浦北县第一次全国水利普查空间数据采集与处理

介绍了浦北县第一次全国水利普查空间数据的采集、处理与检查情况。空间数据的采集与处理不仅可以实现普查对象的空间定位、图属关系建立、拓扑关系描述,而且对全面、准确地分析水利普查对象在国家社会经济发展中的地位与作用,深入研究水利普查对象的功能,探索与完善基础水信息支撑和保障国家经济社会发展途径,增强水利的公共服务能力具有重要意义。     

Nitrogen removal from water containing high nitrate nitrogen in a paddy field (wetland).

Nowadays, it has become very common to find in Japan that nitrate nitrogen concentrations are very high in spring water and in well water where the land use of a watershed is agricultural. We have often observed around 50 mg/L of nitrate nitrogen in the spring water where we live. Crops produced in those fields are mainly vegetables such as celery, cabbage, lettuce, carrots, and so on. Green tea is also popular in Japan. In order to produce good quality green tea, farmers apply a great amount of nitrogen fertilizer. This amount can reach up to 1,000 kg/ha in some areas, although the average application amounts to 628 kg/ha in Japan. As a result, ground water that is rich in nitrate flows into the river, which results in a high nitrogen concentration in river water and ground water. Further, this causes a low pH in river water in some tributary rivers in Japan, though this kind of case is very rare. We knew from field tests that if water contained a high nitrogen concentration and was introduced into paddy fields, high nitrogen removal would be performed. This paper presents the outline and results of a system on how to remove nitrogen using paddy fields (wetlands). Further, this paper presents the evaluated results of the removal quantity at the watershed level.     

Relationship between water quality variations and land use in the Batutegi Dam Watershed,Sekampung, Indonesia

The Sekampung Hulu and Sangharus rivers were selected as target sites to study improved use and conservation of dam reservoir water because the region is an important source of fresh water, irrigation water for downstream agriculture and production of hydropower. The two rivers exhibited differences in average water quality. Most water quality parameters exhibited clear differences between the two rivers at each sampling event, with the relative differences not changing during the sampling period. Analysis of water quality based on land use percentage indicated that upland fields had a major impact on most water quality parameters. In addition, forest and plantation conditions had a major impact on the suspended solids concentrations. The results of the present study suggest that current management of these land use categories may not be adequate to prevent or even decrease erosion.     

黄土高原人类活动对土壤侵蚀的影响

对天然林草植被开垦前后土壤侵蚀变化进行的研究表明，无论林地或砍伐基地地形图因素如何，基本上不发生侵蚀或侵蚀极微弱；而相同地形情况下，开垦地或裸露休闲地年侵蚀模数多在１万ｔ／ｋｍ＾２以上，且受坡度及雨强因素的影响最为明显。人类开荒作用的结果，北洛河上游，延河中上游地区１９５０－１９８４年间年均新增产沙模数３０００ｔ／ｋｍ＾２。晋陕蒙接壤区大型煤田的开采，使得土壤侵蚀进一加剧。如不积极采取防治措施，到     

防止河道断流的最小生态环境需水量

桑干河流域属于干旱半干旱区，降水量少，水土流失严重，生态环境十分脆弱。由于水资源短缺，水资源开发利用与生态环境矛盾十分突出，造成城市用水和工业用水挤占农业用水，农业用水又挤占生态用水的格局，引起自然植被退化、河流断流、河床淤积、地下水大面积超采等一系列生态环境问题。本文以桑干河流域为研究对象，以生态环境需水量理论为基础，提出了河道在保证不断流临界状态下河流最小环境需水量的计算方法，即为防止河道断流的最小生态需水量。     

塔里木河流域绿洲水土资源匹配特征及稳定性分析

水土资源是维持干旱区绿洲可持续发展的关键要素,其时空变化直接影响绿洲的社会经济发展和生态安全.文章旨在通过水足迹与空间分析相结合的方法揭示塔里木河流域绿洲水土资源的时空匹配特征及其相互影响.1990-2015年间塔里木河流域农业水足迹增加了225.2亿m3,人工绿洲增加了1.30万km2,天然绿洲减少了0.16万km2...     

Soil erosion and transport simulation and critical erosion area identification in a headwater catchment contaminated by the Fukushima nuclear accident

Radiocesium released by the accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant in 2011 contaminated a large land surface area. Due to the strong and size-dependent adsorption capability of soil particles to radionuclides, a better understanding of erosion and transport of soil particles and identification of erosion prone areas within watersheds are significant for contaminant management. For this purpose, we simulated soil erosion and transport in a partially forested catchment for multiple particle size classes. Critical erosion areas were identified by the spatial distribution of net soil erosion. Comparisons between simulated and measured suspended solids concentration at multiple locations throughout the catchment demonstrated successful model performance. For the period Mar. 12, 2011 through Dec. 31, 2014, model results indicated that 5500 tonnes of clay, 52000 tonnes of silt, and 22000 tonnes of sand are transported from the catchment. The results showed that soil erosion in the middle part of the catchment is greater mainly because of steep slopes and large fraction of agricultural lands. These simulations suggest that soil decontamination of erosion-prone agricultural lands in the mid- catchment areas would be effective in reducing radiocesium migration with soil particles.     

