Detecting understory plant invasion in urban forests using LiDAR

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data are increasingly used to measure structural characteristics of urban forests but are rarely used to detect the growing problem of exotic understory plant invaders. We explored the merits of using LiDAR-derived metrics alone and through integration with spectral data to detect the spatial distribution of the exotic understory plant Ligustrum sinense, a rapidly spreading invader in the urbanizing region of Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. We analyzed regional-scale L. sinense occurrence data collected over the course of three years with LiDAR-derived metrics of forest structure that were categorized into the following groups: overstory, understory, topography, and overall vegetation characteristics, and IKONOS spectral features – optical. Using random forest (RF) and logistic regression (LR) classifiers, we assessed the relative contributions of LiDAR and IKONOS derived variables to the detection of L. sinense. We compared the top performing models developed for a smaller, nested experimental extent using RF and LR classifiers, and used the best overall model to produce a predictive map of the spatial distribution of L. sinense across our country-wide study extent. RF classification of LiDAR-derived topography metrics produced the highest mapping accuracy estimates, outperforming IKONOS data by 17.5% and the integration of LiDAR and IKONOS data by 5.3%. The top performing model from the RF classifier produced the highest kappa of 64.8%, improving on the parsimonious LR model kappa by 31.1% with a moderate gain of 6.2% over the county extent model. Our results demonstrate the superiority of LiDAR-derived metrics over spectral data and fusion of LiDAR and spectral data for accurately mapping the spatial distribution of the forest understory invader L. sinense.     

道路网约束下的城市兴趣点选取

针对道路对城市内部兴趣点数据分布有密切的约束关系,故城市内POI数据往往呈现出沿着道路分布的特征这一现象,提出一种在道路网约束下城市内部POI数据的选取算法。通过建立道路网的拓扑结构,根据POI数据的分布位置分为道路周边分布的和远离道路分布的两大类,对道路周边的点使用"间苗法"选取,对远离道路分布的点根据其分布模式决定采用"随机法"或其他方法选取。算法采用实际数据进行实验,切实可行,并得到了合理的结果。     

基于特征基元的高分辨率遥感影像道路网自动提取技术

高分辨率遥感道路网络的自动提取在城市信息更新等方面具有非常重要的意义。在综述国内外道路信息提取进展的基础上,本文提出一套基于特征基元的道路网提取方法体系。即采取自下而上的研究路线("影像像元—特征基元—道路单元—道路网络"):首先通过影像大尺度的区域划分获取道路区域,在此基础上进行小尺度分割,提取出特征基元;然后根据基元的形态、走向、亮度、纹理等特征对基元进行模式分类,识别出道路单元;最后根据道路网语义规则将道路单元进行形态学处理及拓扑连接,形成道路网络。     

径向基函数神经网络用于小比例尺道路网选取

针对小比例尺道路网专题数据少、语义信息缺乏的特点,该文根据小比例尺道路网已有的语义几何属性和拓扑结构,构建一系列参数作为选取依据。将道路网选取抽象为分类问题,提出一种使用径向基函数神经网络和多参数进行道路网选取的方法。相比时下较常用的反向传播神经网络,径向基函数神经网络具有更高效的学习性能。利用径向基函数神经网络的非线性映射能力,对样本进行训练和验证,并选择不同结构类型(放射式、格网式和自由式)的道路网进行选取实验。结果表明,该方法在小比例尺道路网选取研究中具有可行性,且在自动获取选取参数的同时提高了选取精度。     

利用多元LBP特征自动提取城市道路边界

车载移动测量系统可采集高精度道路三维点云数据,为道路边界自动化提取提供了支撑.为解决车载激光点云中城市道路边界点云提取困难问题,本文引入局部二值模式LBP(Local Binary Pattern),针对各类城市道路边界特征,设计了高度LBP、高程离散度LBP和空间形状LBP3种改进算子;构建多元LBP特征语义识别模型...     

