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利用化学气相反应法对掺杂石墨材料进行了SiC梯度涂层,研究了SiC梯度涂层对掺杂石墨材料热力学性能以及微观结构的影响。获得了约100μm的SiC涂层,涂层后的材料导热性能下降,而机械强度有所增加。对涂层表面的物相成分分析表明,除了SiC之外,还有少量的单质Si。厚膜SiC梯度涂层的掺杂石墨材料在HT-7托卡马克装置中经等离子体放电实验后,SiC的颗粒形貌发生了明显的变化,涂层厚度下降到约30μm。     

HT-7U第一壁材料在HT-7装置中的辐照实验研究

把为HT-7U装置开发的系列碳基面对等离子体材料及其比对样品安装在样品架上，通过磁力传送机构送入HT-7装置刮削层中进行辐照实验研究。经过若干次等离子体放电实验后，取出样品进行表面形貌。表面元素成分及深度分布的X射线光电子能谱分析。结果发展，碳石墨材料的渗杂改性和抗等离子体溅射腐蚀的B4C/SiC梯度功能涂层可以有效地提高其抗待了子体轰击的能力。     

高性能碳材料在HL—1M边缘等离子体中的辐照实验

碳材料尤其是掺杂改性的石墨和C／C复合材料仍是面对等离子体壁材料（PFM）的首选之一。近年来,我们用热压方法研制了一系列的硼（B）、钛（Ti)、硅（Si)掺杂石墨和B4C掺杂C／C复合材料。化学溅射和氢滞留与解吸实验研究表明,一定量的B杂质能够有效地减少化学溅射产额,降低氢和甲烷的解吸温度和减少甲烷的解吸产额。然而单项的模拟实验对于检验材料的综合性能是不够的,为此,有必要将材料引入Tokamak进行材料的边缘等离子体辐照实验,以研究材料的综合性能和协同效应机制,从而为材料的研制提供第一手的数据。     

薄膜物理与制备

薄膜物理与制备技术研究对于惯性约束聚变(ICF)实验具有重要意义，2003年开展的研究工作主要包括几个方面的内容：低压等离子体化学气相沉积(LPPCVD)法微球CH涂层及掺杂(溴等)技术研究；脉冲激光沉积(PLD)法Fe／Al合金薄膜研制；磁控溅射法Au／Gd，Ti／A1，Ti／Cr支撑薄膜研制；碳氢氮(CxNyH1-x-y)薄膜制备技术研究。相应主要结果如下：(1)利用低压等离子体化学气相沉积(LPPCVD)装置深入考察了以反式-2-丁烯如下：     

氘注入石墨及FGM中的热解吸

以石墨为代表的碳基材料, 由于其良好的高温性能及自溅射率低等优点,长期以来作为低Z面对等离子体候选材料之一而倍受关注。但是它具有较差的可焊接性、较高的化学溅射率、高的氢吸附率以及热解吸过程中产生大量甲烷等碳氢化合物对等离子体的杂质控制产生不利影响等缺点,使石墨的应用受到极大的限制。近年来,采用掺杂技术对石墨作为面对等离子体材料的性能有了较大的改善,如化学溅射率显著降低,而面对等离子体材料与基底材料的焊接有希望通过梯度功能材料得以改善。目前,国内这方面的研究也取得了许多进展,如已研制出具有良好抗氢离子化学溅射的B,Si,Ti多元掺杂石墨及数种梯度功能材料（FGM）。本文对所研制的梯度功能材料在氘离子注入后的热解吸行为进行了初步的实验分析,并与纯石墨的解吸行为进行了比较。     

SiC纤维增强Ti17合金复合材料轴向残余应力的拉曼光谱和X射线衍射法对比研究

准确测量和分析SiC纤维增强Ti合金复合材料(SiC_f/Ti)中残余应力状态对优化复合材料的成型工艺和理解其失效模式具有重要意义,但其残余应力的实验测量和分析仍是一个挑战.石墨C涂层作为SiC纤维与Ti17基体合金之间必需的扩散障涂层,承载了由纤维与基体之间热不匹配引入的残余应力.本文采用显微拉曼光谱法对比测量纤维表面C涂层在复合材料中和去掉基体无应力态下G峰的峰位,通过石墨C涂层应力态下峰位移动计算出SiCf/C/Ti17复合材料中SiC纤维受到～705.0 MPa的残余压应力.采用X射线衍射方法测量了不同方向上该复合材料中基体钛合金的晶面间距以获取其空间应变,根据三轴应力模型分析了复合材料中基体钛合金沿轴向方向的残余应力为～701.3 MPa的张应力,并通过线性弹性理论转化为SiC纤维的残余压应力为～759.4 MPa.两种测试方法都确定了SiC纤维在成型过程中受到残余压应力,且获得的应力值较为接近,都可以用于对SiC_f/Ti复合材料的残余应力测量.     

