放期(40、80、100、和120 d)肥料按照1∶4的比例混合形成了3种配比方式,分别为40+80、40+100、40+120,同时设置常规分次施肥(CK)为对照,研究不同机械化栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳水稻产量形成以及氮素积累的影响。结果表明,相同肥料处理下,钵苗机插2年产量较毯苗机插分别增加了3.9%和4.9%,其原因是钵苗机插能够提高中后期的光合物质积累,获得较大的穗型,具有更高的每穗粒数、结实率以及千粒重。钵苗机插与毯苗机插栽培方式下,40+80和40+100控释肥处理2年产量均高于CK, 40+100控释肥处理产量最高, 2年较CK分别显著增加7.3%和9.2%,其原因在于40+100控释肥处理具有更高的有效穗数和群体颖花量。与40+80和40+120控释肥处理相比,40+100控释肥处理与南粳9108的养分吸收规律更为匹配,即保证了前期分蘖的发生,又保证了后期稳定的光合物质生产,获得稳定的穗数、穗粒数...     

Erratum to: Biomass and nutrient accumulation by cover crops and upland rice grown in succession under no-tillage system as affected by nitrogen fertilizer rate

Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology - Due to an unfortunate oversight the author’s name and affiliation have been given erroneously. It should be read:     

田间开放式增温对东北水稻氮素利用的影响

东北地区是全球气候变暖趋势最为显著的地区之一,研究预期增温对东北水稻氮素吸收利用的影响,可为区域水稻可持续生产与氮肥优化管理提供借鉴。本研究于2019—2020年在黑龙江省哈尔滨市设置田间开放式增温(free air temperature increase,FATI)系统,大田与盆栽试验相结合,采用15N同位素示踪技术,模拟预期增温(+1.5℃)对水稻产量、氮素利用以及氮肥去向的影响。结果表明,增温促进了水稻地上部干物质积累,与对照相比,大田与盆栽的水稻产量2年平均分别提高10.4%和10.8%;增温显著提高了水稻氮素吸收总量,与对照相比,2年平均增幅达21.3%,但增温处理的氮素籽粒利用效率呈降低趋势;增温处理下水稻从肥料中吸收的氮素显著下降,但从土壤中吸收的氮素显著增加31.1%,导致氮肥回收率降低12.5%,而氮肥损失率增加14.2%。总体来看,增温有增加水稻籽粒产量的趋势,但降低了水稻对肥料氮的吸收比例,导致氮素利用效率降低,氮肥损失率显著增加。在气候变暖背景下,建议合理增加水稻移栽密度,以充分利用温度升高对水稻产量的正向效应,适当减少氮肥施用量、优化氮肥运筹管理,提高水稻氮...     

Effects of allelic variations in starch synthesis-related genes on grain quality traits of Korean nonglutinous rice varieties under different temperature conditions

Influences of allelic variations in starch synthesis-related genes (SSRGs) on rice grain quality were examined. A total of 187 nonglutinous Korean rice varieties, consisting of 170 Japonica and 17 Tongil-type varieties, were grown in the field and in two greenhouse conditions. The percentages of head rice and chalky grains, amylose content, alkali digestion value, and rapid visco-analysis characteristics were evaluated in the three different environments. Among the 10 previously reported SSRG markers used in this study, seven were polymorphic, and four of those showed subspecies-specific allele distributions. Six out of the seven polymorphic SSRG markers were significantly associated with at least one grain quality trait (R² > 0.1) across the three different environments. However, the association level and significance were markedly lower when the analysis was repeated using only the 170 Japonica varieties. Similarly, the significant associations between SSRG allelic variations and changes in grain quality traits under increased temperature were largely attributable to the biased allele frequency between the two subpopulations. Our results suggest that within Korean Japonica varieties, these 10 major SSRG loci have been highly fixed during breeding history and variations in grain quality traits might be influenced by other genetic factors.     