条件随机场框架下基于随机森林的城市土地利用/覆盖遥感分类

针对"基于像素的条件随机场(conditional random fields,CRFs)模型能否在m级分辨率的多光谱遥感图像分类中表现良好"的问题,提出了集成图像的光谱、方向梯度直方图和多尺度多方向Texton纹理等多种线索的CRFs模型定义方法。利用上述特征,选择随机森林(random forests,RF)定义CRFs关联势函数;利用特征对比度加权的Potts函数定义CRFs交互势函数,并且建立了多标签的RF-CRFs模型;对该模型进行分项参数训练以及基于图割的α-膨胀算法推理;利用典型城区的Quick Bird多光谱图像进行模型的验证与精度评价。结果表明RF-CRFs模型的分类精度可达82.52%以上,比RF分类器的分类精度提高了3.35%。     

北京市城区不同等级道路网对可吸入颗粒物的浓度影响研究

本文就北京市内不同等级道路网对可吸入颗粒物的浓度影响进行了研究,选取大气污染物中可吸入颗粒物PM10(包括PM0.3、PM0.5、PM1.0、PM3.0、PM5.0)为研究对象,采用半自动与目视解译相结合的方法提取北京市城区不同等级道路网,于2008年的采暖期与非采暖期在有代表意义的路面上选择42个采样点,分析对比不同等级路面点的可吸入颗粒物的个数和浓度,运用统计学以及GIS和RS等技术手段,进行不同等级道路网对可吸入颗粒物的浓度影响分析。     

脉冲耦合神经网络的遥感影像城市道路提取

针对高分辨率遥感影像中阴影对道路提取产生较大干扰的问题,提出了一种基于脉冲耦合神经网络(PCNN)的城市道路提取方法。该方法首先在近红外波段检测并消除阴影和水体的影响,并使用PCNN对消除阴影后的灰度图像进行分割处理;然后使用形态学建筑物指数(MBI)和归一化差分植被指数(NDVI)分别提取出建筑物和植被信息,消除建筑物和植被的影响;最后提取受行道树影响较大的道路,并对处理后的图像作数学形态学法的处理。该文以深圳市SPOT-7高分辨率影像进行实验。实验表明,该方法能保留原始的道路边缘细节信息,并对阴影具有很好的抗干扰作用,提取的道路信息具有很好的连续性和完整性。     

Modeling the traffic disruption caused by pluvial flash flood on intra‐urban road network

Pluvial flash flood (PFF) can cause serious traffic disruption in big cities. We conducted interdisciplinary research by integrating flood modeling and traffic analysis to reveal the spatiotemporal pattern of the interplay between these two processes. A simplified simulation tool, which is capable of building a road network model, assigning trip paths with the effect of road closures, and evaluating travel delay and vehicle volume redistribution in a given PFF scenario, was developed to capture the traffic disruption in the face of PFF events. Modeling outputs from a case study in the city center of Shanghai showed that the delay of vehicles diverted to dry links or trapped in flooded links may reach 0.5 to 8 times the travel time in no‐flood scenarios. Overall, approximately 1–7% of vehicle volumes on flooded links would be redistributed onto dry links (more likely major arterial roads). However, the vehicle volume variation during each time interval demonstrated evident disparity with the spatiotemporal change of flood inundations. Simulating and mapping the congestion can largely facilitate the identification of vulnerable links. Future research will test the method in other intra‐urban areas and try to bridge the gap between modeling outputs and smart city planning and management.     

城市路网变化信息提取及其对土地利用的影响研究

城市路网作为一种特殊的土地覆盖类型,与土地利用相互作用。现代城市系统中道路变化越来越频繁,如何快速精确的对城市路网的变化信息进行提取不仅可以支撑路网基础测绘数据的更新需要,也可以为城市土地利用提供辅助支持。论文基于遥感和矢量数据进行道路网变化信息提取,分析城市路网结构和变化与土地利用的关联关系。     

Predicting road system speeds using spatial structure variables and network characteristics

Spatial regression is applied to GPS floating car measurements to build a predictive model of road system speed as a function of link type, time period, and spatial structure. The models correct for correlated spatial errors and autocorrelation of speeds. Correlation neighborhoods are based on either Euclidean or network distance. Econometric and statistical methods are used to choose the best model form and statistical neighborhood. Models of different types have different coefficient estimates and fit quality, which might affect inferences. Speed predictions are validated against a holdout sample to illustrate the usefulness of spatial regression in road system speed monitoring.      

