Risk factors and clinical outcomes of sinus membrane perforation during lateral window sinus lifting: analysis of 120 patients

The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with sinus membrane perforation and the effect of sinus membrane perforation and other risk factors on graft success and postoperative sinusitis. Sinus membrane perforation, graft failure, and postoperative sinusitis were tested for an association with age, sex, operator experience, side of the operation, residual bone height, presence of septa, presence of a mucous retention cyst, and smoking (χ² test). Logistic regression analysis was used to model the odds ratio (OR) with corresponding risk factors. One hundred and twenty patients were included in this study. A total of 22 (18.3%) perforations occurred. A residual bone height of 3–6 mm (OR 6.808, P = 0.002) and presence of septa (OR 4.023, P = 0.025) were identified as significant risk factors. Twenty-eight (23.3%) sinus grafts were classified as failed. Membrane perforation (OR 16.819, P < 0.005) and residual bone height of 3–6 mm (OR 5.363, P = 0.01) were identified as significant risk factors for graft failure. None of the risk factors investigated in this study was significantly associated with postoperative sinusitis. These results suggest that the presence of septa and a residual bone height of 3–6 mm are associated with an increased risk of sinus membrane perforation, and that sinus membrane perforation has a negative effect on graft success.     

One-step lateral window approach for removal of benign minor sinus pathologies combined with transcrestal sinus floor elevation without bone grafts: a retrospective study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of a lateral window approach for removal of benign minor sinus pathologies combined with transcrestal sinus floor elevation. From 2014 to 2018, all patients who received sinus pathology removal via a lateral window approach combined with transcrestal sinus floor elevation were screened. The serous exudate or minor sinus pathology was drained or removed via lateral window approach. Subsequently, transcrestal sinus floor elevation without grafting and simultaneous implant placement were performed. Panoramic radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography were taken preoperatively, immediately after surgery, and after prosthesis delivery. Twelve patients were included in this study. The decrease in Schneiderian membrane thickness was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Endo-sinus bone formation was observed on the buccal (1.35 ± 2.31 mm) and palatal (1.61 ± 2.65 mm) sites of the implant. The implant survival rate was 100%. All implants survived for an average of 21.83 ± 11.11 months. Within the limitations of this study, we suggest that the lateral window approach for minor sinus pathology removal combined with transcrestal sinus floor elevation has several advantages including endo-sinus bone gain without bone graft, minimal patient discomfort, reduced postoperative complications and shorter treatment period.     

Wire loop sinus membrane elevator: a novel instrument for lateral window sinus lift

This technical note introduces a novel instrument to facilitate lateral window sinus membrane elevation. The fabrication and use of the instrument are reported. The features of this instrument include easy control, good tactile sensation, flexibility in adjusting the instrument, and simple to replicate. Since its introduction, it has been the preferred instrument of our implant surgical trainees. Most importantly, it has proved to be an invaluable teaching tool, as it has helped not only to boost trainee confidence in the procedure, but also in their use of other sinus elevation instruments.     

122例外侧壁开窗式上颌窦底提升术相关并发症的研究

目的 研究并讨论外侧壁开窗式上颌窦底提升术相关的并发症以及建议的治疗方法。方法 122例上后牙缺失并且骨量不足的患者于2010年8月1日至2013年7月15日接受了外侧壁开窗式上颌窦底提升手术,均已完成上部修复。测量记录术前剩余牙槽骨高度。记录所有术中或术后并发症,比如过量出血、上颌窦底黏膜穿孔、感染、创口裂开、急性上颌窦炎、移植骨吸收,以及统计种植体存留率。结果 术中8例发生窦底黏膜穿孔,术后3例当晚少量鼻出血,术后1～2周3例伤口裂开,术后2周1例急性上颌窦炎伴化脓性感染;术后6个月内,有6例患者的移植骨出现部分吸收,6颗种植体发生松动或自行脱落。结论 外侧壁开窗式上颌窦底提升术相关的并发症有黏膜穿孔、感染、创口裂开、移植骨吸收以及种植体松动、脱落,可通过术前周密检查、术中控制手术操作、修补穿孔黏膜、术后适当加大抗生素剂量、缝合裂开创口并配合使用漱口水及系统性抗生素治疗等方法预防及治疗相关并发症。     

