鼻息肉组织中Th_1、Th_2细胞因子的表达及其意义

目的 :探讨 IL- 4、IL- 5等 8种细胞因子在鼻息肉发病中的作用和对鼻息肉治疗的意义。方法 :采用酶联免疫吸附实验 (EL ISA)法检测 2 5例鼻息肉患者鼻息肉组织中 Th1 细胞因子 IFN- γ、IL- 2、IL- 12和 Th2 细胞因子 IL- 4、IL- 5、IL- 8、IL- 10、IL- 13的表达 ,并比较经皮质激素治疗前后鼻息肉中细胞因子表达的差异。结果 :2 5例中 ,IL- 4、IL- 5、IL- 8、IL- 10、IL- 13等 Th2 细胞因子的表达较正常组织增高 ,其中以 IL- 4、IL- 5最为显著 ,分别达3.9倍和 8.8倍 ;应用皮质激素后细胞因子的表达水平显著降低 ,而 IFN- γ、IL- 2、IL- 12等 Th1 细胞因子浓度较正常组织中降低 ,应用激素后其表达无明显改变。结论 :Th2 细胞因子 IL- 4、IL- 5、IL- 8、IL- 10、IL- 13等的升高 ,在鼻息肉的发病过程中可能具有重要的意义 ,通过改变 Th2 细胞因子的表达趋势 ,可能对鼻息肉的治疗具有一定的意义。     

细胞因子与鼻息肉中嗜酸性粒细胞浸润增多的关系

鼻息肉是多种因素作用下的鼻粘膜慢性炎性病变。其中 ,以病变组织中嗜酸性粒细胞浸润增多为病理特征的鼻息肉约占 80 %～ 90 % ,其发生机制尚未阐明。局部微环境中组织来源的细胞因子 ,对包括嗜酸性粒细胞在内的炎性细胞的生物学活性发挥重要的调控作用。在目前缺乏统一的宏观认识的情况下 ,从局部微环境的角度 ,探讨细胞因子对鼻息肉组织中嗜酸性粒细胞浸润增多这一明确病理学改变的作用机制 ,已成为学者们关注的焦点。1　概述细胞因子主要来源于 CD4 阳性 T细胞 ,依据所分泌细胞因子的不同 ,可分为 Th1细胞和 Th2 细胞两型。前者主要分…     

白细胞介素-17及其受体在鼻息肉组织中的表达及意义

目的 检测鼻息肉组织中白细胞介素（interleukin，IL）-17及其受体的表达，并探讨其在鼻息肉免疫发病机制中的作用。方法 对20例患者鼻息肉组织及15例对照组织（接受鼻中隔偏曲矫正术的患者）分别进行IL-17及其受体免疫组织化学染色和免疫印迹检测。结果 免疫组化检查发现IL-17主要表达在鼻息肉组织中的浆细胞胞质内，少量表达在上皮细胞棘细胞层和浆液腺泡内，与对照组的表达比较差异有统计学意义（t值分别为2．237、2．176、2．246，P值均〈0．05）。而且免疫印迹检查发现IL-17及其受体蛋白在鼻息肉组织中特异性表达强度高于对照组。结论 IL-17通过与其受体特异性结合，在鼻息肉组织中表达增高，对其发病起着一定的作用。     

鼻息肉组织中IL-4 IL-5 IL-6和IL-8的含量及其表达

目的：通过检测鼻息肉组织中IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-8的水平及表达方式,探讨细胞因子在鼻息肉形成中的作用。方法：应用放射免疫法检测54例鼻息肉组织（鼻息肉组）中IL-4、IL-5、IL-6及IL-8的浓度,同时用免疫组织化学法观察其表达,以22例行鼻中隔手术患者中鼻甲黏膜作为对照（对照组）。结果：鼻息肉组IL-5及IL-8水平均明显高于对照组（均P〈0．01）;而IL-6在两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;IL-4在变应原皮试阳性组明显增加,与对照组比较P〈0．05。IL-4主要表达于息肉组织内炎性细胞,多为淋巴细胞或浆细胞;IL-5主要表达于鼻息肉组织中嗜酸粒细胞和淋巴细胞;IL-6、IL-8主要表达于息肉上皮层及息肉组织中的炎性细胞,皮试阳性组和阴性组间无明显区别。结论：IL-5及IL-8在所有鼻息肉组织中具有一定作用,而IL-4仅在变应原皮试阳性息肉中具有一定意义,IL-6在鼻息肉组织中无明显作用。     