西安市路网时空演变与城市空间变化关系研究

为深入研究路网变化与城市空间变化的相互关系,基于扩展空间句法(sDNA)理论,以路网数据为数据源,通过道路接近度变化定性描述路网结构时空演变,利用道路接近度与城市边界变化、土地利用类型变化的相关系数定量探究相互影响关系,最后以道路密度为比较对象,反映道路接近度在表征城市空间变化方面的优势.结果 表明:2010-2018年间,西安市路网结构发生显著变化,前期路网骨架整体向外扩张,主要集中在东北部和西南部;后期路网骨架变化趋于稳定,变化主要体现在路网内部结构逐渐丰富;相比道路密度,道路接近度在反映路网变化时更直观、更准确、更全面,其与城市边界变化、土地利用类型变化之间的相关性更强.该研究为扩展空间句法在城市研究中的应用提供了新的参考方向.     

Predicting individual tree attributes from airborne laser point clouds based on the random forests technique

This paper depicts an approach for predicting individual tree attributes, i.e., tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and stem volume, based on both physical and statistical features derived from airborne laser-scanning data utilizing a new detection method for finding individual trees together with random forests as an estimation method. The random forests (also called regression forests) technique is a nonparametric regression method consisting of a set of individual regression trees. Tests of the method were performed, using 1476 trees in a boreal forest area in southern Finland and laser data with a density of 2.6 points per m². Correlation coefficients (R) between the observed and predicted values of 0.93, 0.79 and 0.87 for individual tree height, DBH and stem volume, respectively, were achieved, based on 26 laser-derived features. The corresponding relative root-mean-squared errors (RMSEs) were 10.03%, 21.35% and 45.77% (38% in best cases), which are similar to those obtained with the linear regression method, with maximum laser heights, laser-estimated DBH or crown diameters as predictors. With random forests, however, the forest models currently used for deriving the tree attributes are not needed. Based on the results, we conclude that the method is capable of providing a stable and consistent solution for determining individual tree attributes using small-footprint laser data.     

结合尺度空间的面向对象高分辨率影像城市道路提取

基于遥感影像的城市道路提取对于城市建设、规划和地图更新等有重要意义。针对高分辨率遥感影像城市道路网的复杂性,结合尺度空间思想提出一种面向对象的城市道路自动提取算法。在此基础上,使用Canny算子获取像元簇梯度图,并进行标记分水岭分割得到区域对象;建立城市道路与几何、光谱特征相关的道路规则,从分割结果中筛选出道路区域对象;使用形态学方法提取道路区域的骨架,并对骨架进行连接、光滑等后处理,最后输出道路网提取结果。实验结果表明,该方法用于复杂城市道路的高精度自动提取,对城市道路网更新有一定参考意义。     

On the degree correlation of urban road networks

Recent advances in network science and the development of volunteered geographic information (VGI) have created new research opportunities in the topological analysis of road networks. The degree correlation of road networks is rarely studied. This study applied four measures, including the average degree of nearest neighbor, correlation profile, Newman's assortativity coefficient, and Litvak–Hofstad's assortativity coefficient, to measure the degree correlations of road networks represented as dual graphs of strokes, axial lines, and named roads. After investigating 100 road networks worldwide obtained from OpenStreetMap, it has been found that road networks are mostly disassortative or uncorrelated in stroke and named road representations, but assortative when represented as axial lines. Inconsistency in different measures persists regardless of method of representation; therefore, qualitative dichotomy or trichotomy is insufficient to describe the actual connection pattern in road networks. A taxonomy of road network assortativity is proposed. Two of the proposed disassortative types are associated with the absence of a grid pattern and are less robust than the typical disassortative type.     