Fixation and release of ammonium in flooded rice soils as affected by redox potential

In pot experiments with two typical paddy soils, we studied the significance of ammonium fixation under waterlogged conditions and the availability of this N fraction for wetland rice. Special attention was given to the influence of redox potential (E_h) on the fixation and release of NH⁺₄, since the E_h has been shown to affect the charge conditions of certain expandable clay minerals and may alter their cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results demonstrate that ammonium formed by mineralization after flooding was converted, to a substantial degree, into a non-exchangeable form when sufficient amounts of expandable 2:1 minerals were present. The newly fixed NH⁺₄ was protected from N losses via nitrification-denitrification processes, which may occur, especially during the drying and rewetting of the soil, but was completely available to the following rice crop. The release of fixed NH⁺₄ was highest in the rhizosphere of rice plants (where the E_h was greatly increased by the O₂ secretion of the roots) and decreased with growing distance from the roots. Correlations between the E_h and the concentration of non-exchangeable NH⁺₄ indicate that fixation and mobilization of ammonium are strongly influenced by the redox potential in paddy soils.     

淮北地区麦茬机插优质食味粳稻氮肥减量的精确运筹

当前"减氮"成为优质食味粳稻种植措施之一,但减氮后的氮肥科学运筹方案尚不够明确,需进一步研究。2018—2019年,选用优质食味粳稻品种‘南粳505’和‘南粳2728’为材料,前茬麦秸秆全量还田,采用机插方式,在总施氮量较当地常规施氮量减少20%条件下,设置基蘖肥和穗肥比例分别为5∶5、6∶4、7∶3和8∶2四种氮肥运筹比例,研究了淮北地区麦茬机插优质食味粳稻氮肥减量精确运筹。结果表明,随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例增加,产量呈先增后降趋势, 7∶3处理产量最高, 2年达11,134.80～11,280.19 kg hm–2,较CK增产1.23%～2.54%,但差异不显著; 7∶3处理群体高产,在于能获得充足的群体颖花量、较高的结实率和千粒重。随着基蘖肥比例增加,有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期群体干物质积累量呈增加趋势;抽穗期、成熟期、抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量、最终氮素积累量及氮素利用率,呈先增后降趋势,均以7∶3处理最高。与常规施氮处理相比,减氮处理通过增加前期施氮肥比例(7∶3),能确保群体后期获得较高的干物质积累量;成熟期氮素积累量较小,但显著提升了氮素吸收利用率,较CK高14.10%～...     

增强叶片氮素输出对水稻分蘖和碳代谢的影响

增施氮肥是保证水稻高产的重要栽培措施,但高氮肥投入所增加的植株氮素积累大部分滞留在营养器官中,对产量的促进作用有限。叶片是氮素储存的主要器官及籽粒氮素的主要供给源。为了明确植株中氮素分配对水稻生长的影响,本研究将拟南芥铵转运蛋白基因AtAMT1.2在水稻韧皮部特异表达,促进叶片氮素输出,检测转基因水稻植株在不同氮肥浓度下的生长情况。试验结果显示,高氮下pOsSUT1::AtAMT1.2转基因水稻分蘖数、氮素利用效率显著增加,叶片中糖输出量增加,分蘖芽中独角金内酯途径相关基因OsTB1、OsD14表达水平下调。研究说明增加叶片氮素输出能够增大叶片中糖向分蘖芽的转运量,促进分蘖生长,从而提高了有效分蘖数并带来了更高的氮素利用效率。     

水稻氮高效、耐冷基因OsGRF4功能标记的开发及其利用

通过分子标记辅助选择(molecular marker-assisted selection,MAS)培育氮高效水稻品种是减少氮肥使用量、发展绿色农业和可持续农业的一个重要途经。水稻OsGRF4基因编码生长调节因子蛋白,编码区第487和488碱基由TC变异为AA,导致丝氨酸突变为赖氨酸,使得水稻具有氮高效利用、高产和耐冷的特性。为了提高OsGRF4基因在育种中的选择效率,本研究根据功能SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)位点设计和筛选出等位基因特异PCR(polymerase chain reaction)功能标记PF+DMR+PR和PF+XMR+PR。利用此功能标记对不同品种(品系)和川大粒/巨穗稻的F2群体进行基因型检测,结合测序分析验证,能准确快速鉴定OsGRF4的纯合显性、纯合隐性和杂合基因型,且具有操作简单、成本低的特点。本研究开发的功能标记为通过MAS方法利用OsGRF4基因培育氮高效、高产和耐冷水稻新品种提供了技术支撑。     