白细胞介素-8和白细胞介素-3在人类鼻息肉和鼻息肉病中的表达

目的 :探讨白细胞介素 8(IL 8)和白细胞介素 3(IL 3)在人类鼻息肉及鼻息肉病中的表达情况。方法 :采用免疫组织化学方法检测 31例鼻息肉患者 (鼻息肉组 )、2 6例鼻息肉病患者 (鼻息肉病组 )的息肉组织及 14例正常中鼻甲黏膜 (对照组 )中IL 8和IL 3的表达。结果 :IL 8在对照组、鼻息肉组及鼻息肉病组 3组间呈递增性表达 ,且每两组间差异均有统计学意义 (均P <0 .0 1) ;IL 3在对照组、鼻息肉组及鼻息肉病组 3组间亦呈递增性表达 ,且每两组间差异均有统计学意义 (均P <0 .0 1〉。结论 :IL 8是鼻息肉诸多病因之一 ,对鼻息肉病的复发起重要作用 ;IL 8在鼻息肉及鼻息肉病之间的不同表达提示二者的发病机制有本质差异 ;IL 3对鼻息肉组织中嗜酸性粒细胞的大量浸润起重要作用 ,也是鼻息肉与鼻息肉病二者发病机制差异中的一个重要因素     

ERK1/2磷酸化在鼻息肉组织中的表达及其意义

目的:研究磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)在鼻息肉组织中的表达及其意义.方法:应用免疫组织化学研究磷酸化的ERK1/2在鼻息肉组织和正常中鼻甲黏膜的表达及定位.进一步用免疫印迹对磷酸化ERK1/2在鼻息肉组织的表达进行半定量分析.结果:免疫组织化学发现,磷酸化ERK1/2在鼻息肉表达显著高于正常对照组,主要定位于增生的上皮细胞、炎症细胞、腺上皮细胞和内皮细胞,且以胞核阳性为主.免疫印迹结果显示鼻息肉中磷酸化ERK1/2的表达显著高于正常中鼻甲黏膜,为其4.2倍.结论:研究提示磷酸化ERK1/2可能在鼻息肉的发生发展过程中起重要作用.     

白细胞介素-3和粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子在鼻息肉组织中的表达及其意义

鼻息肉（NP）是鼻科常见疾病，成人发病率为1％～2％，手术后复发率为10％～20％，至今其发病机制不甚明确。现已发现多种细胞因子（CK）参与了嗜酸粒细胞（EOS）的活性调节，并在NP组织中检测到主要来源于EOS的多种CK。多项研究显示CK在NP的发病机制中起着重要作用。为此，本研究应用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）检测30例NP患者息肉组织中的白细胞介素-3（IL-3）和粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM—CSF）的含量，并以10例鼻中隔手术患者的下鼻甲黏膜组织作为对照，以探讨IL-3、GM—CSF在NP组织中的表达及其意义。     

白细胞介素—6和8在鼻息肉组织中的表达

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of interleukin-6,8 in nasal polyp formation and to search into the effect of allergy in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps (NP). METHODS: The expression and significance of interleukin-6,8 were studied in 36 nasal polyps and 36 serum samples of NP patients by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: The mean value of IL-6 and IL-8 was (2.7658 +/- 0.3797) ng/L and (4.1877 +/- 0.1758) ng/L in all nasal polyp tissue homogenates. As compared with serum of NP patients, IL-6 and IL-8 were over expressed in nasal polyp tissue homogenates. No relation was found between the expression of IL-6/IL-8 and patients' gender, age and clinical stage. The expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in patients' serum, cord blood and normal serum showed no significant difference. CONCLUSION: IL-6 and IL-8 are strongly correlated with the formation of nasal polyp. Neither allergy nor infection play a role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps.     

鼻息肉中转化生长因子β1的表达和意义

目的探讨转化生长因子β     

白细胞介素-6和8在鼻息肉组织中的表达

目的探讨白细胞介素（interleukin,IL）-6、8与鼻息肉（nasalpolyps,NP）发病机理的关系，进一步探讨炎症及变态反应对鼻息肉发生及发展的影响。方法采用放射免疫分析法研究细胞因子(cytokines)成员中IL-6，IL-8在鼻息肉组织匀浆、鼻息肉患者血清、正常成人血清及脐血中的表达及其意义。结果鼻息肉组织匀浆中IL-6平均质量浓度为（2.7658±0.3797）ng/L，IL-8平均质量浓度为（4.1877±0.1758）ng/L，与鼻息肉患者血清、正常血清及脐血相比，鼻息肉组织中IL-6、IL-8过度表达，差异有显著性（P<0.01），但患者血清、正常血清及脐血之间IL-6、IL-8表达无明显差异。IL-6、IL-8表达与鼻息肉患者的性别无关，变应原试验阳性组及阴性组之间亦无明显差异。结论IL-6及IL-8在鼻息肉组织中过度表达，其通过局部微环境调控，在鼻息肉的发生发展过程中起重要作用，而变态反应并非鼻息肉发生的必备条件和启动因素。     