超声骨刀在上颌窦侧壁开窗提升种植术中的临床应用

目的：评价超声骨刀在上颌窦侧壁开窗提升牙种植术中应用的临床效果。方法：15例上颌后牙缺失患者,术前CBCT检查牙槽嵴顶距上颌窦底的骨量高度为3．0～6．5 mm,采用超声骨刀行上颌窦侧壁开窗提升术并同期植入19颗种植体,术后即刻CBCT观察上颌窦底黏膜、窦内情况及种植体植入情况,术后3天随访观察有无上颌窦黏膜破裂并发症状。结果：15例中无1例出现上颌窦黏膜破裂,术后CBCT检查所有患者上颌窦窦底黏膜提升成功,无上颌窦底黏膜破损者,无患者出现上颌窦内液体渗出堆积。术后3天内随访,均无鼻腔出现血性分泌物或骨粉等异物排出现象。结论：采用超声骨刀行上颌窦侧壁开窗提升牙种植术,可以大大减少种植手术的时间,降低了手术并发症的风险。     

Evaluation of the capability of a new water lift system to reduce the risk of Schneiderian membrane perforation during sinus elevation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new water lift system used as a surgical instrument in the crestal approach of the sinus membrane lifting operation and the capability of this technique to reduce the risk of Schneiderian membrane perforation in comparison with a lateral approach using piezoelectric surgery. 50 sinus membrane-lifting operations were performed. Patients were randomized in 2 groups to receive either lateral sinus elevation with piezosurgery or crestal sinus elevation using the new surgical device. Schneiderian membrane perforation was noted in 6 patients (24%) from the group undergoing the lateral sinus floor elevation approach, but no perforation was observed in the group with the crestal infiltration technique (P = 0.01). Aside from membrane perforation, haematoma was present in 3 patients (12%) from the group with lateral sinus floor elevation with no cases in the other group. No microbial infections were noted in the 50 consecutives cases. This study demonstrated that maxillary sinus floor elevation using the water lift system via the crestal approach is a predictable procedure with a low complication rate, compared with the lateral approach with piezoelectric surgery.     

Sinus floor elevation using osteotomes or piezoelectric surgery

The aim of this paper is to describe a technique for sinus floor augmentation with a 1-step crestal approach where the residual bone is ≤7.5 mm. 36 implants were installed in 25 patients in the atrophic posterior maxilla immediately after sinus floor elevation. Sinus floor elevation was performed with a crestal approach using either osteotomes and burs or piezosurgery. Standardized intraoral radiographs were taken prior to surgery and 1 year after surgery. The mean residual bone height was 5.61 mm (range 3-7.5 mm). The mean gain of sinus elevation was 6.78 mm (range 3.5-10 mm) at 1 year after surgery. Two patients dropped out of the study. Of the 23 patients completing the study, one implant failed, whilst the remaining 33 implants were stable 12 months after surgery (cumulative survival rate 97%). A statistically significantly higher bone height was achieved with tapered implants compared with cylindrical implants (P < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in bone level using osteotomes or piezosurgery. Piezosurgery was considered to provide less discomfort for the patient and greater convenience for the surgeon.     

上颌窦侧壁开窗提升术术后5年以上的临床病例分析

目的:统计上颌窦侧壁开窗提升术术后5-9年种植体存留率,观察种植体根尖骨改建情况。方法:回访行上颌窦侧壁开窗提升术5年以上107颗种植体,通过CBCT测量种植体根尖新骨形成情况。结果:种植体存留率为96.3%。对28例患者(35颗种植体)进行CBCT分析,发现20颗种植体埋于新上颌窦底下,15颗种植体突出新上颌窦底。结论:上颌窦侧壁开窗提升术的种植体5年以上存留率在90%以上。上颌窦侧壁开窗提升术可获得理想的长期稳定提升效果。     

A systematic review of the success of sinus floor elevation and survival of implants inserted in combination with sinus floor elevation

