非酒精性脂肪肝动物模型方法研究

本文对营养型脂肪肝动物模型、药物中毒型脂肪肝动物模型及特殊种系动物的先天性遗传性脂肪肝模型,等非酒精性脂肪肝动物模型的造模方法做以综述,并对各类非酒精性脂肪肝模型的造模方法及病理学特点进行简要分析,为研究非酒精性脂肪肝发病机理及治疗药物的筛选,提供坚实基础。     

凯西莱治疗非酒精性脂肪肝的疗效观察

目的观察凯西莱对非酒精性脂肪肝的治疗效果.方法符合诊断标准的非酒精性脂肪肝患者,随机分为治疗组26例和对照组22例,2组均给予基础治疗,治疗组加用凯西莱片剂0.2,口服,每天3次,疗程3个月.对照观察2组肝功能ALT、AST、γ-GT及血脂、血糖和临床症状变化.结果治疗后2组症状及肝功能ALT、AST、γ-GT及血脂比较,差异有显著性.结论凯西莱对非酒精性脂肪肝有一定的治疗作用,服用方便,无明显的副作用,是防治脂肪肝的有效方法.     

东方田鼠非酒精性脂肪肝模型的建立

目的建立东方田鼠非酒精性脂肪肝模型,并观察测定其肝指数、病理、血清生化指标的动态变化。方法选取6周龄湖南洞庭湖种群雄性东方田鼠70只,随机分为2组,模型组饲喂高脂肪料,对照组饲喂高纤维料,分别于第2、4、6、8、12周处死,称量体重及肝重,计算肝指数,采血检测东方田鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、r-谷氨酰转移酶(r-GT)、胆碱酯酶(CHE)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、葡萄糖(GLU)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL),并取肝脏HE染色后做病理学观察。结果与对照组相比,模型组6周时肝脏出现了典型的脂肪肝特征,肝重和肝指数都明显升高(P<0.05),血清ALT、AST、r-GT、CHE、TC、FFA、GLU和LDL都明显升高(P<0.05),HDL和TG均明显降低(P<0.05)。镜检观察到模型组田鼠肝细胞逐渐呈现弥漫性脂肪变性,6周时大范围出现脂滴,8周时肝内出现弥漫性大脂肪滴,12周后出现炎细胞的浸润。结论采用高脂饲料成功诱发东方田鼠非酒精性脂肪肝,可为研究非酒精性脂肪肝的发病机制和药物干预提供新的模型。     

蚕蛹油对大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝形成的影响

目的观察蚕蛹油对高脂大鼠模型的非酒精性脂肪肝形成的影响。方法SD大鼠100只,雌雄各半,按体重并参考血脂水平随机分为9组:空白对照组,高脂对照组,预防低剂量组,预防中剂量组,预防高剂量组,治疗低剂量组,治疗中剂量组,治疗高剂量组,及阳性对照组(月见草油),分别喂饲各种饲料。于第11周处死大鼠,检测肝脏的肝重指数和肝脏甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、丙二醛(malondialde-hyde,MDA)水平。结果实验11周末,预防组、治疗组和阳性对照组大鼠的肝重指数,肝脏TG、TC及MDA水平均明显低于高脂对照组(P<0.05),并具有剂量依赖性。结论蚕蛹油可通过调整脂质代谢,具有十分显著的预防和治疗非酒精性脂肪肝形成的效果,优于月见草油。     

中药治疗非酒精性脂肪肝病研究进展

非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)指排除酒精和其他明确的损肝因素所致的肝细胞内脂肪过度沉积为主要特征的临床病理综合征。目前,该病的发病机制错综复杂,西药尚缺乏治该病的特效药,主要是运用调节血脂的药物作为辅助治疗。中药在治疗NAFLD方面具有安全、毒副作用低等优势,近年来对中药治疗NAFLD的研究也越来越多。在梳理了国内外治疗NAFLD成果的基础上,本文分别从单味中药、复方中药等方面详细阐述中药治疗NAFLD的现状,旨在为NAFLD的临床治疗提供参考。     

逍遥散加减治疗非酒精性脂肪肝58例

目的 观察逍遥散加藏治疗非酒精性脂肪肝的临床疗效.方法 将113例非酒精性脂肪肝患者随机分为两组,治疗组58例应用逍遥散加减治疗,对照组55例口服护肝片,每次4片,每日3次.疗程3个月.治疗期间,两组患者均应生活规律、劳逸结合、饮食清淡、忌酒.结果治疗组治愈21例,有效32例,无效5例,总有效率91.38%;对照组治愈15例,有效23例,无效17例,总有效率69.09%.两组资料经统计学处理,u=2.0450,P＜0.05,差异有显著意义;两组治疗后均有效果,治疗组比对照组更明显(P＜0.05).结论 逍遥散加减治疗霏酒精性脂肪肝有较好的疗效.     