播种量和穗肥施氮量对优质食味直播水稻产量和品质的影响

播种量是影响直播水稻产量的关键因素之一,但其对优质食味水稻产量和品质的影响研究相对较少。施用穗肥是水稻高产栽培的重要措施,但穗肥施氮量对优质食味直播水稻产量和品质的调节效应尚不清楚。本研究以3个江苏省代表性优质食味水稻苏香粳3号、南粳5055和南粳9108为材料,在行距固定为25 cm条件下,分析了60、90、120、150和180 kg hm–2等5个播种量对上述品种产量和品质的影响,并观察了适宜播种量条件下穗肥施氮量对优质食味水稻产量和品质的调节效应。主要结果表明:(1)苏香粳3号、南粳5055和南粳9108的产量均随播种量增加呈先升后降的趋势。3个品种高产最适播种量分别为130.2～136.5、118.3～119.3和90.0～96.4 kg hm–2。稻米加工品质与播种量呈不同程度负相关,而垩白粒率、垩白度、蛋白质含量、米粉消解值与播种量呈显著或极显著正相关。胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、食味值和崩解值与播种量均呈显著或极显著负相关。(2)在高产适宜播种量条件下,与常规穗肥施氮量相比,穗肥施氮量减半对南粳5055和南粳9108的产量无明显影响,但可明显改善稻米的外观品质和食味值。上述结...     

施石灰和秸秆还田对双季稻田土壤钾素表观平衡的互作效应

土壤酸化和钾素亏缺是制约南方酸性稻田生产力持续提升的重要因素。施石灰和秸秆还田分别是改良土壤酸化和补充钾素的有效措施,但二者对土壤钾素盈亏平衡的互作效应还不甚清楚。于2015—2018年,在江西省上高县开展施石灰和秸秆还田两因素田间定位试验,共设置4个处理:(1)秸秆不还田,不施石灰;(2)秸秆不还田,仅2015年施一次石灰;(3)每季秸秆全量还田,不施石灰;(4)每季秸秆全量还田,仅2015年施一次石灰。结果表明,秸秆还田显著提高了水稻钾素吸收,施石灰仅显著增加了2016年晚稻钾素吸收。施石灰和秸秆还田仅对2016年晚稻钾素吸收有显著正向互作效应。在秸秆还田下,施石灰使2016年晚稻钾素吸收增加了25.7%;而在秸秆不还田下无显著影响。试验进行4年后,施石灰和秸秆还田对土壤全钾含量无显著影响。但4年土壤钾素表观平衡估算表明,在秸秆还田下土壤总累积钾素表观平衡表现为盈余,秸秆不还田下则为亏缺,而施石灰对其无显著影响。施石灰和秸秆还田对土壤总累积钾素表观平衡有显著的互作效应。在施石灰和不施石灰条件下,秸秆还田分别使土壤累积钾素平均表观盈余19.5 kg hm^–2 a...     

水稻内源油菜素甾醇对施氮量的响应及其对颖花退化的调控作用

为探明油菜素甾醇(brassinosteroids,BRs)是否介导氮肥对水稻颖花退化的影响。水稻品种扬稻6号和甬优2640种植于盆钵,全生育期设置3种施氮水平,观察了不同氮肥处理下水稻减数分裂期幼穗中氮含量、BRs、过氧化氢(H2O2)和总抗氧化能力(totalantioxidantcapacity,T-AOC)水平及其与颖花退化的关系。结果表明,颖花退化率的降低与稻穗中增加的24-表油菜素甾酮(24-epicastasterone,24-epiCS)和28-高油菜素内酯(28-homobrassinolide,28-homBL)含量密切相关。当稻穗的氮含量为1.25%时,幼穗中BRs(24-epiCS和28-homBL)含量显著增加,颖花退化率显著降低。稻穗中T-AOC水平与BRs含量变化趋势相同,且均与水稻颖花退化率显著负相关,而H_2O_2含量与BRs含量和T-AOC变化趋势相反。施用外源BRs(24-epiCS或28-homBL)可显著提高稻穗中内源BRs(24-epiCS和28-homBL)含量与T-AOC水平,并显著降低稻穗中H_2O_2含量和颖花退化率,施用BRs合成抑制剂则效果相反。表明BRs可以介导氮肥对水稻颖花退化的调控,在减数分裂期适宜的稻穗含氮量(1.25%)可有效提高幼穗中的BRs含量,并通过提高抗氧化能力来抑制颖花退化。     

Efficiency in the use of phosphorus,nitrogen and potassium in topless faba beans (Vicia faba L.) – variability and inheritance*