Objectives: The objectives of this systematic review were to assess the survival rate of grafts and implants placed with sinus floor elevation.
Material and Methods: An electronic search was conducted to identify studies on sinus floor elevation, with a mean follow-up time of at least 1 year after functional loading.
Results: The search provided 839 titles. Full-text analysis was performed for 175 articles resulting in 48 studies that met the inclusion criteria, reporting on 12,020 implants. Meta-analysis indicated an estimated annual failure rate of 3.48% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.48%–4.88%] translating into a 3-year implant survival of 90.1% (95% CI: 86.4%–92.8%). However, when failure rates was analyzed on the subject level, the estimated annual failure was 6.04% (95% CI: 3.87%–9.43%) translating into 16.6% (95% CI: 10.9%–24.6%) of the subjects experiencing implant loss over 3 years.
Conclusion: The insertion of dental implants in combination with maxillary sinus floor elevation is a predictable treatment method showing high implant survival rates and low incidences of surgical complications.
The best results (98.3% implant survival after 3 years) were obtained using rough surface implants with membrane coverage of the lateral window.     

Use of a titanium device in lateral sinus floor elevation: an experimental study in monkeys

Aim: To evaluate the effect of a space‐maintaining device fixed to the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus after the elevation of the sinus mucosa on bone filling of the sinus cavity. Material and methods: Immediately after the elevation of the maxillary sinus Schneiderian membrane accomplished through lateral antrostomy in four monkeys, a titanium device was affixed to the lateral sinus wall protruding into the sinus cavity to maintain the mucosa elevated without the use of grafting material. The healing of the tissue around the implants was evaluated after 3 and 6 months. Ground sections were prepared and analyzed histologically. Results: The void under the elevated sinus membrane, originally filled with the blood clot, was reduced after 3 as well as after 6 months of healing of about 56% and 40.5%, respectively. In seven out of eight cases, the devices had perforated the sinus mucosa. The formation of mineralized bone and bone marrow amounted to about 42% and 69% after 3 and 6 months, respectively. The connective tissue represented about 53% and 23% of the newly formed tissue after 3 and 6 months, respectively. Conclusions: New bone formation was found below the devices. However, shrinkage of the newly formed tissue was observed both after 3 and 6 months of healing. Hence, the space‐maintaining function of the devices used in the present study has to be questioned. To cite this article:
Schweikert M, Botticelli D, de Oliveira JA, Scala A, Salata LA, Lang NP. Use of a titanium device in lateral sinus floor elevation: an experimental study in monkeys.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23 , 2012; 100–105.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02200.x     

新型上颌窦提升工具在开窗式上颌窦外提升术中的应用效果

目的 研究新型上颌窦提升工具在开窗式上颌窦提升术中的应用效果。方法 对34例患者共51颗上颌磨牙缺失病例进行开窗式上颌窦提升术,其中22例患者使用新型上颌窦提升工具作为实验组,12例患者使用普通球钻作为对照组,进行上颌窦开窗,黏膜提升至足够高度,填人工骨粉,同期植入种植体,人工生物膜覆盖。比较2组术中上颌窦前壁开窗时间,术中上颌窦黏膜穿孔率,术中患者主观感受及术后3天内患者反应,术后6个月进行上部结构修复时上颌窦及种植体骨结合情况。结果 ①实验组术中上颌窦前壁开窗耗时（7.34±0.72）min小于对照组（17.84±1.29）min,差异有统计学意义。②实验组上颌窦黏膜穿孔率为0,对照组上颌窦黏膜穿孔率为16.7%。③术中主观感受实验组患者较于对照组不适程度更加轻微。实验组术后3天内患者出现疼痛、肿胀程度轻于对照组。④所有病例在术后6个月行修复时均无上颌窦炎症,种植体稳固,骨吸收均小于1 mm。结论 应用新型上颌窦提升工具进行上颌窦外提升术较普通球钻手术时间明显缩短,黏膜穿孔率低,患者术后反应轻,高效安全。     

Management of the Schneiderian membrane perforation during the maxillary sinus elevation procedure: a case report

The maxillary sinus elevation is a standard and predictable procedure allowing the realization of dental implant rehabilitation in patients with severe bone atrophy in the lateral-posterior areas of the maxilla. Despite the presence of validated surgical methods and the broad availability of biomaterials, the procedures aimed at increasing the bone volume by lateral antrostomy still entail complications with different degrees of relevance. The prosthetic and surgical outcome is based on a successful coping with these aspects. The perforation of the Schneiderian membrane is one of the most frequent events for which a variety of protocols and approaches have been suggested by different authors. In this work is presented a case study in which a technique to repair the sinus mucosa laceration occurring during a maxillary sinus elevation procedure has been successfully adopted.     