利用浮动车GPS轨迹识别与提取城市道路交叉口

道路交叉口作为道路交汇的枢纽,是路网的重要组成部分,也是最重要的基础地理信息数据之一.浮动车GPS数据具有易获取、低成本和数据量大等优点,但工作同时伴随不少噪点.为了降低噪点对交叉口提取过程的影响,提高计算效率,本文运用KNN算法建立空间索引;计算向量夹角,判定道路出入口,粗筛取交叉口附近点;分别采用K-means算法...     

An effective ensemble classification framework using random forests and a correlation based feature selection technique

Accurate classification of heterogeneous land surfaces with homogeneous land cover classes is a challenging task as satellite images are characterized by a large number of features in the spectral and spatial domains. The identifying relevance of a feature or feature set is an important task for designing an effective classification scheme. Here, an ensemble of random forests (RF) classifiers is realized on the basis of relevance of features. Correlation‐based Feature Selection (CFS) was utilized to assess the relevance of a subset of features by studying the individual predictive ability of each feature along with the degree of redundancy between them. Predictability of RF was greatly improved by random selection of the relevant features in each of the splits. An investigation was carried out on different types of images from the Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat ETM+) and QuickBird sensors. It has been observed that the performance of the RF classifier was significantly improved while using the optimal set of relevant features compared with a few of the most advanced supervised classifiers such as maximum likelihood classifier (MLC), Navie Bayes, multi‐layer perception (MLP), support vector machine (SVM) and bagging.     

结合行驶场景语义的轨迹-路网实时匹配方法

实时地图匹配技术在智能交通、自动驾驶等领域起着关键作用.现有实时地图匹配算法在高架、立交道路等复杂场景受到平行道路的干扰,匹配正确率较低.针对这一问题,本文提出了一种利用与车辆轨迹同步采集的图像对行驶场景进行分类,从而辅助城市复杂道路环境下地图匹配的方法.该方法在车辆靠近高架区域时利用图像对车辆行驶场景进行分类,结合车辆行驶方向、轨迹点与路段的距离、匹配路段邻接性等指标,对当前轨迹点进行实时匹配.以上海市三段高频采集的轨迹数据为例进行试验,使用匹配率、召回率、精确率等指标对结果进行精度评价.结果表明,本文方法的平均匹配率、召回率和精确率达到96.86％、97.17％、93.46％,优于传统实时匹配方法;对原始轨迹进行降采样后,匹配率、召回率、精确率等指标保持稳定.比较高架道路、立交等复杂场景的匹配效果,以及对比单点匹配耗时、延时和内存占用情况,本文方法均能保持较好的匹配结果.     

图卷积网络在道路网选取中的应用

针对现有制图综合中的道路网自动选取方法不能有效地利用道路网的空间特征问题,该文把道路网抽象为图结构,提出了使用图卷积网络来进行道路网的自动选取,并比较分析了不同的图卷积网络在道路网选取中的适用性。结果表明,图卷积网络可以通过多层卷积来自动提取不同局部范围的空间特征,从而减少空间特征的人工构建,相比传统的多层感知机(MLP)等人工智能选取方法,具有更高的选取精度。对于不同的图卷积网络模型,使用最大池化聚合的GraphSAGE获得了最优的性能。     

利用车载LiDAR点云数据提取城市道路规则多边形

随着自动驾驶高精地图的发展,准确高效地提取道路规则多边形成为必要。本文以苏州市某城市快速路为研究对象,通过使用徕卡车载激光移动测量系统获得城市道路点云数据,观察了解车载点云数据各类属性信息,根据观察结果组合利用点云数据高差、点云灰度差值、点云强度差值,在此基础上再利用网格密度法实现道路规则多边形的提取,然后通过对目标的矢量化得到三维矢量规则多边形。最后对提取的矢量化结果进行精度评定。试验结果表明:该方法在提取道路规则多边形方面能得到较好的结果且能满足高精地图需求。