益生菌对非酒精性脂肪肝治疗疗效的Meta分析

目的 系统评价益生菌对非酒精性脂肪肝（non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD）的治疗疗效。方法 通过计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane、中国知网（CNKI）、万方、维普数据库（VIP）检索2008年5月—2018年5月益生菌治疗非酒精性脂肪肝相关文献,纳入11篇病例对照研究,采用NOS量表（Newcastle-Ottawa Scale）进行文献质量评价,提取体重指数（body mass index,BMI）、血清学指标、炎性指标及影像学分级等参数,应用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析、亚组分析,Stata 12.0软件进行敏感性分析及发表偏倚检测。结果 纳入的11篇病例对照研究符合标准,病例总数为650,Meta分析结果显示：益生菌组较对照组,可明显降低血清学指标ALT（WMD= -12.49,95%CI：-16.67~-8.31,P<0.00001）、AST（WMD= -11.39,95%CI：-16.51~-6.26,P<0.0001）、TC（WMD= -0.34,95%CI：-0.54~-0.13,P=0.001）水平,增加脂肪肝消退数（RR=4.20,95%CI：2.02~8.72,P=0.001）,对于体重指数（WMD= -0.81,95%CI：-2.22~0.60,P=0.26）、胰岛素抵抗指数（WMD= -0.06,95%CI：-0.82~0.70,P=0.88）、炎症指标TNF（SMD= -1.00,95%CI：-2.11~0.11,P=0.08）差异则无统计学意义。对体重指数进行亚组分析显示,三种以上复合益生菌可明显降低体重指数水平（WMD= -2.30,95%CI：-2.43~-2.17,P＜0.00001）。结论 益生菌制剂可改善非酒精性脂肪肝的肝功能及影像学表现,降低血脂水平,但并未明显降低体重指数、胰岛素抵抗及炎性指标TNF水平。发现三种以上复合益生菌对于降低BMI有一定作用。     

非酒精性脂肪肝与脂肪性肝炎动物模型研究进展

非酒精性脂肪肝是无酒精滥用的包括单纯性脂肪肝、脂肪性肝炎、脂肪性肝纤维化和肝硬化的肝病综合征,目前已成为广受关注的肝病医学难题。随着抗脂肪肝药物的深入研究,动物模型制作得到很好发展。近年来,在大鼠、沙鼠、小鼠、兔和小猪等动物种属成功地建立了食物、胃肠外营养与蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏等诱导的单纯性脂肪肝和脂肪性肝炎动物模型,这些模型为研究脂肪肝和脂肪性肝炎的发病机理与治疗提供了机会。每种动物模型各有优缺点,合理应用动物模型能更好地开展脂肪肝病的实验和临床研究。本文综述了非酒精性脂肪肝及脂肪性肝炎动物模型制作方法的若干研究进展。     

糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝的研究现状

非酒精性脂肪肝是近年来伴随糖尿病的快速蔓延而迅速发展的慢性并发症.在2型糖尿病患者中,约50%～75%的患者伴有非酒精性脂肪肝,该类患者并发心血管疾病的概率更高,危险性也更大.目前比较公认可的糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝的发病机制是"二次打击学说",而胰岛素抵抗在其发病机制中起了非常关件的作用.现今诊断糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝主要依靠B超,在治疗上仍是一大难题,比较有效的方法包括调整生活方式以及使用胰岛素增敏剂.     