Cochlear microphonic evidence for mechanical propagation of distortion products (ƒ2 − ƒ1) and (2ƒ1 − ƒ2)

The present cochlear microphonic (CM) study was undertaken to help resolve a conflict in the literature regarding cochlear nonlinear properties. The CM studies of Dallos and his coworkers have concluded that “(up to 70–80 dB SPL [re 20 μPa]), all orders of distortion components … do not seem to be accompanied by traveling waves of their own” (Dallos P. (1973): The Auditory Periphery: Biophysics and Physiology. Academic Press, New York). However, studies of spatial distributions of cochlear nerve fiber responses, acoustic distortion products in the ear canal, and related modeling studies of Kim et al. (Kim D.O. and Molnar C.E. (1975): in: The Nervous System. Vol. 3: Human Communication and Its Disorders. Editor: D.B. Tower, Raven Press, New York; Kim D.O., Molnar C.E. and Matthews J.W. (1980): J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 1704–1721) have led to conclusions to the contrary. In the present study, CM data were obtained from the second and third turns of the chinchilla cochlea using fluid-filled glass micropipettes in scala media and nichrome wire electrodes in scala vestibuli and scala tympani. We sought responses containing predominant distortion products (?₂ ? ?₁) and (2?₁ ? ?₂) by fixing a distortion frequency (?_d) near the characteristic frequency (CF) of the recording site and varying the stimulus frequencies ?₁ and ?₂ and SPLs (with L₁ = L₂). By subsequently varying the distortion frequency around the CF, e.g., fixing ?₁ well above the CF and varying ?₂, we measured the tuning characteristics of the distortion products (?₂ ? ?₁) and (2?₁ ? ?₂). Tuning characteristics of single-tone responses were measured by applying single-tone stimuli of various frequencies with a constant SPL at the eardrum. We have observed, with SPLs as low as 25 dB, that these distortion products in CM display tuning similar to the single-tone response which is consistent with the above neural results. From these tuning similarities, we conclude that our CM data reflect the presence of mechanically propagated distortion products at low SPLs, in agreement with the above studies by Kim et al. Validity of our results is supported by the sensitivity and sharp tuning of our CM data and, in the case of the scala media recordings, by the presence of a normal d.c. endolymphatic potential. Plausible explanations for the opposing conclusions of previous studies of Dallos et al. and the present study are discussed.     

转移相关基因CD44V6在甲状腺癌中的表达及其意义

目的研究转移相关基因CD44V6在甲状腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义.方法应用免疫组化SP方法测定45例甲状腺癌组织中的CD44V6的表达阳性率,分析其阳性率与肿瘤转移的关系.结果CD44V6表达阳性率在淋巴结转移组(85.0%)明显高于无淋巴结转移组(48.0%)(P＜0.05);在乳头状腺癌中的表达率为75.0%,滤泡腺癌组为68.8%,在髓样癌中及未化分癌中未见阳性表达;45～60岁病人组CD44V6表达阳性率高于其它年龄段.分析CD44V6阳性表达与临床分期的关系,发现随分期增加而增加,CD44V6的表达阳性率在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期分别为64.3%,77.8%,100.0%;死亡的8例中有6例CD44V6表达阳性.结论CD44V6表达与甲状腺癌的颈淋巴结转移密切相关;与临床分期、年龄、预后及病理类型有一定关系.     

CD1 hearing-impaired mice. II: Group latencies and optimal f2/f1 ratios of distortion product otoacoustic emissions, and scanning electron microscopy