历史上黄河中游土壤侵蚀自然背景值的推估

根据研究，首先确定先秦至西汉时期为推估黄河中游土壤侵蚀背景值的年代。然后根据由黄河冲积扇的堆积量和古黄河口泥沙淤积量两种途径的推估结果，经综合考虑后认为，在历史上人类活动较小情况下，黄河中游土壤侵蚀的自然背景值为每年６．５－１０亿ｔ。     

基于137Cs技术的侵蚀产沙对土地利用变化响应——以三峡库区斑竹林小流域为例

小流域是三峡库区入库泥沙的策源地,研究其侵蚀产沙状况对正确预测三峡水库来沙变化趋势非常重要。以三峡库区典型农业小流域--斑竹林小流域为研究对象,通过¹³⁷Cs示踪技术,研究了土地利用变化对流域侵蚀产沙空间分布的影响。结果表明：旱地退耕的其他林地和水田改的旱地的侵蚀堆积情况与土地利用变化前相差不大;在土地利用变化后的短期内,该流域侵蚀产沙变化较小,旱地是流域主要的侵蚀产沙源地,水田是淤积区。     

黄土高原流域土地利用变化的水土流失效应

本文以黄土高原中部的油河流域为例,利用3个不同时期的遥感影像分析了1977年以来的讷河流域的土地利用变化特征,在此基础上,选择年径流深度、年侵蚀模数、汛期径流深度、汛期侵蚀模数和枯季径流深度为水土流失过程参数,通过基于流域降水与水土流失过程各参数的统计回归模拟分析,区分出了降水和土地利用等地表属性变化分别导致的流域水土流失变化过程.研究结果认为:1980年以来,流域水土流失明显趋缓,以10年为尺度得出的平均值,径流深度减少了32.75mm,侵蚀模数减少了778t/km2.水土流失的变化主要是由地表属性变化引起的,降水量变化的贡献很小.耕地面积变化和地表属性变化引起的水土流失变化具有显著的相关性,坡耕地改梯田的农田水利建设可能是导致水土流失变化的主要原因.     

普定水库移民区坡耕地水土流失治理方案

结合普定水库库区移民区坡耕地水土流失现状及综合治理情况,明确了土地利用结构调整方向和目标。充分利用现有资源与条件,有针对性地提出适宜的水土保持方案和工程措施,有效改善项目区的生态环境,抑制土壤侵蚀,减轻水土流失,保护土地资源,改善生态坏境和农业生产条件,确保治理效果和工程实施效益的长期稳定发挥。     

Comparison of several methods for BAP measurement.

It has been more important for management of water quality to estimate the amount of bioavailable phosphorus (BAP) in suspended solids (SS) entering lakes and estuaries. AGP test or extraction by 0.1 mol l(-1) NaOH (C-BOD) is widely used. Recently, highly bioavailable phosphorus (HBAP) was introduced to indicate a more easily soluble and bioavailable fraction using successive extraction by 0.1 mol l(-1) HCl and 0.1 mol l(-1) NaOH. New biologically measured BAP (B-BAP) using bacterial respiration activity was introduced in this paper. B-BAP was estimated from oxygen uptake rate (OUR), which was measured by a respiratory meter for BOD measurement using a pressure sensor. B-BAP is useful for a rapid and direct measurement of phosphorus bioavailability. B-BAP, HBAP and C-BAP in river SS were measured and compared with each other. The percentages of HBAP and B-BAP to PP were large in the urban river, while the percentage of NaOH-P or C-BAP was large in the rivers flowing in agricultural areas. By comparison with phosphorus fractions in paddy soil and activated sludge it was suggested that SS in the rivers flowing in agricultural areas mainly consisted of clay, silt or sand, while the SS in the urban river consisted of a large percentage of organic particles as well. Phosphorus in SS was suggested to be more easily bioavailable in the urban river than the rivers in agricultural areas. The ratio of C-BAP/B-BAP was large in the rivers in agricultural areas and small in the urban river. As HBAP contents were almost similar to B-BAP contents in the river SS, HBAP can be a suitable index of phosphorus indicating easily and rapidly the bioavailable fraction in SS.     

长江南京段水污染现状及限排总量

通过长江南京段18个水功能区水质的5 a变化趋势,分析主要污染源及其入江排污量,提出了各水功能区限制排污总量和入江污染物削减建议。结果表明:长江南京段2005—2009年期间,83.3%的水功能区达标率均随时间呈下降趋势,2009年83.3%的水功能区所有的水质监测点均没有达到其水质目标;主要污染源头为通江河道,其COD、NH3-N排放量分别占入江排污总量的65.7%、49.9%;工业、企业排污口的COD、NH3-N排放量分别占入江排污总量的20.9%和25.0%。长江南京段水体COD限制排污总量为6.59万t/a,NH3-N限制排污总量为0.26万t/a;需要削减污染物的水功能区包括5个饮用水水源区、1个保留区和3个渔业、农业、工业用水区;削减任务最重的为饮用水水源区,其COD和NH3-N削减率分别在87.0%～99.0%和17.8%～97.4%之间。     