益生菌改善非酒精性脂肪肝病的研究进展

非酒精性脂肪肝病(non alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是一种较为常见的慢性肝病,在我国居民中NAFLD正呈现低龄化和迅速上升的态势。而NAFLD的发病机制尚未完全阐明,一般认为其与肥胖、糖尿病、高脂血症、胰岛素抵抗及遗传易感等诸多因素相关。“肠-肝轴”学说的提出,使医药界同仁普遍认识到肠道益生菌在NAFLD的发生过程中扮演着重要角色,也随之引发了关于肠道益生菌对NAFLD治疗价值的思考与探索。该综述主要对益生菌改善NAFLD的研究进展进行总结,以期能够为NAFLD临床治疗提供参考。     

Anthropometric Cutoff Points for Predicting Chronic Diseases in the Mexican National Health Survey 2000

Objective: To determine optimum anthropometric cutoffs for predicting the likelihood ratios of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HT) in Mexicans. Research Methods and Procedures: Data from a randomly selected, nationally representative health survey (2000) with 11, 730 men [37.4 (± 12.9) years] and 26, 647 women [37.3(± 12.9) years] were assessed for values of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) for predicting DM or HT by receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. Likelihood ratios for DM and HT were calculated, and BMIs or WCs for public‐health screening were developed. Subanalyses included regional data. Results: Likelihood ratios of DM and HT increased from BMI values of 22 to 24 kg/m² in both sexes and with WC values of 75 to 80 cm in men and 70 to 80 cm in women. The best BMI cutoffs for predicting DM were 26.3 to 27.4 kg/m² in men and 27.7 to 28.9 kg/m² in women, with similar values for HT, i.e., 26.2 to 27.0 kg/m² and 27.7 to 28.5 kg/m², for men and women, respectively; WC cutoffs for DM were 93 to 98 cm in men and 94 to 99 cm in women, and cutoffs for HT were 92 to 96 cm and 93 to 96 cm for men and women, respectively. The WC cutoffs had higher sensitivity and specificity than those of BMI. Discussion: The risk for DM and HT starts at lower levels of BMI and WC than those suggested by WHO. WC is a better discriminator than BMI measures for use in public health.     

Intracellular role of exchangeable apolipoproteins in energy homeostasis,obesity and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease

Exchangeable apolipoproteins play an important role in systemic lipid metabolism, especially for lipoproteins with which they are associated. Recently, emerging evidence has suggested that exchangeable apolipoproteins, such as apolipoprotein A4 (apoA4), apolipoprotein A5 (apoA5), apolipoprotein C3 (apoC3) and apolipoprotein E (apoE), also exert important effects on intracellular lipid homeostasis. There is a close link between lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and liver because the latter behaves as the metabolic sensor of dysfunctional adipose tissue and is a main target of lipotoxicity. Given that the energy balance between these two major lipogenic organs is intimately involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), we here review recent findings concerning the intracellular function of exchangeable apolipoproteins in triglyceride metabolism in adipocytes and hepatocytes. These apolipoproteins may act as mediators of crosstalk between adipose tissue and liver, thus influencing development of obesity and hepatosteatosis. This review provides new insights into the physiological role of exchangeable apolipoproteins and identifies latent targets for therapeutic intervention of obesity and its related disorders.     

Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with the susceptibility and outcome of COVID-19: A retrospective study

This study aims to evaluate the effect of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on the susceptibility and consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We retrospectively collected data from 218 adult COVID-19 patients who showed no evidence of excessive alcohol consumption and underwent abdominal ultrasound examinations. Of these patients, 39.4% patients had been diagnosed with NAFLD, which indicates a much higher prevalence of NAFLD than that reported in the general population. Significantly elevated white blood cell count (p = 0.008), alanine aminotransferase (p = 0.000), aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.006) and C reactive protein (p = 0.012) were found in the patients with NAFLD. These patients also had significantly higher proportions of hypertension (p = 0.006) and diabetes (p = 0.049) than the non-NAFLD cases. No significant differences existed in the severity, mortality, viral shedding time and length of hospital stay between patients with or without NAFLD in the sample population. However, subgroup analyses found that in patients with normal body mass index (BMI), NAFLD sufferers were more likely to experience a severe event (30.0% vs 11.5%, p = 0.021). Kaplan-Meier curve (log-rank p = 0.017) and Cox regression (HR = 3.26, 95% CI: 1.17–9.04, p = 0.023) analyses confirmed that before and after adjusting for gender, age and comorbidities, NAFLD patients with normal BMI had a higher incidence of suffering severe events. People with NAFLD may have a higher proportion of COVID-19. NAFLD may be correlated with the severity of COVID-19 patients in the normal BMI group.     