快重离子束实现点火的可行性

采用蒙特卡罗方法计算了低温下C,Si,Ar,Au和U等多种重粒子在等物质的量氘氚等离子体密度1000 g/cm3、热斑直径50 m中的电子能量损失,不同点火形式下入射能量和作用时间,以及燃料约束时间为20 ps条件下的束流强度。通过对数据的分析研究了这些重粒子辐照实现氘、氚燃料快点火的可能性。结果表明,重粒子束流加热等离子体实现快点火理论上可行,而且有一定的优势;较重的离子加热聚变等离子体的效果更好。重粒子束流加热等离子体到聚变温度需要的束流强度在MA左右;单个粒子的能量在GeV以上;相互作用时间为ps以下。     

氦、氢直流辉光清洗对杂质的清除实验

直流辉光放电清洗在现代聚变装置上应用非常广泛,如JT－60U,JET,TFTR等。HL－1M装置是单层真空室结构,其材料为00Cr18Ni10Ti不锈钢和石墨孔栏,石墨覆盖整个真空室内壁表面的6％,使用2套超高真空机组抽气。因此真空室内可能有金属杂质Cr,Ni等,主要来源于器壁;还含有杂质Si,B等,主要来源于器壁的原位沉积处理,如硅化[直流辉光放电清洗（GDC）（SiH4 He)],硼化[GDC(C2B10H12 He)]等。而目前运行的聚变装置中主要是来源于石墨的低Z杂质（C和O等）,对第一壁进行He、H2、H2O等。由此可知,真空室器壁内表层的吸附物大致为金属氧化物、非金属氧化物、碳氢化合物、氢氧化合物等,为了更好地控制密度和真空壁条件达到清除其杂质的目的,我们分别用He,H2对真空室器壁进行直流辉光放电清洗。     

γ射线辐照对a-SiC:H薄膜结构与特性的影响

 采用射频（13.56 MHz）反应溅射方法制备a-SiC:H 薄膜，并将其在空气中进行高能γ射线(平均为1.25 MeV)辐照，5个样品的吸收剂量分别为0，2×10⁴，4×10⁴，6×10⁴，8×10⁴ Gy。采用拉曼及红外光谱对薄膜的结构进行表征,得到了其结构与特性的变化规律。研究与分析表明：随样品吸收剂量的增加，陷入空穴中的电子会被激发，a-SiC:H薄膜中的SiC成份增加，电阻率变小，数量级为105Ω·cm；薄膜存在结晶化的趋势,其主要原因在于由Si－O－Si键断裂而产生的Si取代膜中C－C键中的C而形成晶态SiC，在此过程中出现了Si－O－Si键及a-SiC:H的减少，晶态SiC的增加。经γ射线辐照后薄膜的氢含量降低，折射率从5.19增大到5.53，辐照后薄膜的透过率均低于原膜的透过率。在500~2 300 cm^-1(对应波长为20.00~5.29 μm)波段内，a-SiC:H薄膜存在一定的增透作用。     

SimCn(m+n≤7)团簇的密度泛函研究

使用密度泛函理论(DFT)的杂化密度泛函B3LYP方法在6-31G*基组水平上对SimCn(m+n≤7)团簇各种可能的构型进行几何结构优化,预测了各团簇的最稳定结构. 并对最稳定结构的平均结合能(Eb),二阶能量差分(Δ2E)和能隙(Eg)等进行了理论研究. 结果表明,随着原子个数的增加,SiC二元团簇的结构由线性转变为平面,再转变为三维立体结构,原子数小于5时,除Si5和Si4C外其他所有的团簇都是平面结构;随着C原子增加,SimCn(m+n≤7)团簇的平均单点能不断增加,说明富C簇要比富Si稳定,对Sin团簇掺杂C原子可以提高团簇的稳定性;Cn,SiCn和Si2Cn团簇表现出明显的"奇-偶"振荡和"幻数"效应,Si2C,Si3C, Si5C,SiC2,Si3C2,Si4C2和SiC4团簇比其他团簇更稳定.     