In a field experiment with topless faba beans, parental inbred lines and FI hybrids of a 7 × 7-diallel were evaluated for traits related to the P, N and K efficiency. In addition, the parental inbreds were cultivated in a pot experiment at two P levels (100 vs. 700 mg P per pot). Significant heterosis for grain yield, uptake and utilization efficiency of nutrients in the field experiment highlighted the enhancement of nutrient efficiency in the hybrids. Amongst both parental inbreds and hybrids, significant genotypic variation was found for nearly all recorded traits. In the diallel analysis, the GCA effects generally proved to be highly significant and in most cases considerably higher than the SCA effects. In the pot experiment, grain yield ranking of the parental lines at the high P level (= P700) was very similar to that in the field experiment, whereas at the low P level (= P100, – P deficiency) the ranking of the lines changed considerably. Correspondingly, the P level-line interaction was highly significant. High tolerance towards P deficiency was found for those two parental inbreds derived from cultivars bred under Syrian conditions. At the high P supply, P efficiency was more favoured by a high P uptake, but at P deficiency by a high internal P utilization.     

低温高湿对转Bt基因抗虫棉杀虫蛋白表达及其氮代谢的影响

摘要：通过对两个不同类型Bt 棉品种不同生育期低温高湿胁迫研究表明,低温高湿胁迫48h整个生育期叶片Bt杀虫蛋白含量都下降,其中在结铃期,Bt杀虫蛋白含量大幅下降。低温高湿使叶片GPT活性下降,游离氨基酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量下降,即氮代谢减弱。     

棉花GhPIF4调控高温下花药败育机制初探

PIF4属于PIF家族(PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS FAMILY),是一个响应温度变化的关键性转录因子,广泛参与植物热信号传导和激素信号通路。本研究从陆地棉‘YZ1’中克隆获得GhPIF4基因,亚细胞定位结果表明, GhPIF4是一个核蛋白。qRT-PCR分析和proGhPIF4:GUS转基因棉花GUS染色结果显示, GhPIF4基因在棉花花药中高量表达,且其表达在高温敏感型材料‘H05’中受到高温的显著诱导。在棉花中超量表达GhPIF4,不同的转基因株系表现不同的育性,表达量高的3个转基因系(OE5、OE7和OE19)开花当天的花药不开裂,花粉的活力均低于对照‘YZ1’,而超表达程度略低的OE10,花药正常开裂,花粉活性正常,表明GhPIF4导致的花药败育具有剂量效应。对OE7和OE19在9～14 mm (绒毡层降解期)、14～19 mm (有丝分裂I期)中生长素的含量以及生长素合成关键基因GhTAA1、GhYUC2、GhCYP71A13的表达分析发现基因的表达与生长素含量下降变化一致。推测超表达GhPIF4在花药后期可能部分模拟棉花的高温响应状态...     

江淮优良食味高产中熟常规粳稻品种的特征

从103个中熟常规粳稻品种(品系)中,根据不同食味值和产量水平筛选出具有代表性的3种类型(味优高产、味优中产、味中高产),系统比较各类型品质和产量,以探究江淮优质食味与高产协同的品种特征。结果表明,味优高产类型品种加工品质与味中高产类型品种无显著差异。与味中高产类型相比,味优高产类型品种垩白粒率、垩白面积比、垩白度分别高82.06%、56.34%和93.28%,蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量分别低14.21%、39.78%,胶稠度高8.73%,消减值和回复值分别低282.11%、37.88%。在产量方面,味优高产类型比味优中产类型高26.73%,其高产原因主要是具有较高的每穗粒数和结实率。与味优中产类型相比,味优高产类型单位面积穗数低22.26%,每穗粒数与结实率分别高42.12%、6.18%,成穗率高4.2%,抽穗期与成熟期叶面积指数分别高5.47%、16.94%,叶面积衰减率低7.25%,抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量和积累比例分别高24.07%和15.50%,着粒密度高40.33%。综上所述,味优高产类中熟常规粳稻的特征是,出糙率和整精米率都达国标1级;透明度由3级至5级不等;蛋白质含量在8%左右;直链淀粉含量在10%左右;胶稠度在75 mm以上; RVA谱消减值在-300 cP以下,回复值在600 cP以下。在产量方面其单位面积穗数310万穗hm–2左右,每穗粒数140个左右,抽穗后叶面积指数、干物质积累量与积累比例都能维持较高水平。