Mesenteric adipose tissue B lymphocytes promote local and hepatic inflammation in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease mice

Mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) inflammation is associated with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and immune cells play pivotal roles in the inflammation of adipose tissue. Here, we investigated the roles of MAT B lymphocytes in NAFLD. Mice fed with high‐fat diet (HFD) and normal diet (ND) were killed in time gradients (4, 8 and 12 weeks). Compared with ND‐fed mice, intra‐hepatic CD45⁺CD19⁺ B lymphocytes increased after 4 weeks (P < 0.01) of HFD feeding, and lasted until the 12th week, infiltrated earlier than CD45⁺CD3⁺ T lymphocytes and CD45⁺F4/80⁺ macrophages. The mRNA expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)‐1 decreased in MAT of B^null HFD‐fed mice compared to that in wild‐type HFD‐fed mice, along with lesser macrophages. Mesenteric adipose tissue B cells from HFD‐fed mice promoted macrophage differentiation to type‐Ι macrophages and expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in vitro. Macrophages pre‐treated with MAT B cells from HFD‐fed mice showed elevated mRNA expression of IL‐6 and TNF‐α and declined IL‐10 levels in adipocytes compared to ND MAT B cell pre‐treated macrophages. Besides, internal near‐infrared scanning and external transwell assay showed that HFD MAT B cells migrated to the liver more than ND MAT B cells. High‐fat diet MAT B cells induced higher MCP‐1 and lower IL‐10 expression in primary hepatocytes compared to ND MAT B cells in co‐culture experiment. These data indicate that B lymphocytes infiltrate early in MAT during the development of NAFLD, which may not only promote MAT inflammation by regulating macrophages but also migrate to the liver and induce hepatocytes inflammation.     

Inhibition of MD2‐dependent inflammation attenuates the progression of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can progress to the more serious non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by inflammatory injury and fibrosis. The pathogenic basis of NAFLD progressing to NASH is currently unknown, but growing evidence suggests MD2 (myeloid differentiation factor 2), an accessory protein of TLR4, is an important signalling component contributing to this disease. We evaluated the effectiveness of the specific MD2 inhibitor, L6H21, in reducing inflammatory liver injury in a relevant high‐fat diet (HFD) mouse model of NASH and in the palmitic acid (PA)‐stimulated human liver cell line (HepG2). For study, genetic knockout (MD2^?/?) mice were fed a HFD or control diet for 24 weeks, or wild‐type mice placed on a similar diet regimen and treated with L6H21 for the last 8 or 16 weeks. Results indicated that MD2 inhibition with L6H21 was as effective as MD2 knockout in preventing the HFD‐induced hepatic lipid accumulation, pro‐fibrotic changes and expression of pro‐inflammatory molecules. Direct challenge of HepG2 with PA (200 μM) increased MD2‐TLR4 complex formation and expression of pro‐inflammatory and pro‐fibrotic genes and L6H21 pre‐treatment prevented these PA‐induced responses. Interestingly, MD2 knockout or L6H21 increased expression of the anti‐inflammatory molecule, PPARγ, in liver tissue and the liver cell line. Our results provide further evidence for the critical role of MD2 in the development of NASH and conclude that MD2 could be a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD/NASH treatment. Moreover, the small molecule MD2 inhibitor, L6H21, was an effective and selective investigative agent for future mechanistic studies of MD2.     

Leukemia inhibitory factor protects against liver steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients and obese mice

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms that promote dysregulation of hepatic triglyceride metabolism and lead to NAFLD are poorly understood, and effective treatments are limited. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a member of the interleukin-6 cytokine family and has been shown to regulate a variety of physiological processes, although its role in hepatic triglyceride metabolism remains unknown. In the present study, we measured circulating LIF levels by ELISA in 214 patients with biopsy-diagnosed NAFLD as well as 314 normal control patients. We further investigated the potential role and mechanism of LIF on hepatic lipid metabolism in obese mice. We found that circulating LIF levels correlated with the severity of liver steatosis. Patients with ballooning, fibrosis, lobular inflammation, and abnormally elevated liver injury markers alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase also had higher levels of serum LIF than control patients. Furthermore, animal studies showed that white adipose tissue–derived LIF could ameliorate liver steatosis through activation of hepatic LIF receptor signaling pathways. Together, our results suggested that targeting LIF-LIF receptor signaling might be a promising strategy for treating NAFLD.     