In our companion paper (Le Calvez et al., 1998), the levels of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) were collected in the ears of CD1 mice with progressive degeneration of cochlear outer hair cells (OHC). Their comparison to standard functional measurements such as auditory-evoked brainstem responses (ABR) showed that CD1 ears could be classified as normal or impaired in a frequency-specific manner using DPOAE levels. The present work reports how DPOAE phases and levels of young CD1 mice were affected by varying the frequency ratio of eliciting stimuli at frequencies f₁ and f₂. Normally hearing CBA/J mice served as controls. The rate of phase change of DPOAE when f₁ was varied and f₂ was fixed allowed the group delay of DPOAE to be derived. The changes of DPOAE levels during this procedure disclosed bandpass characteristics that several reports (Fahey and Allen, 1986; Brown and Gaskill, 1990) assumed to be the reflection of important features of cochlear micromechanics, possibly in relation to the coupling of OHCs to the tectorial membrane. Group delays became significantly shorter when ABR thresholds exceeded 40 dB elevation. The bandpass filter characteristics strikingly depended on auditory function so that the optimal ratio f₂/f₁ progressively shifted from 1.24 to 1.50 or more when hearing loss increased. A difference was also noted between CD1 ears whose ABR thresholds were not yet increased and control CBA/J (optimal ratio 1.20). Scanning electron microscopy disclosed a variety of often minor OHC lesions that were only roughly correlated with cochlear function. However, the presence of abnormalities in the reticular lamina associated with early changes of DPOAE fine structure as a function of f₂/f₁ supported the hypothesis of some involvement of micromechanical features in the bandpass filter characteristics of DPOAE. The sensitivity of their measurement in pathological situations is potentially interesting.     

Distortion in the cochlea: Acoustic f2−f1 at low stimulus levels

The stimulus level and frequency dependence of the quadratic difference tone (QDT) measured as an otoacoustic emission in the ear canal has been investigated in the guinea pig and compared with simultaneously measured cubic difference tone (CDT) and with the round window electrical response. Acoustic QDT level tended to be highly labile. Growth of the ear canal response with covaried stimuli was very gradual (slope < 0.5). Acoustic and CM responses showed similar behaviour when f₂ alone was incremented. The QDT was strongly dependent on stimulus frequency separation for high frequency stimuli. It is suggested that, at low stimulus levels and high frequencies, the acoustic QDT may originate in the ‘tonic’ motile responses of outer hair cells as they follow the envelope of the two-tone stimulus.     

CD43CD20及总IgE在鼻息肉组织中表达的研究

目的探讨CD     

Tonsil cryptolysis usingCO2 Swiftlase

Treatment for inflammation of the tonsils has taken a variety of therapeutic forms over the years, ranging from the application of iodine and massage in the preantibiotic era to the tonsillectomy, which prevails today. The architecture of the cryptic tonsil, its clinical implications, and the rationale for a conservative, yet effective treatment modality focusing on the tonsillar crypts are addressed in this article. Also described are the procedures and results of a retrospective clinical study in which conventional tonsillectomy was compared with CO₂ SwiftLase cryptolysis. Although our observations are not based on a prospective, controlled study, the information disseminated here may be useful to otolaryngologists who routinely perform tonsillectomy in their practice, using conventional surgical dissection methods or the CO₂ laser. According to our experience with a population of 120 patients, cryptolysis offers some clear advantages, particularly when performed with the SwiftLase apparatus. The procedure can be performed safely in an ambulatory surgery or office setting under local anesthesia. The cooperative patient avoids the cost and risks of general anesthesia. Limited tissue destruction significantly reduces operative and postoperative complications, discomfort, and recovery time. To conclude, CO₂ SwiftLase cryptolysis is a safe and cost-effective method of treating tonsil pathology without unnecessary sacrifice of the organ, and undue risks and expenses to the patient.^11,12     

Low-frequency modulation of the 2f1−f2 distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the human ear

Low-frequency masking is a recent clinical procedure for the differential diagnosis of sensory hearing loss. Currently this requires the recording of the phase-dependent masked subjective threshold, which is time consuming and not always accurate. As an objective method, the recording of modulated distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) can be performed continuously, and with better frequency specificity. Results of measurements of the low-frequency modulated two-tone DPOAE 2f₁−f₂ in the human ear, and its dependence on various acoustic parameters, are presented here for the first time. Similar to the masked hearing threshold, the pattern of the phase-dependent modulated DPOAEs displayed two minima, at the phases of maximal rarefaction and condensation, respectively, with a latency of about 4 ms (suppressor frequency 32.8 Hz). The smaller dip, at maximal condensation, appeared only for a high suppressor level, and for a low level of the primary tone f₂. The modulating effect measured for the primary frequencies f₁=2.5 kHz and f₂=3 kHz, decreased for 4 and 4.8 kHz, and vanished for 5 and 6 kHz. The results are discussed using a cubic distortion model based on the Boltzmann function for mechano-electrical transduction of the hair cells. The saturation behavior of the increase of the DPOAE level at different phases is compared with the growth rates of the DPOAE level in normal hearing and in sensory hearing loss.