无人机倾斜摄影辅助遥感技术在水土保持动态监测中的应用潜力分析

针对我国当前水土流失严重的实际情况,以我国资源三号、高分一号等新一代高分辨率卫星影像为主要数据源,并配合无人机倾斜摄影技术进行野外采样,在长江流域三峡库区开展了水土保持动态监测遥感解译实验性研究。实践发现水田、坡耕地、果园、茶园、林地等水土保持相关的各种土地利用类型在我国国产高分辨率遥感影像上都有比较明显的特征,资源三号、高分一号能够有效应用于水土保持遥感动态监测,而无人机技术作为辅助监测手段可以作为卫星影像的有效补充,在水土保持行业及其他相关领域有很大的应用潜力。     

桥子沟流域“1987.4.19”暴雨洪水及土壤侵蚀调查分析

桥子沟流域属黄土丘陵沟壑区第三副区。１９８７年４月１９日，该流域突降暴雨，造成了严重的水土流失。此次暴雨降雨集中、历时知、强度大，所形成的洪水历时短、峰值大。土壤侵蚀调查分析结果表明，本次暴雨造成该流域坡面总侵蚀量２０１９０ｔ，平均侵蚀模数为８７３８ｔ／ｋｍ＾２，造成该流域沟道总侵蚀量７０８７ｔ，侵蚀模数为５０８６０ｔ／ｋｍ＾２；坡面和沟道侵蚀量所占比例分别为７４％和２６％。     

基于遥感监测的河龙区间水土保持效果分析

以遥感影像为主要信息源,通过大量的野外调查,建立了河龙区间土地利用、植被覆盖度影像解译标志,在地理信息系统支持下,采用计算机辅助下的人工解译,对河龙区间水土流失进行了动态监测。结果显示:河龙区间80.40%的土壤侵蚀为水蚀,19.60%为风蚀。土壤侵蚀强度以中度侵蚀、强度侵蚀为主,其次是微度侵蚀,再次是轻度和极强度侵蚀,剧烈侵蚀所占比例最小。与2000年相比,2008年土壤侵蚀强度整体下降,微度、轻度、中度侵蚀面积逐渐增大,极强度、剧烈侵蚀面积逐渐减少,说明河龙区间的生态环境逐渐变好,侵蚀正向着良性趋势发展。其原因除了梯田、林地、坝地越来越发挥较大的效益外,草地面积的增加,尤其是封禁治理、生态修复等措施的大面积实施,可能是河龙区间近期土壤侵蚀强度减弱的一个原因。     

加快花岗岩区崩岗治理的措施建议

崩岗作为我国南方风化花岗岩地区一种严重的水土流失类型,破坏土地、耕地,影响粮食生产,恶化生态与环境,造成泥沙下泄,淤埋下游农田,淤塞河道水库,阻碍经济社会协调持续发展,被称为"生态溃疡".采取水土流失综合治理的技术路线,加快崩岗治理,根治祸患,有利于保障土地安全、粮食安全和防洪安全,妥善解决生产、生活、生态问题,对于贯彻科学发展观、促进当地经济社会的协调发展具有重要意义.     

平原河网地区开发建设项目水土流失防治措施——以嘉兴市为例

平原河网地区地势低洼、平坦,河流纵横交错,水流平缓,水土流失及其治理长期不被重视。该地区往往经济发达,人地矛盾突出,各类开发建设项目占地频繁,必须加强水土保持工作的重视。从嘉兴平原河网地区的自然环境条件出发,分析总结了该地区典型类型开发建设项目水土流失防治措施的技术要点,为今后水土保持工作提供科学借鉴。     

基于遥感、DEM技术的西汉水水土流失变化分析

嘉陵江西汉水中上游属黄土梁峁区,是长江的主要产沙区之一,亦是长江水土保持重点治理区域之一.基于MODIS及ETM遥感影像数据进行信息提取,结合流域DEM、同步降水、径流、泥沙、水土保持及野外调查资料,建立嘉陵江西汉水镡家坝以上流域土壤流失量评价模型,量化分析1989年开展水土保持治理前后嘉陵江西汉水流域水土流失变化规律.在构建流域土壤流失量评价模型中引入较敏感的径流因子,提高了拟合成果与实测估算值的吻合度及模型的适用性.     

山丘区水环境容量计算及限制排污总量分析——以临海市“五水共治”规划为例

为改善山丘区水环境,以典型山丘区城市临海市为研究对象,基于对临海市水环境现状、水环境功能及水污染负荷的充分调查,建立河网水量水质数学模型,计算了河网水环境容量,并提出了污染物排放总量控制和削减方案。结果表明:临海市河网的水环境容量COD为15 904.3 t/a,NH3-N为1585.2 t/a,水质超标率分别为COD 15.61%,NH3-N 16.67%。规划年工程实施后预计新增水环境容量COD 1 137.7 t/a,NH3-N 114 t/a,削减污染物入河量COD 10 610.6 t/a,NH3-N 1 082 t/a,水环境质量得到较大提升。