(Ti,Al,Si,C)N nanocomposite coatings synthesized by plasma-enhanced magnetron sputtering

Materials’ surface service property could be enhanced by transition metal nitride hard coatings due to their high hardness, wear and high temperature oxidation resistance, but the higher friction coefficient (0.4-0.9) of which aroused terrible abrasion. In this work, quinternary (Ti,Al,Si,C)N hard coating 3-4 μm was synthesized at 300 °C using plasma enhanced magnetron sputtering system. It was found that the coating's columnar crystals structure was restrained obviously with the increase of C content and a non-columnar crystals growth mode was indicated at the C content of 33.5 at.%. Both the XRD and TEM showed that the (Ti,Al,Si,C)N hard coatings had unique nanocomposite structures composed of nanocrystalline and amorphous nc-(Ti,Al)(C,N)/nc-AlN/a-Si₃N₄/a-Si/a-C. However, the coatings were still super hard with the highest hardness of 41 GPa in spite of the carbon incorporation. That a-C could facilitate the graphitization process during the friction process which could improve the coating's tribological performance. Therefore, that nanocomposite (Ti,Al,Si,C)N coatings with higher hardness (>36 GPa) and a lower friction coefficient (<0.2) could be synthesized and enhance the tribological performance and surface properties profoundly.     

Deposition characteristics of Al-12Si alloy coating fabricated by cold spraying with relatively large powder particles

In this paper, the microstructure, microhardness and adhesive strength of Al-12Si coating produced by cold spraying were investigated. It is found that a thick, dense and well bonded Al-12Si coating could be produced by cold spraying with a relatively large powder through the control of spray conditions. The critical velocity for large Al-12Si particles was lower than that of small Al-12Si particles. The as-deposited Al-12Si coating had the same crystal structure as Al-12Si powder. The localized interface melting occurred resulting from both the adiabatic shearing upon impact and the thermal effect of hot gas. Some fine Si particles precipitated in α-Al matrix because of the thermal effect of hot gas during coating deposition. The dispersed Si particles in Al-12Si coating improved the coating microhardness.     

Interfacial reaction of intermetallic compounds of ultrasonic-assisted brazed joints between dissimilar alloys of Ti6Al4V and Al4Cu1Mg

Ultrasonic-assisted brazing of Al4Cu1Mg and Ti6Al4V using Zn-based filler metal (without and with Si) has been investigated. Before brazing, the Ti6Al4V samples were pre-treated by hot-dip aluminizing and ultrasonic dipping in a molten filler metal bath in order to control the formation of intermetallic compounds between the Ti6Al4V samples and the filler metal. The results show that the TiAl(3) phase was formed in the interface between the Ti6Al4V substrate and the aluminized coating. For the Zn-based filler metal without Si, the Ti6Al4V interfacial area of the brazed joint did not change under the effect of the ultrasonic wave, and only consisted of the TiAl(3) phase. For the Zn-based filler metal with Si, the TiAl(3) phase disappeared and a Ti(7)Al(5)Si(12) phase was formed at the interfacial area of the brazed joints under the effect of the ultrasonic wave. Due to the TiAl(3) phase completely changing to a Ti(7)Al(5)Si(12) phase, the morphology of the intermetallic compounds changed from a block-like shape into a lamellar-like structure. The highest shear strength of 138MPa was obtained from the brazed joint free of the block-like TiAl(3) phase.     

Influence of FeSO4 concentration on thermal emissivity of coatings formed on titanium alloy by micro-arc oxidation

Ceramic coatings with high emission were fabricated on Ti6Al4V alloy by microarc oxidation (MAO) with additive FeSO₄ into the electrolyte. The microstructure, chemical composition and chemical state of the coatings were determined by SEM, XRD, EDS and XPS, respectively. The bonding strength between the coating and substrate was studied by tensile strength test, together with the thermal shock resistance of the coating. The results showed that Fe content in the coating layer significantly affect its thermal emissivity. The relative content of Fe in the coatings surface increased at first and then decreased with increasing the concentration of FeSO₄ in electrolytes, so does the emissivity of the coatings. The bonding strength became weaker with increasing the concentration of FeSO₄. In addition, the coating remains stable over 40 cycles of thermal shocking. The coating formed at 3 g/L FeSO₄ demonstrates the highest an average spectral emissivity value around of 0.87, and bonding strength higher than 33 MPa.     