上颌窦黏膜在上颌窦提升术中成骨作用的研究进展

上颌窦黏膜是覆盖在上颌窦骨壁表面的一层结缔组织,随着上颌窦提升术在种植领域的发展和研究的深入,上颌窦黏膜的成骨潜能也受到越来越多的关注。而目前尚无关于上颌窦黏膜成骨能力的系统性综述。因此,笔者将对目前上颌窦黏膜成骨潜能的相关研究作一综述。     

Suction dissector device for sinus membrane elevation

The maxillary sinus floor augmentation technique requires lifting of the sinus membrane with a series of curved elevators. Lifting of the sinus membrane can be difficult due to the presence of bleeding, requiring the alternate use of curved elevators and the aspirator. This technical note presents a new surgical device, a suction dissector specifically designed for sinus membrane elevation. The suction dissector has a curvature similar to that of the curved dissector commonly used for lifting of the sinus membrane and contains an internal channel that allows the aspiration of liquid.     

侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升术后垂直向骨增量的观察研究

目的通过观察侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升术后垂直向骨增量的变化情况,研究其相关的影响因素。方法收集上颌后牙区牙列缺损行侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升术分期种植患者资料,对纳入病例的术前剩余牙槽骨高度(residual bone height,RBH)、术后当日垂直向骨高度、术后6个月垂直向骨高度及垂直向骨增量的变化情况进行观察。结果术后6个月较术后当日垂直向骨高度有显著性降低,降低量为0.56±0.25mm;上颌窦底黏膜厚度的术后6个月较术后当日垂直向骨增量的变化量无明显差异;在不同剩余牙槽骨高度情况下,术后6个月较术后当日垂直向骨增量的变化量有统计学差异,RBH大于5mm的患者相对RBH小于5mm的患者垂直向骨增量的降低值显著增加;上颌窦宽度与术后6个月较术后当日垂直向骨增量的降低值呈正相关。结论侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升术后6个月较术后当日存在垂直向骨增量的降低现象;剩余牙槽骨高度大于5mm时垂直向骨增量的降低值显著增加;上颌窦宽度与垂直向骨增量的降低值呈正相关。     

Prognosis of implants and fixed restorations after lateral sinus elevation: a literature review

Aim of this review was to investigate the prognosis of implants inserted in augmented sinuses and fixed restorations supported by these implants. Special attention was given to the impact of grafting material, time of implant placement, residual bone height and type of fixed restoration. An electronic search in PubMed, the German database medpilot and the Cochrane Library was executed followed by supplementary manual search in relevant journals. The search was limited to human studies published up to November 2010. Only publications in English and German, in peer-reviewed journals, were considered. After the initial search and application of selection criteria on titles and abstracts, a full-text analysis of 67 articles was performed, out of which six prospective and three retrospective studies were finally included in the review. The heterogeneous properties of the identified articles did not allow systematic analysis of the data. Success rates of implants were between 96·3% and 100%, survival rates were between 75% and 100%, and survival rates of single crowns, splinted crowns and fixed partial dentures ranged between 96·4% and 100% after a follow-up of 12-101 months. Within the limits of this review, the prognosis of implants and fixed restorations seemed not to be influenced by the type of restorations, graft material, residual bone height and time of implant placement. However, conclusions of this review are based on studies with low level of evidence; therefore, careful interpretation is required. Multicentre randomised controlled clinical trials with sufficient statistical power concentrating on few factors are needed to reach sound conclusions.     

How to avoid intraoperative and postoperative complications in maxillary sinus elevation

Maxillary sinus floor elevation, via the lateral approach, is one of the most predictable bone augmentation procedures performed in implant dentistry. but both intra‑ and postoperative complications can occur, and some of them are severe. Our aim is as follows:

1. To review the pertinent literature on the topic, especially assessing the risk factors related to complications.
2. To give clinical recommendations to minimize intra‑ and postoperative complications with the ultimate scope of improving the standard of clinical care and patient safety.