Noncoding RNAs in alcoholic liver disease

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a complex process with high morbitity and can cause liver dysfunction, which contains a wide spectrum of hepatic lesions, including steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. To date, the molecular mechanisms for ALD have not been fully explored and an effective therapy is still missing. Overwhelming evidence shows dysregulation of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), is correlated with etiopathogenesis and progress of ALD including hepatocyte damage, disrupted lipid metabolism, aggressive inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, programmed cell death, fibrosis, and epigenetic changes induced by alcohol. For example, circulating miRNA-122 is a marker of hepatocyte damage, and miRNA-155 is a potential marker of inflammation, indicating their diagnosis therapeutic potential in ALD. In addition, roles for long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs in ALD are being uncovered. Further, circulating ncRNAs and exosome-derived ncRNAs have attracted more attention lately, suggesting a role in the prevention and treatment of ALD. This review covers the roles of ncRNAs in ALD, and the potential uses as markers for diagnosis and therapeutic options.     

不同游泳运动对小鼠酒精性脂肪肝形成的改善作用*

目的: 探讨7周不同负荷游泳运动对酒精性脂肪肝小鼠肝脏脂质代谢的改善作用及微RNA-34a(miR-34a)与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活的受体α(PPARα)的调控关系。方法: 50只雄性KM小鼠,随机分成空白组(K,n=10)和酒精性脂肪肝组(AFLD,n=40),AFLD组通过50%乙醇的谷酒王0.2 ml/10 g WT灌服7周,每周休息1 d。成功构模后,分成模型组(M)、30 min游泳运动组(LE)、60 min游泳运动组(ME)、90 min负重游泳运动组(HE,尾部铅皮负重体重的5%),每组10只,每周干预6 d,共7周。结束后,提取血清和肝脏组织,测定小鼠肝脏指数、内脏脂肪比,肝细胞损伤指标谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰基转肽酶(γ-GT)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高/低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(H/LDL-C)含量;HE染色观察肝脏结构变化,Western blot检测肝组织PPARα 、FAS、TNF-α蛋白水平,mRNA表达谱测序分析后RT-PCR验证miR-34a、PPARα 、FAS、TNF-α、CPT-1 mRNA表达。结果: 相比K组,AFLD组肝索紊乱,出现灶性脂质真空化,脂滴空泡样变明显,胞核畸形异位;肝功能水平显著降低(P<0.01)。相比M组,ME、HE组肝功能改善显著,血清TG、TC、LDL-C水平下降,HDL-C水平上升(P<0.01或P<0.05),肝脏指数、内脏脂肪比降低(P<0.01),肝细胞灶性脂滴样变下降,肝索结构较清晰;且ME组干预效果更为显著,肝组织PPARα蛋白表达水平上升 、FAS、TNF-α蛋白表达水平下降(P<0.01或P<0.05);基于Illumina高通量测序及mRNA差异分析,PPARα通路中有38个差异表达基因,含9个上调基因,29个下调基因,涉及肝脏脂肪酸氧化、脂质代谢、凋亡抑制等。相比M组,LE、ME、HE组miR-34a、FAS、TNF-α基因水平降低,PPARα、CPT-1基因水平升高(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论: 不同负荷游泳运动对AFLD小鼠肝功能具有改善作用,促进脂滴降解,调节肝脏脂质代谢,可能与miR-34a/PPARα的激活有关,且中等负荷游泳运动干预效果更佳。     

双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊对高脂饮食所致大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝的疗效及机制探讨

目的 观察微生态制剂贝飞达(双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊)治疗高脂饮食所致大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝的疗效并探讨其可能的作用机制.方法 雄性SD大鼠32只,适应性饲养1周后,随机分为3组,正常组:12只给予普通饲料喂养;模型组:12只,贝飞达治疗组:8只,均给予高脂饲料喂养;于喂养12周末正常组及模型组各处死4只,经肝组织HE染色确定造模成功后,贝飞达治疗组给予贝飞达[0.113 g/(kg·d)]灌胃,于16周末全部处死.检测大鼠血清AST、ALT、TC、TG、LDL、HDL、血清内毒素水平,观察其肝组织学变化.结果 模型组于高脂饲料喂养12周末出现脂肪肝,与正常组比较,模型组大鼠血清AST、ALT、TG、TC、LDL、HDL及血清内毒素水平均明显升高(P＜0.01).贝飞达治疗组大鼠各项指标较模型组均有显著改善,肝脏脂肪变性程度减轻.结论 微生态制剂贝飞达可能通过改善肠道菌群紊乱,减轻内毒素血症,从而调节肝脏脂质代谢紊乱,对非酒精性单纯性脂肪肝起到治疗作用.