Influence of Co(CH3COO)2 concentration on thermal emissivity of coatings formed on titanium alloy by micro-arc oxidation

Ceramic thermal protection coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy were achieved by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) in the presence of Co(CH₃COO)₂. The morphology, crystallographic structure and chemical composition of the coating were characterized by various techniques. The thermal emission of the coating was measured by Fourier transform spectrometer apparatus. The bonding strength between the coating and substrate was studied, together with the thermal shock resistance of the coating. The results indicate that the content of Co in the coating layer significantly affects its thermal emissivity. Higher concentration of Co(CH₃COO)₂ in electrolytes leads to more Co ions into the coating, which enhances the emissivity of the coating. All the coatings show bonding strength higher than 10 MPa. In addition, the coating remains stable over 40 cycles of thermal shocking. The coating formed at 4 g/L Co(CH₃COO)₂ displays an average spectral emissivity value more than 0.9 and bonding strength about 10.4 MPa.     

Flexible Ti‐Doped FeOOH Quantum Dots/Graphene/Bacterial Cellulose Anode for High‐Energy Asymmetric Supercapacitors

Ti‐doped FeOOH quantum dots (QD) decorated on graphene (GN) sheets are designed and fabricated by a facile and scalable synthesis route. Importantly, the Ti‐doped FeOOH QD/GN are successfully dispersed within bacterial cellulose (BC) substrate as bending anode with large loading mass for flexible supercapacitor. By virtue of its favorable architecture, this composite electrode exhibits a remarkable areal capacitance of 3322 mF cm^?2 at 2 mA cm^?2, outstanding cycle performance (94.7% capacitance retention after 6000 cycles), and excellent mechanical strength (68.7 MPa). To push the energy density of flexible supercapacitors, the optimized asymmetric supercapacitor using Mn₃O₄/GN/BC as positive electrode and Ti‐doped FeOOH QD/GN/BC as negative electrode can be cycled reversibly in the operating voltage range of 0–1.8 V and displays ultrahigh areal energy density of 0.541 mWh cm^?2, ultrahigh volumetric energy density of 9.02 mWh cm^?3, reasonable cycling performance (9.4% decay in specific capacitance after 5000 cycles), and good capacitive retention at bending state.     

Tensile crack patterns in Mo/Si multilayers on Si substrates under high-temperature bending

Mo/Si multilayers with a single-layer thickness in the nanometre range (60 Mo/Si layers in total) were deposited on Si(100) substrates by dc magnetron sputtering. Upon uniaxial bending at elevated temperatures between 300 and 440 °C in vacuum, unconventional crack patterns formed in the multilayers. Tensile stress within the multilayer stack and Si substrate due to bending during thermal treatment was estimated to be on the order of 100 MPa. A combination of external bending, residual and thermal stresses is considered to be the reason for this phenomenon. Cracks had either a sinusoidal or a spiral shape. The surface frequency of the spirals observed was 10 cm^-2, with a track width of 30 m and a spiral diameter of 300 m. In general, cracking was accompanied by complete local de-bonding of the whole Mo/Si multilayer stack from the substrate. Fracture patterns were studied by optical microscopy. In addition, the morphological parameters of the remaining non-delaminated multilayers were determined by means of X-ray reflectometry supported by investigation of phase content by wide-angle X-ray scattering . PACS 68.35.-p; 68.35.Bs; 68.90.+g; 81.05.Zx     

Microstructure and wear properties of laser clad Ti2Ni3Si/Ni3Ti multiphase intermetallic coatings

Wear resistant Ti₂Ni₃Si/Ni₃Ti multiphase intermetallic coatings with a microstructure consisting of Ti₂Ni₃Si primary dendrites and interdendritic Ti₂Ni₃Si/Ni₃Ti eutectic were fabricated on a substrate of 0.2% C plain carbon steel by a laser cladding process with Ti-Ni-Si alloy powders. The Ti₂Ni₃Si/Ni₃Ti coatings have excellent wear resistance and a low coefficient of friction under metallic dry sliding wear test conditions with hardened 0.45% C carbon steel as the silide-mating counterpart. The excellent tribological properties of the coating are attributed to the high hardness, strong covalent-dominant atomic bonds of the ternary metal silicide Ti₂Ni₃Si and to the high yield strength and strong yield anomaly of the intermetallic compound Ni₃Ti. PACS 81.15.Fg; 81.40.Pq; 68.35.Gy; 62.20.Qp